Midterm 4

Question 1

Why is the relationship between sport and socialization reciprical?

Answer 1

• Sport attracts individuals with certain skills, interests and values
• Sport is a socializing force that can provide skills that carry into other aspects of life

Question 2

What is Bandura’s social learning theory?

Answer 2

Socialization occurs as a result of vicarious learning (through watching and imitation)

Question 3

When does sport socialization usually begin?

Answer 3

Early childhood
- playing games with rules as a kid

Question 4

Who is the dominant influence on sport choices in early childhood?

Answer 4

Parents
- mothers have great influence on daughters
- fathers have great influence on sons and daughters

Question 5

Who has most influence on sport socialization in teenage years?

Answer 5

Peers, coaches and PE teachers

Question 6

What is an example of a geographical/cultural factor in sport socialization?

Answer 6

Canada and winter sports
- cold weather dictates what sports can be played most of the year

Question 7

Are sport benefits for disabled athletes different from able body athletes?

Answer 7

No

Question 8

Who has the biggest influence over disabled athletes sport choices?

Answer 8

PE teaches and peers/friends

Question 9

What are the factors influencing disabled athletes socialization into sport?

Answer 9

Same as able body athletes
- Social
- emotional
- Intellectual efforts

Question 10

What determines if a disabled athlete is ready to compete?

Answer 10

Social and affective development
- not just physical attributes

Question 11

What is the number one motivator of people?

Answer 11

Money $$$$

Question 12

Does punishment work as a motivator?

Answer 12

By definition, yes. If it doesnt work it was not a punishment

Question 13

Explain why people are motivated to avoid being socially punished..

Answer 13

People want to fit a certain societal image

Question 14

Where does motivation come from?

Answer 14

1. Survival
2. Needs Acheivement - we want to not just do something but do it well
3. Harders Competant Motivation Theory - behaviour is determined by a need to deal with the enviroment effectively **we want to feel competent
4. Self Efficacy

Question 15

What are the 2 types of hypnosis?

Answer 15

Hetero Hypnosis
Self Hypnosis

Question 16

5 Phases of Hypnosis

Answer 16

1. Preparation of Participant
2. Induction process - where the hypnosis takes place
3. The Hypnotic Phase
4. Waking Up
5. Post Hypnotic Phase

Question 17

Health Belief Model

Answer 17

Avoidence Orientation - avoiding something bad happening
- people exercise because they believe its good for them

Question 18

Theory of Reasoned Action

Answer 18

People who exercise tend to be influenced by attitude and social norms
- negative attitude towards something inpacts someones intention

Question 19

What is Self Efficacy

Answer 19

Set of beliefs on capability to perform the necessary behaviours to achieve a desired outcome

Question 20

What is the “keeping idle hands busy theory”?

Answer 20

People are thought to be happier when they are busy
Having unoccupied time is thought to be psych. and behaviourally detrimental

Question 21

What is the “Need Compensation Theory”?

Answer 21

Leisure activities can be selected to compensate or satisfy unmet need
People compensate for negative aspects of their life through leisure

Question 22

What is the “Personal Growth Theory”?

Answer 22

Opportunity for people to develop an idea of their strenghts and weaknesses
- to be come the person they want to be

Question 23

What is self-actualization?

Answer 23

Developing full potential through expressing ones skills and talents in a personally fulfilling way

Question 24

How much as the life expectancy increased in the last 100 years?

Answer 24

24.6 years

Question 25

What are the most common activities for older people?

Answer 25

Walking
Gardening
At Home Exercise

Question 26

What is motivation?

Answer 26

Internal processes such as needs, thoughts and emotions that give behavious energy and direction

In simple terms motivation is the reason we do the things we do

Question 27

Motivated behaviour is understood through consideration of energy. Energy is linked to the…

Answer 27

intensity dimension of motivation

Question 28

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 28

Behaviours and concequences are learned through reinforcement or punishment

Question 29

What is vicarious conditioning?

Answer 29

Learning by watching others

eg. watching friends get benefits from PA will encourage you to start

Question 30

What are operant strategies?

Answer 30

An example is self monitoring
- recording your behaviour (might be through and app) in specific situations

Question 31

What are the three behavioural approaches?

Answer 31

Operant Conditioning
Vicarious Conditioning
Operant Strategies

Question 32

What is the cognitive approach?

Answer 32

Understanding the role of thoughts and emotions in motivation

Question 33

5 Phases of the Transtheoretical Model

Answer 33

1. Precontemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance

Question 34

What is the theory of planned behaviour?

Answer 34

Highlights the role of personal and social factors which influence behaviours

Question 35

What are selective norms?

Answer 35

Percieved social pressures to perform certain behaviours

Question 36

What are normative beliefs?

Answer 36

These reflect the beliefs of peers/family friends or health professionals