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Psych 102 > Midterm 3 - Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 - Chapter 14 Flashcards

Personality

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1
Q

define

Personality

A

a set of physiological traits and mechanisms that are organized and enduring, that influence interactions with the environment

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2
Q

list

Clues through which personality is revealed

A
  1. thoughts (beliefs, values, expectations)
  2. feelings (emotions, passions)
  3. behaviors (actions, what you do)
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3
Q

define

Distinctiveness

A

how individuals vary

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4
Q

define

Consistency

A

the idea that people behave similarly accross situations

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5
Q

describe

Genetic Factors

personality

A

genes are an indirect influence on certain prsonality traits, but the environment influences how these traits play out in our lives

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6
Q

describe

Molecular Genetic Studies

personality

A

investigations that allow researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits
Two assumptions:
1. genes code for proteins that influence neurotransmitters
2. the functioning of neurotransmitters is associated with personality traits

associations between novelty thinking and genes influencing dopamine

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7
Q

describe

Shared Environmental Factors

personality

A

experiences that make members with in a family more alike
- little or no role in adult personality
- role in childhood personality which dissipates overtime

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8
Q

describe

Nonshared Environmental Factors

personallity

A

experiences that make members within a family less alike

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9
Q

define

Trait

A

a relatively stable dispostion to behave in a particular and consistent way

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10
Q

define

Factor Analysis

A

statistical procedure based on correlation to determine similar and dissimilar traits, thereby defining overarching factors

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11
Q

What is the purpose of trait theories?

A

trait theories describe individual differences in personality rather than explain their causes

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12
Q

define

Self-Report Inventories

A

personality tests that ask individuals to answer questions about their own traits

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13
Q

list

Strengths of Self-Report Inventories

3

A
  1. more objective and precise estimates
  2. allows comparisons between data generated by many respondents
  3. can determine relaibility and valididty
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14
Q

lisr

Weaknesses of Self-Report Inventories

3

A
  1. deliberate deception
  2. social desirability bias
  3. response sets
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15
Q

discuss

Basis of the Five Factor Model

A
  1. uses a lexical approach
  2. uses implicit personality theories
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16
Q

list

The Big Five

hint: OCEAN

A
  1. openness to experience
  2. conscientiousness
  3. extraversion
  4. agreeableness
  5. neuroticism
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17
Q

describe

Openness to Experience

A
  • curiosity, flexibility, imaginative, deep thinker, creative
  • more tolerant of ambiguity, less prejudice, liberal, hobbyful
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18
Q

describe

Conscientiousness

A
  • reliable, disciplined, punctual, diligent, well-organized
  • live longer, better job performance
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19
Q

describe

Extraversion

A
  • outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, assertive, gregarious
  • happier, more optimistic, popular, better dating lives

also known as “positive emotionality”

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20
Q

describe

Agreeableness

A
  • cooperative, considerate, trusting, modest, sympathetic
  • less divorce and better health
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21
Q

describe

Neuroticism

A
  • tense, anxious, hostile, insecure, vulnerable, self-conscious
  • interpret same events as stressful, have larger reactions
  • worse health
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22
Q

Cultural Changes and Additions to the big Five

A

Big Six: addition of wicked/stupid

Hexaco: “honesty-humility”

4 Factor: based on Chinese language, need social and interpersonal traits + added in “Chinese tradition” factor

Study from Bolivia – found two dimensions

Pro sociality

Industriousness

Big Three: fearfulness, extroversion, neuroticism

Big Two (??): extroversion/dominance and agreeableness/love

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23
Q

describe

Individualism

A

individualist cultures tend to focus on themselves and personal goals, leading to higher self-esteem

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24
Q

describe

Collectivism

A

collectivitst cultures tend to focus on relations with others, causing personality to be less predictive of behavior

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25
Q

list

Strengths of the Big Five

A
  1. describes differences between people
  2. can predict behaviors and out comes
  3. can be used to design tailored interventions
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26
Q

discuss

Cosmetic Psychopharmacology

A
  • drugs and medication can change our personality to be more “desirable”
  • conflicts with the fact that negative emotions exist for survival
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27
Q

define

Mean Level Change

A

examines if a group of people experience an increase or decrease on trait dimensions overtime

due to bio or social/historical processes

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28
Q

emotional stability…

A

increases overtime!

