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ANSC 311 - Metabolic Physiology > Midterm 3 - Lecture 21 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 - Lecture 21 Flashcards

1
Q

What must food be converted to to get energy?

A

Cells don’t get energy directly from food, it must be first converted to: Adenosine Triphosphate

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2
Q

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A

A form of energy one can immediately use, it is needed for cells to fxn and muscles to contract

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3
Q

How is glucose stored?

A

Glycogen (muscle and liver)

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4
Q

How are fatty acids stored?

A

body fat

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5
Q

How are amino acids stored?

A

growth, repair or excreted as waste

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6
Q

What are the 4 predominant energy pathways?

A
  1. ATP (2-3 s)
  2. ATP-CP Energy System (8-10 s)
  3. Anaerobic Energy System (2-3 min)
  4. Aerobic Energy System (3+ min)
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7
Q

What is the ATP-CP energy system?

A

ATP is stored in the muscle and liver for “quick energy”
- Never impulses trigger breakdown of ATP into ADP; splitting of the phosphate bond = energy for work

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8
Q

What type of activity is the ATP-CP energy system used for?

A
  • muscle contraction
  • moving hand from a hot stove
  • jumping and throwing
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9
Q

The usefulness of ATP-CP vs ATP is not the AMOUNT of energy, what is it?

A
  • quick and powerful movements
  • only small amounts of ATP are stored = only 2-3 sec of energy
  • ATP-CP = 8-10 sec. of energy
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10
Q

For longer periods of work, what energy systems must be used?

A

The Aerobic and Anaerobic Energy System

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11
Q

ATP is broken down into ADP + energy for biological work + P; how is it immediately resynthesized?

A

by CP!
- CP = creatine + energy for resynthesis of ATP + P
- ATP = ADP + energy from CP + P

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12
Q

Anaerobic energy system

A
  • without O2
  • activities that require a large burst of energy over a short period of time
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13
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis

A

production of ATP from CHOs without oxygen (aka breakdown of glucose)

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14
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

stored in the muscle and liver, it is available quickly

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15
Q

What system provides ATP when ATP-CP runs out?

A

Anaerobic Glycolysis

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16
Q

How much work does the anaerobic energy system allow for?

A

2-3 minutes

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17
Q

What makes muscle contraction slower?

A

the process to produce ATP is not as fast as ATP-CP

18
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis is less efficient in producing ATP than Aerobic glycolysis, so why is it used?

A
  • needed for a large burst of energy lasting a few minutes
19
Q

Why do the muscles fatigue after 2-3 minutes of work using anaerobic glycolysis?

A

when O2 is not present the end produce of glycolysis is lactic acid, which causes the muscles to fatigue

20
Q

What is body fat the greatest source of? Why?

A

ENERGY!
Fatty acids + O2 = 129ATP

Glucose + O2 = 36ATP + H2O + CO2

Glucose = 2ATP + 2LA

Glycogen = 3ATP + 2LA

21
Q

How much ATP does a glucose molecule produce during anaerobic glycolysis vs aerobic glycolysis?

A

Glucose = 2ATP + 2LA

Glucose + O2 = 36ATP + H2O + CO2

22
Q

What is an oxygen deficit?

A

the body can not supply enough O2 to the muscles that the muscles demand
- when the muscle does not get enough oxygen, exhaustion is reached causing immediate and involuntary reduction in intensity

23
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

“pays back” the deficit

24
Q

Aerobic energy system

A

with O2 = using large muscle groups continuously over a period of time

25
Q

How does the aerobic energy system stop breakdown of glycogen into lactic acid?

A
  1. O2 enters the system, stopping the breakdown of glycogen to lactic acid
  2. With O2, glycogen breaks down into: ATP + CO2 + H2O
  3. These byproducts are easier to get rid of
    - CO2 expelled by the lungs
    - H2O is used in the muscle
  4. with prolonged exercise, CHOs are the first fuel choice, as exercise continues, FAT becomes predominant
  5. protein is not a main fuel source except in an emergency
26
Q

What is the only fuel source for anaerobic energy systems?

A

Carbohydrates

27
Q

What does the cardiac system do to respond to increased requirements for O2 during exercise to maintain aerobic respiration?

A
  • alter blood composition
  • increase blood flow
  • alter priority of flow
28
Q

What is the most common rhythm irregularity in racehorses?

A

second-degree partial atrioventricular block
- missed ventricular beats
- disappears during exercise

29
Q

What is the spleen a reservoir for?

A

RBC
* liver, gut and lungs can also sequester RBC

30
Q

What are RBC released in response to?

A

Exercise

31
Q

What is VO2 max?

A

maximum rate of O2 consumption as measured during incremental exercise

32
Q

What do catecholamines dilate?

A

bronchial tree
- mechanism to increase O2 delivery
- open up the bronchi to bring more air in

33
Q

During mild aerobic exercise, is the anaerobic:aerobic ratio high or low?

A

low

34
Q

As intensity of exercise increases, what system is used more?

A
  • anaerobic is used and lactate starts to build up
35
Q

What is the anaerobic threshold?

A

the point where lactate begins to accumulate in the bloodstream

36
Q

Can the body be trained to remove lactate more efficiently?

A

Yes
- in untrained individuals, anaerobic threshold happens at ~55% VO2 max, but 80-90% in elite endurance athletes

37
Q

Can anaerobic threshold or VO2 max be increased with training?

A

both

38
Q

Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage

A
  • edema in gas exchange region of lung
  • horses
  • not clear how
  • treated with furosemide and nasal strips
39
Q

What is elevated heart rate controlled by?

A
  • sympathetic stimulation and catecholamines
40
Q

What is erythrocyte (RBC) mobilization controlled by?

A
  • neural (sympathetic) and hormonal control
41
Q

What 3 hormones increase in response to exercise?

A
  • cortisol
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine

ANSC 311 - Metabolic Physiology (17 decks)

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