Midterm 3 Flashcards
What is self efficacy
self efficacy refers to the belief in your ability to organize and execute the cause of action required to produce a given attainment/result
Who developed the concept of self efficacy?
Albert Bandura
list all sources of efficacy belief
- past performance (mastery performance)
- vicarious experience (learning through someone else; observational learning)
- verbal persuasion (pep talk)
- physiological state (can also influence self esteem)
what is required for vicarious experience to occur?
The person you’re copying/ observing must be on a similar level as you
Factor/ variable which influences self efficacy
Affective Priming
- > when a particular emotion/ feeling is allied with an activity you did, it influences whether or not you will will do that activity again
Exercise Efficacy
- > people who belief they can exercise/ do an exercise are more likely to actually do the exercise
- > people are much more likely to engage in a behaviour that they intend to do
What are the basic/key factors of moral development
- > Fair play
- > Adhering to the rules
- > Sportspersonship
- > Integrity
how is morality in sport determined
what is morally acceptable in sports differs from person - person, culture - culture and sport - sport
sports in relation to children morality/ moral development
there is a belief that sport are a good place to teach children morality and moral development
- > teaches children how to play together, make moral decisions
downside of sports in relation to morality
- > win at all cost mentality
- > parents can be too aggressive/ negatively involved in the play
- > enjoying for fun can become the secondary reason to play sport
results of taking a sport too seriously
loses the fun aspect of the sport
Who conducted an experiment in Quebec which tested child athletes morality
John Partington
Explain John Partingtons experiment
asked 1000+ athletes ages 10-18 questions relating to morality in sport (i.e. what does being a good sport mean)
What was the groups answer in Partington’s experiment in response to the question “What does being a good sport mean?”
- > you need to be committed (give it your all)
- > have respect for the rules
- > have respect for social convention (handshakes)
- > have respect and concern for opponents
What is moral reasoning
the thought process people go through when deciding on a course of action
According to Partingtons research, what are the 5 levels of moral reasoning
Level 1 - > Do whatever you have to do to be successful; don’t get caught
Level 2 - > An eye for an eye; retaliation/revenge
Level 3 - > Treat others in sport the way you want to be treated (golden rule)
Level 4 - > Follow rules and regulations
Level 5 - > Doing what’s best for all involved and for the best of the sport (little kid new teams example)
Reasons why champions don’t stay champions
- > Hard for teams to keep winning in North America because of salary caps
- > Other teams become motivated to play/beat the champions
- > Champions can sometimes be unmotivated; been there done that attitude
- > champions start cutting corners (star trip syndrome)
star trip syndrome
when athletes observe media which praises their skills and how good they are they start to believe it and cut corners (don’t train as much, misses practice for endorsement deals)
What does it mean when an athlete wins and continues to win
They are probably process oriented and not result oriented; put in the work for the result
Things athletes should do to ensure that they keep winning
- > Set out their priorities
- > come up with a well thought out plan for the future
Barb Ramsey
tested/investigated the sexual behaviour of varsity athletes before games
how many athletes have heard of the relation between sex and sport
- > around 85% of the people in Barbs experiment knew about the link, heard about the negative effects
According to Dr. Froid, what are the three things people need to live
- > food
- > water
- > sexual activity
Explain the how the frustration-aggression theory fits into sport and Dr. Froids life essentials
- > If people don’t/can’t have the three things (food, water, sexual activity) they get frustrated which lead to aggression
- > when athletes are deprived sexual activity, they can become frustrated/ violent which can be good for a contact sport
what are the three main arguments against Dr Froids theory
- frustration does not always lead to aggression (rise above, look the other way)
- you should engage in normal behaviour before you play (pregame routine, ie. curfew diet)
- people actually play better after sexual activity because they sleep better and are well rested afterwards
How has sport changed in recent years
- > more female sport interest, commentators and coverage
What is the downside of listening to sports commentators
Sports are rarely/not presented in an unbiased fashion
what does sports provide to sports viewers
sports provide a form of escape/escapism
i. e.
- > sport allows men to be emotional (one of the few outlets where men can be emotional)
What is personality
can be thought of as relatively enduring patters of behaviour which are expressed differently in certain situations and can lead to stereotypes
what does personality influence
the behaviours, leisure activities, sports, ect. that people do
- > some personalities crave danger
List all 5 major personalities/ personality traits that influence sports/exercise choices & leisure experiences
- Introversion/Extroversion
- Agreeableness
- Conscientiousness
- Neuroticism
- Openness to experience
Explain introversion/extroversion
Extroversion
- > they’re high energy people who need high energy stimuli to get excited
- > team orientated
- > gregarious by nature (fond of company)
Introversion
- > opposite on all front
Explain agreeableness
- > effects someones leisure activities/ choices because the choice to participate is based more off of the social situation of the activity over the activity itself
- > high agreeableness promotes the social aspect of leisure
- > i.e. bookclub, superbowl party
Explain conscientiousness
- > conscientious people take leisure activities very seriously; strong desire to do a task well
- > when they say they’re gonna do something, they do it
- > very organized, prepared, responsible, goal orientated, strong work ethic
Explain Neuroticism
- > attracted to dangerous activities/ do things others would find “crazy”
- > involving a long-term tendency to be in a negative or anxious emotional state ??