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29
Q

openness to experience…

A

inverse U shape!

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30
Q

a

agreeableness…

A

increases overtime!

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31
Q

conscientiousness…

A

increases overtime~

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32
Q

social vitality and social dominance..

A

decrease, increase

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33
Q

when do the largest changes in personality occur?

A

early adulthood!

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34
Q

define

Rank-Order Consistency

A

the degree to which individual differences change overtime

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35
Q

describe

dhfksdhfkd rnankd djdjdjdjjdjdjdij AH

A
  • people maintain their relative positions along traits in comparison to others
  • high degree of consistency
  • stability is lowest in adolescense
  • djfoasdijosifjosjdihfudghui HIUFDLI
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36
Q

describe

Findings + Walter Mischel Person Situation Controversy

A
  • people exhibit less consistency accross situations than assumed
    1. people behave differently in different situations
    2. people’s responses are based on perceived potential for reinforcement, working towards the desired outcome

some traits (intel) are stable, others shift with the situation (extrove

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37
Q

discuss

Personality in Small Snippets of Time

A

situational factors are more predictive

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38
Q

dicuss

Personality Overtime

A

more consistency, personality is more apparent in decisions

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39
Q

define

Physiognomy

A

detecting people’s personality traits from their facial features
- largely falsified yet still relevant

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40
Q

discuss

William Sheldon and Body Type

A

he was yapping saying you could get personality from body type
- mesomorph: muscular and bold
- ectomorph: skinny and introvert
- endomorph

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41
Q

discuss

Stuctured Personality Tests

A
  • pen and paper, responses are fixed
  • easy to administer and score
  • researchers can collect lots of data
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42
Q

describe

Rationally/THeoretically Constructed Tests

A
  • begin with a clear cut conceptualization of a trait, write Qs in a way to assess the conceptualization
  • not very valid
  • ex. MBTI
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43
Q

describe

Projective Tests

A

a test in which participants are asked to interpret or make sense of ambiguous stimuli
- Projective hypothesis: people will “project” their personality in their explanations
- the interpretation will “reveal” something about their mental state

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44
Q

describe

Strengths of Projective Tests

A

may be a useful way of gathering information about unconscious wishes, desires, and fantasies

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45
Q

describe

Disadvantages of Projective Tests

A

difficult to score, uncertain valididty and relaibility

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46
Q

describe

Thematic Apperception Test

A

people are presented with an ambiguous stimulus, asked to describe it

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47
Q

is TAT valid?

A
  • not known to be reliable or valid
  • moderately valid for measuring perceptions of others
  • moderatley valid for measuring achievement
  • not so good for mental illness
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48
Q

describe

Rorschach Inkblot

A

a test where people are presented with ten symmetrical inkblots, and examiners score for numerous characteristics associated with personality traits

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49
Q

Are rorschach tests valid?

A
  • test-retest reliability anf interrater reliability is problematic
  • little evidence it detects features of mental disorders
  • not adjusted to people rigging their answers
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50
Q

define

P. T. Barnum Effect

A

the tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions (those that apply to almost everyone) as accurate
- based on our subjectie judgement of accuracy

51
Q

Why do we still use projective tests?

A

illusory correlations, representativeness heuristic, overall human error

52
Q

desrcibe

Human Figure Drawings

A

subject draws a human, personality assessment based on the drawing
- not valid or reliable
- some people just suck at art

53
Q

define

Free Will

A

idea that people are self-determined, and hold responsibility for their choices and their consequences

54
Q

define

Determinism

plus two types!

A

the belief that all events are caused by preceding factors, and that we have no real ability to make choices
1. genetic determinism
2. environmental determinism

55
Q

define

Behaviorists

A

scientific psychology should only study observable behavior, which is learned through conditiong

56
Q

define

RAdical Behaviorists

A

believe that behavior is fully determined by environmental stimuli through conditioning/learning

57
Q

define

Personality

according to behaviorists

A

Personality is a collection of response tendencies that are tied to various stimulus sensations
- response tendencies: stable and consistent patterns of behavior

58
Q

Scientific Eval of Behaviorists

A
  • disregards influence of thoughts
  • why would we have such large cortexes if our thoughts are just byproducts
59
Q

define

Social Learning Theory

A

we are self-organizing, proactive, self-reflecting, and self-regulating - not just rats and pigeons

