Midterm 1 Flashcards
CPA Code of Ethics (4)
- Respect the dignity of the person
- freedom to consent to consulting services
- privacy/confidentiality
- race, gender, sex - Responsible Caring
- minimize harm, mazimize benefit - Integrity of relationships
- avoid conflicts of interest
- open honest and accurate
- objective and unbiased - Responsibility to Society
- development of knowledge
practicing freedom of inquiry
Scientific Constructs
Defined terms created for scientific purpose
- eg. What is meant by confidence
Variable
assigned a value that can be counted
Independant Variable
cause that produces a change in dependant variable
Dependent variable
outcome that is expected to change as a result of manipulation of IV
Theories
attempt to explain phenomena and provide logical reason for relationships
Quantitative Inquiry
counts variables
data collection
Qualitative Inquiry
understanding meanings people assign to their experiences
obtained through open-ended questions or observations
Mixed methods
combination of qualitative and quantitative
Stress
Reactive as it results from something occurring
Situation that is perceived to be taxing or exceeding a person’s resources
demands exceed ability of person
Stressors
The cause of stress
Could be:
- Psychological
- External
- Social
Coping
Cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific demands that are taxing or exceed a persons ability
What do refs find stressful
- Interpersonal conflict
- arguing with platers and coaches - Fear of physical harm
- Time demands
- missing out on family time - Peer conflicts
- evaluations from superiors - Fear of failure
- Role culture conflict
- putting the whistle away in playoffs
- being told you cant call everything
- the best refs are the ones you dont see
Frustrations/Aggression Hypothesis
When players are frustrated they lash out leading to violence
2 Types of Appraisal
Threat - a situation where harm may occur or is likely
Challenge - a perception that obstacles can be overcome
Social Learning Theory
Violence theory which suggests violence is modelled to a person
Social Exchange
Violence theory where a player weighs up the pros and cons of violent actions - what is the penalty for fighting?
Cathartic Model of Aggression
Violence theory that people are born aggressive
Primary Appraisal
Evaluating what’s at stake in a situation
Secondary Appraisal
Evaluating what can be done about a situation
Harm/Loss Appraisal
Siutation where damage has been done and the loss cannot be undone
Threat Appraisal
Anticipation that harm may occur
Challenge Appraisal
Obstacles in the way can be overcome
Chronic vs Acute
Stressors which occur over time VS a short period of time
Expected vs Unexpected Stressors
Planned for stress VS unexpected stress
Problem Focused Coping
Efforts to change a situation
Eg. Changing tactics to win a game
Emotion Focused Coping
Changing the way a situation is interpreted
Avoidance Coping
Person attempts to remove themselves from a stressful situation
Emotion Regulation
Individuals influence which emotions they have and when they have them
Conscious effort to manage the experience and emotions
Health Compromising Behaviors
- Poor/Negative Body Image
- leads to eating disorders
- increased smoking/drinking/drug use risk
- excessive exercise - Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors
- Body is in a state of stress more often leading to cardiovascular issues - Mental Health
- higher levels of depressive symptoms
Self Esteem
The way that somebody views themselves or believes other people view them
Increased exercise output leads to higher self esteem
Self Presentation
Attempts to selectively present positive aspects or omit negative aspects to maximize likelyhood of a positive impression
Social Physique Anxiety
The way someone sees their body
Dissatisfaction in body shape, size, weight or appearance
Positive Activated Affect
Mental state of positive energy and engagement
Moderate level physical activity increases self reported levels of positive Activated Affect
Ways to decrease social physique anxiety
Being a member of a like-minded group
Being in an exercise class where the person believe other members are in the same situation
High Self Esteem
Important life adjustment qualities
