Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 102 > Midterm 3 - Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 - Chapter 11 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

define

emotions

A

an immediate specific positive or negative response to an environmental event or internal thoughts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define

moods

A

diffuse, long lasting emotional states with no trigger that can influence thoughts and behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define

feelings

A

the subjective experience of the emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

list

three components of emotion

A
  1. physiological
  2. cognitive
  3. behavioral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define

physiological component

of emotion

A

bodily arousal
Fast pathway: input → thalamus → amygdala → fear
Slow pathway: input → thalamus → cortex → amygdala → expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

define

cognitive component

of emotion

A

subjective cognitive experience of emotion, dependenton cognitive appraisals and interpretations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define

behavioral component

of emotion

A

characteristic overt expressions, facial and body language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

define

Discrete Emotions Theory

A

humans experiene a small number of distinct emotions (that can combine in complex ways) with biological roots
- each emotion has a distinct “motor program”
- emotional reactions precede thoughts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

define

Common Sense Approach

emotion

A

stimulus -> subjective feeling -> autonomic arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe

James-Lange Theory

A

the perception of autonomic arousal results in conscious perception of emotion
stimulus -> distinct arousal -> subjective feeling

this theory assumes each emotion has distinct patterns of arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

list

Criticisms of James-Lange Theory

A
  1. physical arousal can occur without emotions
  2. some physical changes are too slow to precede conscious experience of emotion
  3. Emotions such as fear, joy, surprise, and anger all experience similar autonomic arousal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe

Canon-Bard Theory

A

subcortical brain activity simultaneously sends signals to the cortex (feelings) and to the autonomic nervous system (arousal)
stimulus -> thalamus -> arousal & feeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

A
  1. common pattern of arousal
  2. cognitive interpretation of arousal (mainly unconsciously) based on the environment
    stimulus -> common arousal -> interpretation -> feeling or fear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe

Capilano Bridge Study results

A

When approached by an attractive woman on a tall vs short bridge, men on the tall bridge were more likely to interpret their arousal as attraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

define

emotional sensitivity vs emotional regulation

i dont actually get this one send help

A

some people respond faster and some slower to emotions, can either up or down regulate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define

Emotional Regulation

A

How individuals control which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

define

Situational Selection

emotional regulation

A

approaching or avoiding situations in order to rgulateour emotions, a future-focused technique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

define

Situational Modification

emotional regulation

A

modifying extermal, physical environments in order to change a potentially emotion-eliciting situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

define

Attentional Deployment

emotional regulation

A

Directing attention within a given situation to influence one’s emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

list

Three methods of attentional deployment

A
  1. distraction
  2. concentration
  3. rumination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

define

Cognitive Change

emotional regulation

A

cognitively transforming the situation to alter its negative impact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

list

two methods of cognitive change

A
  1. Positive reapprasial
  2. downward social comparison
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

define

Response Modulation

emotional regulation

A

occurs late in the emotion generative process, after response tendencies are present
1. modulation of behavior
2. modulation of physical responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

define + list

Primary Emotions

A

emotions universally recognized
joy, surprise, contempt, sadness, anger, disgust, fear, (+pride!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

define

Secondary Emotions

A

emotions that are generated from primary ones across different ranges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

describe

Darwin and Facial Expressions

A

animals have similar expressions, therefore emotions are adaptive responses that evolved as mechanisms through natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

define

Universality hypothesis

A

expressions have the same meaning for everyone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

describe

evolution and disgust

facial expression

A

closes nostrils and purses lips
- prevents unpleasant smells from entering
- decreases chances of disgusting things being eaten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

describe

evolution and fear

A

widens eyes and intakes a breath
- intake more information and prepare to run

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

describe

evolution and nonverbal communication

A
  • asserting dominance rather than fighting
  • smiling reduces aggression, increases affiliation
  • sadness + crying leads to empathy and support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

describe

evolution and guilt/embarrassment

A
  • repairs and maintains relationships
  • represents submission and affiliation
  • nonverbal apology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

name

Fake vs Real Smile

A

Duchenne: real
Pan Ann: fake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

true or false

Fear and Anger have the exact same physiological response

A

False! heart rate increases for both, but fear also slows down the digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

define

display rules

A

rules that govern how and when people exhibit their emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What contributes to display rules?