60
Q

define

REciprocal Determinism

A

internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence one another

61
Q

define

Observational Learning

in developing personality

A

we can acquire habits from teachers and parents

62
Q

discuss

Scientific Eval of Social Learning

A

implies a role of shared enviros in personality development, which has been largely disproven

63
Q

list

Three Core Assumptions of Psychoanalytic Theory

A
  1. psychic deeterminism
  2. symbolic meaning
  3. unconscious motivation
64
Q

describe

Psychic Determinism

A

all events are caused by what happened before them, nothing happens by accident - reasons can be uncovered through the unconscious

65
Q

list

Levels of Consciousness

A
  1. conscious
  2. preconscious
  3. unconscious
66
Q

list

Two Basic Instincts

freud

A
  1. Libido - life instincts
  2. Thanatos - death instinct
67
Q

describe

Symbolic Meaning

A

no action, no matter how small, is meaningless - they are all symbolic of something else

knowing freud they’re symbolic of sex.

68
Q

define

Psychoanalytic Personality Theory

A

people are coping with their instincts within the constraints for civilized society

69
Q

define

Structure of Personality

freud

A

one part creates urges, another holds societal expectations, another tries to satisfy urges

70
Q

describe

Id

reservoir of psychic energy

A

the most primitive part of the mind which creates drives and urges following the pleasure principle and primary process thinking

entirely unconscious, develops in infancy

71
Q

define

Pleasure Principle

A

wanting immediate gratification

72
Q

define

Primary Process Thinking

A

doesn’t hold logical rules of conscious thoughts or reality anchors

73
Q

define

Wish Fulfillment

A

if urges are unvailable, an image is temporarily satisfied - occurs within dreams

74
Q

describe

Superego

sense or morality

A

our moral compass - internalizes ideals, values, and morals of society to an extremely high standards - uses guilt to reinforce right and wrong

75
Q

define

Ego

constrains Id to reality

A

understands that Id is in conflict with reality (reality principle), and delays gratification until it can problem solve or find an appropriate outlet to obtain satisfaction (secondary process thinking)

develops in first 2-3 yeaers

76
Q

describe

Conflict

freud

A

life is a constant negotiation of opposing impulses, causing anxiety which leads us to employ defense mechanisms

77
Q

define

Anxiety

+ 3 types

A

unpleasant state that something is wrong
1. objective anxiety
2. neurotic anxiety
3. moral anxiety

78
Q

define

Objective Anxiety

A

in response to a real external threat

79
Q

define

Neurotic Anxiety

A

when the ego is overwhelmed by id

80
Q

define

Moral Anxiety

A

conflict between ego and superego

81
Q

define

Defense Mechanisms

A

unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety

82
Q

define

Repression

defense mech

A

keeping traumatic memories hidden in the nconscious

motivated forgetting

83
Q

define

Denial

defense mech

A

convinving oneself something didn’t happen or isn’t as bad as it really is

84
Q

define

Displacement

defense mech

A

redirecting emotions fromone source to another target

85
Q

define

Rationalization

defense mech

A

generating logical/acceptable reasons for poor behavior

86
Q

define

Reaction Formation

defense mech

A

displaying the exact opposite behavior

internalized homophobia

87
Q

define

Regression

defense mech

A

reverting to immature patterns

88
Q

define

Projection

defense mech

A

projecting thooughts and feelings onto others

89
Q

define

Sublimination

defense mech

A

converting unacceptable desires into acceptable behaviors

90
Q

describe + list

Psychosexual Stages of Development

A

the foundation for personality is set at 5 years old, as we past through five states. in the first three we have to resolve a specific conflict related to sexual gratification
1. oral stage
2. anal stage
3. phallic stage
4. latency stage
5. genital stage

91
Q

describe

Oral Stage

birth to 18 months

A
  • main sense of pleasure is mouth, lips, tongue
  • conflict is weaning, withdrawing from bottle
92
Q

describe

Anal Stage

18 months to 3y

A
  • pleasure is from dispelling and retaining feces
  • conflict is the ability to have self control
93
Q

describe

Phallic Stage

3 - 5y

A
  • child discovers they do or don’t have a penis - “penis envy” in girls
  • oedipal or electra conflict: hatred toward same sex parents and secual attraction to opposite sex
94
Q

describe

Latency Stage

6y - puberty

A
  • little psych development, learning and acquiring skills
  • sexual impulses submerged into the unconscious
95
Q

describe

Genital Stage

puberty onwards

A
  • focus on romantic relationships
  • ability to form relationships is hindred if previous confllicts havent been settled
96
Q

What happens if people don’t resolve a conflict in one of Freud’s stages?

