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Sports & Exercise Psychology > Midterm 4 > Flashcards

Midterm 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

define hypnosis

A

the uncritical acceptance of a suggestion

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2
Q

What are the two basic types of hypnosis and explain

A

Hetero-hypnosis

  • > administered by someone else, what we think of when we think of hypnosis

Self-Hypnosis

  • > self induced hypnotic state; i.e. when you’re driving for a long time, you put yourself in a trance
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3
Q

Which 4 events occur when someone is hypnotized

A
  1. Subject elicits a relaxation response (“you’re becoming sleepy/drowsy”)
  2. The subject must be open to suggestion
  3. Subject reports change in body (I feel tired, “are you relaxed?”)
  4. Person knows that they’re being hypnotized
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4
Q

Relate knowing you’re drunk to knowing that you’re hypnotized

A
  • > When you’re drunk, you know it and you still do stupid things
  • > when you’re being hypnotized, you know it and you still do stupid things
  • > both elicit a similar response
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5
Q

5 steps of clinically induced hypnosis (performed by clinical psychiatrist)

A
  1. Preparation Phase
  2. Hypnotic phase
  3. Subject is now open to suggestion
  4. Coming out of a hypnotic state
  5. Post Hypnotic Phase
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6
Q

Explain the preparation phase of clinically induced hypnosis

A

during this phase, participant need to be relieved of all fears associated with hypnosis, they also build trust with hypnotist

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7
Q

Explain the Hypnotic phase of clinically induced hypnosis

A
  • > when the hypnotist actually hypnotizes the patient
  • > many induction techniques usually involve fixation on something like an object (keep your eyes on the watch…)
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8
Q

Explain the phase of clinically induced hypnosis when the subject is open to suggestion

A
  • > they feel disassociated/ very relaxed
  • > this is when the clinical psychiatrist will offer suggestions
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9
Q

Which athletes are more susceptible to being hypnotized? Particularly which sport

A
  • > Athletes/ people that have highly developed dissociative abilities
  • > these athletes are very good at being absorbed into a particular thing
  • > particularly marathon/long distance runner and swimmers
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10
Q

Explain the phase of clinically induced hypnosis when the subject is coming out of their hypnotic state

A
  • > the only reason why someone wouldn’t come out of a hypnotic state would be because they don’t want to
  • > they can snap out of it at any time because the hypnotists doesn’t have complete and utter control over them
  • > they’re usually pulled out by a particular action (i.e. when I snap my fingers you will wake up)
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11
Q

Explain the post hypnotic phase of clinically induced hypnosis

A
  • > this is the phase that researcher are investigating/interested
  • > hypnosis does not tend to actually have long term/ permanent results
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12
Q

What are the benefits of hypnosis

A
  • > some argue that it leads to skill improvement and increased skill acquisition
  • > athletes have reported that it can increase confidence and self-esteem
  • > it can help with the reduction of pain
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13
Q

What are the origins of “motivation”

A

comes for the latin word “movere” which means “to move”

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14
Q

What is the #1 external reinforcer of motivation/universal motivator? Does it always work?

A

MONEY

  • > problem with using money as motivator is that it’s not always available (I’ll offer you 1 mill but i only have 3$)
  • > people get tired of money, it loses its value
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15
Q

General characteristics of motivation

A
  • > motivation is rarely automatic
  • > what motivates exercisers/athletes varies from person to person
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16
Q

Form of motivation used primarily in sport

A
  • > punishment or threatening behaviour
  • > problem with using punishment in sport is that the athletes can become scared
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17
Q

By definition, punishment ____________

A

always works

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18
Q

What motivates certain people and not others

A

exercisers/athletes would wall into 1 of 2 groups

  1. Participant centred approach
  2. Situational Motivation
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19
Q

Explain the participant centred approach

A

type of motivation that suggests that peoples levels of motivation is within themselves

i. e.
- > if they want to be fit then they will motivate themselves
- > are not swayed by other/outside motivational factors

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20
Q

Explain situational motivation

A

refers to the motivation individuals experience when they are currently engaging in an activity

i. e.
- > some situations demand for you to be motivated
- > starts to work out because everyone else is
- > sheep example (you only need a few to actually participate and the rest will follow)

21
Q

Explain competence motivation

A
  • > build upon the belief that people want to deal with their environment effectively
  • > people are intrinsically motivated to be confidant
  • > you get embarrassed if you’re not competent
  • > in sports and exercise, you want to be competent; not necessarily the best but not the worst
22
Q

What do you usually do when you’re good at something

A

stick with it

23
Q

Define Psychological Momentum

A

a directional (good/bad) concept which as a consequence of prior events will influence the probability of winning or losing

  • > in other words; the idea that teams/ players get on a roll/get in the zone and play well
24
Q

Research perspective of Psychological Momentum

A
  • > hasn’t been that much research on PM
  • > one of the least understood area of sport
  • > looked at with mystical view
25
Q

How is PM a directional concept

A

It can go in a positive or a negative direction

Positive

  • > pos. change in momentum is associated with an increase in confidence and winning expectation, can lead to better performance

Negative

  • > negative change develops a losing expectation and as a result, performance is on the decline
26
Q

Describe studies on psychological momentum

A

focused on archival data (old games, scores, etc.)

