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Sports & Exercise Psychology > Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is self efficacy

A

self efficacy refers to the belief in your ability to organize and execute the cause of action required to produce a given attainment/result

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2
Q

Who developed the concept of self efficacy?

A

Albert Bandura

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3
Q

list all sources of efficacy belief

A
  1. past performance (mastery performance)
  2. vicarious experience (learning through someone else; observational learning)
  3. verbal persuasion (pep talk)
  4. physiological state (can also influence self esteem)
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4
Q

what is required for vicarious experience to occur?

A

The person you’re copying/ observing must be on a similar level as you

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5
Q

Factor/ variable which influences self efficacy

A

Affective Priming
- > when a particular emotion/ feeling is allied with an activity you did, it influences whether or not you will will do that activity again

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6
Q

Exercise Efficacy

A
  • > people who belief they can exercise/ do an exercise are more likely to actually do the exercise
  • > people are much more likely to engage in a behaviour that they intend to do
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7
Q

What are the basic/key factors of moral development

A
  • > Fair play
  • > Adhering to the rules
  • > Sportspersonship
  • > Integrity
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8
Q

how is morality in sport determined

A

what is morally acceptable in sports differs from person - person, culture - culture and sport - sport

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9
Q

sports in relation to children morality/ moral development

A

there is a belief that sport are a good place to teach children morality and moral development
- > teaches children how to play together, make moral decisions

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10
Q

downside of sports in relation to morality

A
  • > win at all cost mentality
  • > parents can be too aggressive/ negatively involved in the play
  • > enjoying for fun can become the secondary reason to play sport
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11
Q

results of taking a sport too seriously

A

loses the fun aspect of the sport

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12
Q

Who conducted an experiment in Quebec which tested child athletes morality

A

John Partington

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13
Q

Explain John Partingtons experiment

A

asked 1000+ athletes ages 10-18 questions relating to morality in sport (i.e. what does being a good sport mean)

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14
Q

What was the groups answer in Partington’s experiment in response to the question “What does being a good sport mean?”

A
  • > you need to be committed (give it your all)
  • > have respect for the rules
  • > have respect for social convention (handshakes)
  • > have respect and concern for opponents
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15
Q

What is moral reasoning

A

the thought process people go through when deciding on a course of action

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16
Q

According to Partingtons research, what are the 5 levels of moral reasoning

A

Level 1 - > Do whatever you have to do to be successful; don’t get caught
Level 2 - > An eye for an eye; retaliation/revenge
Level 3 - > Treat others in sport the way you want to be treated (golden rule)
Level 4 - > Follow rules and regulations
Level 5 - > Doing what’s best for all involved and for the best of the sport (little kid new teams example)

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17
Q

Reasons why champions don’t stay champions

A
  • > Hard for teams to keep winning in North America because of salary caps
  • > Other teams become motivated to play/beat the champions
  • > Champions can sometimes be unmotivated; been there done that attitude
  • > champions start cutting corners (star trip syndrome)
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18
Q

star trip syndrome

A

when athletes observe media which praises their skills and how good they are they start to believe it and cut corners (don’t train as much, misses practice for endorsement deals)

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19
Q

What does it mean when an athlete wins and continues to win

A

They are probably process oriented and not result oriented; put in the work for the result

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20
Q

Things athletes should do to ensure that they keep winning

A
  • > Set out their priorities

- > come up with a well thought out plan for the future

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21
Q

Barb Ramsey

A

tested/investigated the sexual behaviour of varsity athletes before games

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22
Q

how many athletes have heard of the relation between sex and sport

A
  • > around 85% of the people in Barbs experiment knew about the link, heard about the negative effects
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23
Q

According to Dr. Froid, what are the three things people need to live

A
  • > food
  • > water
  • > sexual activity
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24
Q

Explain the how the frustration-aggression theory fits into sport and Dr. Froids life essentials