Explain Openness to experience
- > flexibility of thought, like trying new things
- > can be faked; i.e. I won’t talk to her now but I will after a couple drinks
How do we develop our personalities?
a combination of environmental and genetic factors
Results of self talk with athletes
- > sustain effort
- > instill acquisition
- > important part of motivation
What is deemed unacceptable by our society in terms of self talk
audible/out-loud self talk
List all types of self talk used by athletes
- Positive self talk
- Negative self talk
- Challenging Self Talk
Explain Positive self talk
self talk that is supporting, encouraging, motivational, instructional
Explain negative self talk
self talk that is often inappropriate, irrational, counterproductive, and anxiety producing which gets in the way of playing effectively
Explain challenging self talk
- > developed by Ryan Hamilton
- > takes a positive/negative statement and turns it into a challenge
- > linked to personality and used by high intensity athletes
How does self talk work?
Self Talk *influences* Attitude *which influences* Behaviour
What causes problems between coaches and athletes
miscommunication
Things that coaches should do to improve communication
- Coaches should not act defensive
- > a coach that acts defensive is a coach that always has to be right, bad listeners, and can feel threatened by athletes ideas/opinions - They should be consistent
- > when coaches are inconsistent with their coaching/behaviours it keeps everyone around them on edge, which can wear you out - Have integrity
- > if a coach says one thing and does another, they lose credibility in the athletes eyes
important in communication
empathy
- > when you genuinely understand what others are going through
Things you should not do as a coach
Do not act sarcastic when dealing with a player
- > when they do it, its demeaning and upsetting to players
Don’t Praise/ Criticize personality, criticize behaviour
- > if you criticize personality over behaviour, this can create resentment; some people don’t take criticism well
What is essential for good communication
that athlete and coach have respect for one another; it’s hard for an athlete to listen or look up to their coach if they think they’re an idiot (no respect)
What do most athletes value
for a coach to be honest
What is more common than retirement in sports
Career transition
Why do athletes retire
- Age
- > means they were aged our (can’t play U12 when ur 26) or they’re functionally unable to preform at the same level as before - Don’t get selected anymore
- Injury
- Free will
- > someone is good enough and can get better but they decide to stop, this person will adapt better in retirement
Factors that influence the quality of retirement
Self-Identity
- > how an athlete sees themselves, problems arise when they/others don’t see themselves that way anymore
How well they planned for their retirement
- > pro athletes don’t really plan for retirement because if they’re thinking about retirement they’re not commited
Get differed interests
- > hockey player wants to become a lawyer, doesn’t just sit around and do nothing
How can self talk influence performance
self-talk influences performance in a number of ways including the acquisition of skills, the development of self-confidence, and the self-regulation of habits
What are the possible explanations for why positive and negative self-talk have both positive and negative outcomes
- negative self-talk may only be harmful to the performance of certain athletes
- self-talk may serve as a motivational tool
- the retrospective self-reports of athletes are unreliable
- individuals are simply unable to accurately recall their own unique past self-talk
- different types of self-talk may be influential across different sports
What were the types of self talk examined for their influence(s) on performance (online reading)
self-regulated positive self-talk, assisted positive self-talk, and assisted negative self-talk
What was the end result of the online reading
that both positive and negative self-talk, regardless of how it is delivered (self-regulated or assisted), can lead to enhanced performance.
What are the theories that help determine the psychological effects of leisure
- Idle Hands theory
- Pleasure Relaxation/Fun Theory
- Need Compensation Theory
- Humanistic Theories
- Identity formation theory
Explain the Idle hands theory
It is important to keep people occupied, if there is nothing to do/too much free time, people will get themselves into trouble
- > can lead to juvenile delinquency
Explain the pleasure relaxation/fun theory
- > people are more likely to do something that they find pleasurable/ gives them pleasure; fulfilling
- > mental health is improved when you occasionally do something you find pleasurable, not too often
Explain the Need/Compensation theory
- > sometimes people have leisure activities that compensate for things they are missing in their work life
- > as work becomes safer, leisure activities become more dangerous/extreame
- > i.e. race car driver collects stamps in free time
Explain humanistic theories
- > people have a personal growth drive; we always want to be better
- > use our leisure time to get better
Explain the identity formation theory
- > Leisure can help with identity development
- > leisure allows people to have an altered/dual identity; on/off court persona (bball player who works in staples)
- > leisure allows you to be somebody
What is exercise psychology
the study of psychological factors that underlie participation and adherence to physical activity profiles
How does exercise psych differ from sports psych
- > populations are different; athletes in SP, exercise participants in EP
- > Needs for both populations are different
Percentages of Canadians that thought exercise was important vs percentage of Canadians that actually pursued active lifestyles
- > 95
- > 40
What are the theories that explain why people engage in exercise
- > Health Benefit model
- > Theory of Reasoned Action
Explain the health benefit model
- > suggested that people exercise to hopefully prevent bad things from happening to you (health-wise)
- > often bad things are way down the road/in the future (don’t usually effect young people)
Explain the Theory of reasoned action
- > model suggests that people exercise because they know its good for you
- > they have weighted the pros and cons
- > most important part of theory = intention
What influences intention
- > Norms (normative behaviour)
- > Attitude