27
Q

Bob Wireburger’s theory

A

looked at woman’s tennis and hypothesized that in a 3-set match, person who won first set is extremely likely to win the game

28
Q

Silva’s Theory

A
  • > looked at men’s tennis; 5 sets
  • > reported that the man who wins the first set is more likely to win the second
  • > if you win the second match, you’re likely to win the third/ whole game
  • > according to Ronson’s theory, this is nonsense
29
Q

Ronson’s theory

A

reported that when 2 tennis players of relatively the same skill compete against each other, the player who wins first set only wins the whole game 60% of the time

30
Q

Milwer’s theory

A

In volleyball, if the score was 10-14 and then tied up 14-14, the team who came back won only 50% of the time

  • > so therefore psychological momentum is a cognitive myth that has no effect on outcome
31
Q

Why do we believe in Psychological momentum if it’s proven to be an illusion

A
32
Q

what is socialization

A
  • > the process where the skill necessary for one to function acceptably, effectively, and productivly in a given social order are developed
33
Q

How does someone become an athlete or participant in a part of sport

A
  • > socialization into sport

* occurs when attention is focused on factors that make certain sports attractive to individuals

  • > socializtion into sports places emphasis upon the consequences of participation in sport
34
Q

Banduras social learning theory

A

Explain the role of modeling, imitation, and vicarious learning in relation to socialization

35
Q

Sport socialization

A
  • > begins in early childhood
  • > parents influence their childrens socialization into sport but the parent learns more about the sport through their childrens involvement
36
Q

Why do individuals pursure certain sports/ opporitunities over others

A
  1. Pleasure and Enjoyment
    - > if they like it than they’ll do it and stick with it
    - > more so in girls then boys
  2. Family
    - > older sibling/ parents/other family members played the sport and exposed them to it.
    - > Birth order matters

* first born children have less chance of playing high-contact sport

  1. Sport Heroes
  2. Peers

* mothers have more influence on daughtersbut fathers have more influence over both genders then mother

* first born have lower pain tolerance

37
Q

Sport Heroes

A
  • > well know sports heroes affect sports relations
  • > people who have sports heroes are more fixated on the person than the sport
38
Q

Peers in relation to socialization

A
  • > biggest socialization motive into sports
  • > occurs from childhood to adulthood
39
Q

Geological and Cultural factors on socialization

A
  • > wealth
  • > economic status
  • > geographical location often influences sports speciality
40
Q

Schools effect on socialization

A
  • > a school investment of resources and personnel in sport can influence students towards general and certain sports activities
41
Q

Differences in benefits between able bodied people and those with disabilities

A
  • > there is no evidence that the mental, physical, and social benefits available to nondisabled participants are any less or different from those accuring to disabled athletes
42
Q

Psychological benefits of sport reported by disabled participants

A
  • > Development in self confidance
  • > enhancement of self esteem
  • > decrease in levels of depression
  • > greater involvement in social activities
  • > identification with sport and performance
43
Q

Disabled sports today

A
  • > competitive sport opporitunities for disabled athletes are available in almost every sport
  • > competition is based on what partcipants can do, rather than what they can’t do
44
Q

Parents impact on disabled children in sport

A
  • > study by Master indicated that there was little or no parental influence upon disabled athletes to become interested in sport
  • > disabled athletes reported being influenced more by physical education teachers and peers/friends
45
Q

Are disabled athletes socialized into sport differently than able bodied athletes

A
  • > a study by Harper concluded: Yes
  • > the needs of diabled athletes seem to be similar to abe bodied athletes, but participation in sport depends on more than motor skills and physical fitness; also invloves social, emotional, and intelectual effor
46
Q

Cognitive Evaluation

A
  • > the cognitive ability of an idividual must be evaluated to determine thing such as: his/her ability to comprehend various types of offensive/defensive strategies
  • > social development and readiness must be determined prior to involvement in sport
47
Q

What were the main categories that the results of the study were classified into?

A
  • > growing connection with the cause
  • > improved fitness and athleticism
  • > mutual training support within the training group
48
Q

What were the subcategories of the results from the reading

A
  • > mutual social support within the training group
  • > personal growth
  • > fundraising
  • > the response from family, friends, and others external to the training group
49
Q

reasons why the participants partcipated in the runs (reading)

A
  • > None of the 13 participants specified that the cause was their main motivating factor for joining the program; in fact, six specifically reported having little or no prior connection (all had personal connection)
  • > 12 of the participants experienced a growing sense of connection with the cause, which motivated them to follow their training schedule and complete the marathon.
  • > 12 stated that the cause motivated mem to attend group workouts despite external amotivating factors such as bad weather, or internal amotivating factors such as physical and/or psychological fatigue

Sports & Exercise Psychology (5 decks)

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