A
  • when is the expression situationally suitable
  • learned through socialization
  • cultural differences
  • individual differences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

list

Gender Differences

of emotion

A
  1. women tend to display emotions more frequently, intensely, and easily
  2. women report more intense emotions
  3. women are better at articulating their emotions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

define

Unconscious influences on emotions

A

variables outside our awareness that can affect our feelings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

define

Automatic Generation

A

behaciors and emotion can be produced automatically, and subliminal exposure can influence mood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

define

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

A

you’re likely to feel emotions that correspond with your facial expressions

could be due to classical conditiong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

define

Nonverbal Leakage

A

unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

define

Illustrators

A

gestures that highlight or accentuate speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

define

Manipulators

A

Gestures where one body part touches another, such as hair twirling

43
Q
A
44
Q

define

Emblems

A

gestures with conventional cultural meanings, such as waving and nodding

45
Q

define

proxemics

A

study of personal space

46
Q

list

levels of distance

4

A
  1. public distance
  2. social distance
  3. personal distance
  4. intimate distance
47
Q

define

Motivation

A

process that influences the direction, persistence, and vigor of goal directed behavior

48
Q

define

Instinct

instinct theory of motivation

A

inherited predispoition to a behavior when exposed to a particular stimulus

Charles Darwin - instincts motivate our behavior

49
Q

describe

Modern Day Evolutionary Theory

motivation

A

the adaptive significance of behavior is key to undrstanding motivation

need for affiliation = survival in numbers

50
Q

define

Homeostatsis

Drive Theories

A

a state of internal physiological equilibrium that the body likes to maintain

51
Q

list

Three requirements for Drive Theories

motivation

A
  1. mechanism to recognize our stae
  2. mechanism to change our state back to homeostasis
  3. control center
52
Q

define

Drive Theory

motivation

A

physiological disruptions to homeostasis produce drives which lead to internal tension that motivates and organism to reduce the tension

53
Q

define

Incentive Theories

motivation

A

a “pull” of external stimuli and how stimuli with high incentive value can motivate behavior, even without a biological need

54
Q

define

Expectancy (x value) Theory

motivation

A

motivation is determined by:
1. strength of expectations that behavior will lead to a goal
2. value placed on the goal

motivation = expectations x incentive value

55
Q

define

3 Psychological needs of Self-Determination Theory

motivation

A
  1. competence: master skills
  2. autonomy: freedom of choice
  3. relatedness: interpersonal relationships
56
Q

list

Hierarchy of Needs

top to bottom

A
  1. Self-Actualization
  2. Esteem
  3. Belonging
  4. Safety
  5. Physiological needs

deficiency needs* must be fulfilled in order to reach becoming needs

Deficiency needs: bottom 4
Becoming needs: self-actualization

57
Q

define

Need for Achievement

motives to achieve

A

relatively stable personality trait that represents the desire to accomplish tasks and attain excellence

58
Q

list

Two Motives to Achieve

A
  1. Motivation for success
  2. Motivation to avoid failure
59
Q

list

Two types of goals

Why do some people give up during setbacks?

A
  1. Performance Goals
  2. Mastery (learning) Goals
60
Q

list

Causes for rising obesity

A
  1. increased abundance of fast and processed food
  2. wide-spread consumptionof high-sugar, high-caloric drinks
  3. sharp decline in exercise and activity levels
  4. increased portion size of food and drink
  5. abundance of highly varied foods
61
Q

discuss

Stomach Growling/Hunger Pains

A
  • correlation between hunger and contractions
  • could be a result of conditioning
  • people with no stomach/nerve problems still feel pangs
62
Q

discuss

Lateral Hypothalamus

role in hunger

A

“hunger center”
- Damaged: won’t eat
- Stimulated: won’t stop eating

63
Q

discuss

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

role in hunger

A

“Satiety Center’
- Damaged: continuously eating
- Stimulated: won’t eat

64
Q

discuss

Ghrelin

role in hunger

A

horomone from stomach to hypothalamus saying “Im hungry”