A

results in them having a specific personality type
- stuck at oral: dependent, impatient, demanding
- stuck at anal: excessive neatness, rule-following, stinginess, stubborness

97
Q

list

Issues with Freud’s Theories

A
  1. Unfalsifiable
  2. Not generalizable
  3. Not predictive
  4. unconscious (?)
  5. Flawed assumption of shared enviro influence
98
Q

describe

Neo-Freudians

A

two differences:
1. less emphasis on sexuality, more emphasis on social drives
2. more optimistic about the prospectis of personality growth

98
Q

discuss

Alfred Alder

A

believed that the principle motivation in human personality is striving for superirority through the cration of a distinctive lifestyle

99
Q

define

Inferiority Complex

A

feelings of low seld esteem that leads to overcompensation

99
Q

discuss

Carl Jung

A

believed our personality was partially formed by the collective unconscious, which contains multiple archetypes

100
Q

define

Collective Unconscious

A

comprised of the memories that ancestors have passed down throughout generations

101
Q

define

Archetypes

A

cross-culturally universal symbols souch as the mother, the goddess, the hero, etc.

102
Q

discuss

Karen Horney

A

believed “penis envy” was misguided, and women’s sense of inferiority stems from an excessie dependency on men which is ingrained by society

impact of culture on growth and development

103
Q

define

Humanism

A

theoretical orientation emphasizing unique qualities of people, especially free will and the potential for growth

104
Q

define

Phenomenological Approach

A

using subjective experiencs to understand behavior

105
Q

Abraham Maslow…

A

emphasized the importance of focusing on the poisitve qualities of people

106
Q

Personality according to needs Hierarchy

A

personality is shaped by our current state and history of needs satisfaction
- those who’ve always had a need are better equipped to deal with its loss
- those who’ve been deprived act differently when needs are fulfilled

107
Q

define

Self-Actualization

A

the drive towards creativity and fulfilling our potential, the final goal of development

108
Q

define

Peak Experience

A

a transpersonal and ecstatic state, marked by felings of euphoria, harmonization, deep meanings, and interconnectedness

109
Q

describes

characterisitics of self actualized peopel

A

creative, spontaneous, accepting, self confident, focus on real-world problems

110
Q

list

Conditions for skipping needs

A
  1. lower needs have been met previously
  2. belief that you have the potential/capacity to meet lower needs
111
Q

list

Criticisms of MAslow

A
  1. not testable, little empirical evidence
  2. doen’t really fit into evolutionary POV
  3. little evidence for a hierarchy/specific order
  4. may be gender bias
112
Q

other thingies abt maslow

send help im so sleepy

A
  • fulfillment impacts well-being independently
  • societal factors impact basic needs and negative feelings
  • individual facotrs impact pos and neg feelings
113
Q

describe

Carl Rogers

A

believed that people are intrinsically good

113
Q

define

Fully Functioning Person

A

someone who is on the way to self-acutalization, sees htemselves accurately, self-accepting, trusts themselves

114
Q

list

Three Keys to Personality

Carl Rogers

A
  1. self-concept
  2. need for positive regard
  3. conditions of worth
115
Q

discuss

Conditions of Worth

A
  • self expectations for appropriate/inappropriate behavior + accomplishments
  • internalized parental and societal expectations
  • personality largely stems from differences in conditions of worth others impose onto us
116
Q

define

Real Self

A

how a person is in reality

117
Q

What leads to tension?

acarl rogers

A

a discepancy between ideal self and real self leads to incongruence

118
Q

describe

Unconditional Love

A

parental love no matter what the child does
- leads to congruent self perception

119
Q

describe

Conditional Love

A

love is dependent on how the child acts
- leads to incongruent self-perception

120
Q

jdl;fj;djf

Scientific Eval of Carl Rogers

A
  • aggression may be a pa rt of genetics
  • people who decreaseincongruence aren’t necessarily the one swho improve

Psych 102 (5 decks)

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