A
  • > If people don’t/can’t have the three things (food, water, sexual activity) they get frustrated which lead to aggression
  • > when athletes are deprived sexual activity, they can become frustrated/ violent which can be good for a contact sport
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25
Q

what are the three main arguments against Dr Froids theory

A
  1. frustration does not always lead to aggression (rise above, look the other way)
  2. you should engage in normal behaviour before you play (pregame routine, ie. curfew diet)
  3. people actually play better after sexual activity because they sleep better and are well rested afterwards
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26
Q

How has sport changed in recent years

A
  • > more female sport interest, commentators and coverage
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27
Q

What is the downside of listening to sports commentators

A

Sports are rarely/not presented in an unbiased fashion

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28
Q

what does sports provide to sports viewers

A

sports provide a form of escape/escapism

i. e.
- > sport allows men to be emotional (one of the few outlets where men can be emotional)

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29
Q

What is personality

A

can be thought of as relatively enduring patters of behaviour which are expressed differently in certain situations and can lead to stereotypes

30
Q

what does personality influence

A

the behaviours, leisure activities, sports, ect. that people do
- > some personalities crave danger

31
Q

List all 5 major personalities/ personality traits that influence sports/exercise choices & leisure experiences

A
  1. Introversion/Extroversion
  2. Agreeableness
  3. Conscientiousness
  4. Neuroticism
  5. Openness to experience
32
Q

Explain introversion/extroversion

A

Extroversion
- > they’re high energy people who need high energy stimuli to get excited
- > team orientated
- > gregarious by nature (fond of company)
Introversion
- > opposite on all front

33
Q

Explain agreeableness

A
  • > effects someones leisure activities/ choices because the choice to participate is based more off of the social situation of the activity over the activity itself
  • > high agreeableness promotes the social aspect of leisure
  • > i.e. bookclub, superbowl party
34
Q

Explain conscientiousness

A
  • > conscientious people take leisure activities very seriously; strong desire to do a task well
  • > when they say they’re gonna do something, they do it
  • > very organized, prepared, responsible, goal orientated, strong work ethic
35
Q

Explain Neuroticism

A
  • > attracted to dangerous activities/ do things others would find “crazy”
  • > involving a long-term tendency to be in a negative or anxious emotional state ??
36
Q

Explain Openness to experience

A
  • > flexibility of thought, like trying new things

- > can be faked; i.e. I won’t talk to her now but I will after a couple drinks

37
Q

How do we develop our personalities?

A

a combination of environmental and genetic factors

38
Q

Results of self talk with athletes

A
  • > sustain effort
  • > instill acquisition
  • > important part of motivation
39
Q

What is deemed unacceptable by our society in terms of self talk

A

audible/out-loud self talk

40
Q

List all types of self talk used by athletes

A
  1. Positive self talk
  2. Negative self talk
  3. Challenging Self Talk
41
Q

Explain Positive self talk

A

self talk that is supporting, encouraging, motivational, instructional

42
Q

Explain negative self talk

A

self talk that is often inappropriate, irrational, counterproductive, and anxiety producing which gets in the way of playing effectively

43
Q

Explain challenging self talk

A
  • > developed by Ryan Hamilton
  • > takes a positive/negative statement and turns it into a challenge
  • > linked to personality and used by high intensity athletes
44
Q

How does self talk work?

A 
Self Talk
*influences*
Attitude
*which influences*
Behaviour
45
Q

What causes problems between coaches and athletes

A

miscommunication

46
Q

Things that coaches should do to improve communication

A
  1. Coaches should not act defensive
    - > a coach that acts defensive is a coach that always has to be right, bad listeners, and can feel threatened by athletes ideas/opinions
  2. They should be consistent
    - > when coaches are inconsistent with their coaching/behaviours it keeps everyone around them on edge, which can wear you out
  3. Have integrity
    - > if a coach says one thing and does another, they lose credibility in the athletes eyes
47
Q

important in communication

A

empathy

- > when you genuinely understand what others are going through

48
Q

Things you should not do as a coach

A

Do not act sarcastic when dealing with a player
- > when they do it, its demeaning and upsetting to players
Don’t Praise/ Criticize personality, criticize behaviour
- > if you criticize personality over behaviour, this can create resentment; some people don’t take criticism well

49
Q

What is essential for good communication

A

that athlete and coach have respect for one another; it’s hard for an athlete to listen or look up to their coach if they think they’re an idiot (no respect)

50
Q

What do most athletes value

A

for a coach to be honest

51
Q

What is more common than retirement in sports

A

Career transition

52
Q

Why do athletes retire

A
  1. Age
    - > means they were aged our (can’t play U12 when ur 26) or they’re functionally unable to preform at the same level as before
  2. Don’t get selected anymore
  3. Injury
  4. Free will
    - > someone is good enough and can get better but they decide to stop, this person will adapt better in retirement
53
Q

Factors that influence the quality of retirement

A

Self-Identity
- > how an athlete sees themselves, problems arise when they/others don’t see themselves that way anymore
How well they planned for their retirement
- > pro athletes don’t really plan for retirement because if they’re thinking about retirement they’re not commited
Get differed interests
- > hockey player wants to become a lawyer, doesn’t just sit around and do nothing

54
Q

How can self talk influence performance

A

self-talk influences performance in a number of ways including the acquisition of skills, the development of self-confidence, and the self-regulation of habits

55
Q

What are the possible explanations for why positive and negative self-talk have both positive and negative outcomes

A
  1. negative self-talk may only be harmful to the performance of certain athletes
  2. self-talk may serve as a motivational tool
  3. the retrospective self-reports of athletes are unreliable
  4. individuals are simply unable to accurately recall their own unique past self-talk
  5. different types of self-talk may be influential across different sports
56
Q

What were the types of self talk examined for their influence(s) on performance (online reading)

A

self-regulated positive self-talk, assisted positive self-talk, and assisted negative self-talk

57
Q

What was the end result of the online reading

A

that both positive and negative self-talk, regardless of how it is delivered (self-regulated or assisted), can lead to enhanced performance.

58
Q

What are the theories that help determine the psychological effects of leisure

A
  1. Idle Hands theory
  2. Pleasure Relaxation/Fun Theory
  3. Need Compensation Theory
  4. Humanistic Theories
  5. Identity formation theory
59
Q

Explain the Idle hands theory

A

It is important to keep people occupied, if there is nothing to do/too much free time, people will get themselves into trouble
- > can lead to juvenile delinquency

60
Q

Explain the pleasure relaxation/fun theory

A
  • > people are more likely to do something that they find pleasurable/ gives them pleasure; fulfilling
  • > mental health is improved when you occasionally do something you find pleasurable, not too often
61
Q

Explain the Need/Compensation theory

A
  • > sometimes people have leisure activities that compensate for things they are missing in their work life
  • > as work becomes safer, leisure activities become more dangerous/extreame
  • > i.e. race car driver collects stamps in free time
62
Q

Explain humanistic theories

A
  • > people have a personal growth drive; we always want to be better
  • > use our leisure time to get better
63
Q

Explain the identity formation theory

A
  • > Leisure can help with identity development
  • > leisure allows people to have an altered/dual identity; on/off court persona (bball player who works in staples)
  • > leisure allows you to be somebody
64
Q

What is exercise psychology

A

the study of psychological factors that underlie participation and adherence to physical activity profiles

65
Q

How does exercise psych differ from sports psych

A
  • > populations are different; athletes in SP, exercise participants in EP
  • > Needs for both populations are different
66
Q

Percentages of Canadians that thought exercise was important vs percentage of Canadians that actually pursued active lifestyles

A
  • > 95

- > 40

67
Q

What are the theories that explain why people engage in exercise

A
  • > Health Benefit model

- > Theory of Reasoned Action

68
Q

Explain the health benefit model

A
  • > suggested that people exercise to hopefully prevent bad things from happening to you (health-wise)
  • > often bad things are way down the road/in the future (don’t usually effect young people)
69
Q

Explain the Theory of reasoned action

A
  • > model suggests that people exercise because they know its good for you
  • > they have weighted the pros and cons
  • > most important part of theory = intention
70
Q

What influences intention

A
  • > Norms (normative behaviour)

- > Attitude

Sports & Exercise Psychology (5 decks)

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