65
Q

discuss

Leptin

role in hunger

A

horomone going from fat cells to hyothalamus saying “i’m full”

leptin issues lead to hypothesis

66
Q

discuss

genetics and body mass

A
  • make up 40-70% of the variation
  • over 200 contributing genes
67
Q

disucss

Unit Bias

motivation to eat

A

tendency to view a unit of food as an appropriate amount (ex. a banana, one scoop of ice cream)

68
Q

discuss

Studies on Unit Bias

Motivation to eath

A
  • bottomless bowl study
  • container size studies
69
Q

discuss

Proximity

motivation to eat

A

people eat more when food is close and visible

70
Q

discuss

Variety

motivation to eat

A

people eat more when there’s greater variety, different foods have different nutrients

71
Q

discuss

Eating with Others

Motivation to Eat

A

we eat more the more people that we’re with

eat less if someone unfamiliar - want to make a good impression

72
Q

discuss

mood

motivation to eat

A

people lean towards unhealthy food when sad

73
Q

discuss

Cultural and Cognitive Factors

motivation to eat, men and women

A
  • ideal body types change over time
  • Women: ideals are skewed to thinner side
  • Men: ideals are skewed to the more muscular side
74
Q

discuss

Anorexia Nervosa

eating disorders

A

an eating disorder characterized by lack of energy intake, fear of gaining weight, and skewed perception of weight

75
Q

discuss

Effects of Anorexia

A

loss of periods, hair loss, heart problems, electrolyte imbalances, fragile bones

76
Q

discuss

Bulimia Nervosa

eating disorders

A

an eating disorder characterizing by reccurent episodes of binge eating followed by purging, where the patient determines their self-worth through their body image

purging is reinforcement

77
Q

discuss

effects of Bulimia

A

heart problems, tears to esophagus, wear of enamel

78
Q

discuss

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A

compulsive exercise, steroid abuse

79
Q

list

Three Major Factors of Attraction

A
  1. Proximity, physical nearness
  2. Similarity, how much we have in common
  3. Reciprocity, the rule of give and take

(plus bonus physical attraction)

80
Q

Why do people prefer more average faces?

A
  • more symmetrical
  • may reflect abscence of genetic mutations + abnormalities
  • maybe people just like average things
81
Q

discuss

Evolutionary POV of Love

A
  • males have many sperm and want to maximize the chance of them fertilizing an egg
  • women only have a few eggs, so they want to find someone who can take care of their offspring
82
Q

discuss

Social Role Theory of love

A

Based upon traditional societal roles

Females held lower status – value financially stable men

Overtime these roles have shifted, and so have preferences

83
Q

list + define

Two Types of Love

A
  1. Passionate: passionate longing for one’s partner
  2. Companionate: deep sense of friendship and longing for one’s partner
84
Q

discuss

Triangular Theory of Love

A
  • intimacy
  • passion
  • commitment
    combine to form seven varieties of love
85
Q

discuss

“Exotic becomes Erotic”

sexuality

A

nonconforming children feel different and estranged from their peers and perceive their same-sex peers as unfamiliar and erotic
- This is because the autonomic nervous system becomes aroused in those situations, later becoming attraction

could be a consequence, not a cause

86
Q

disucss

Hormonal Influences

sexuality

A

too much or too little testosterone in the womb may impact temperament and sexuality

87
Q

discuss

brothers…

Sexuality

A

33% inc in chance to be gay per older brotehr

88
Q

discuss

Other findings on sexuality

A
  • changes in hypothalamus
  • corpus callosum bigger

subjects were AIDS deaths + lifestyle changes could be the cause

89
Q

True or False:

we are great at detecting lying

A

False! it’s basically a 50/50 for your average joe

90
Q

define

Pinocchio Response

Lying

A

a perfect physiological or behavioral indication of lying

91
Q

describe

Polygraph Test

A

measures blood pressure, respiration, and skin conductance in response to:
1. relevant questions
2. irrelevant questions
3. control questions

92
Q

What triggers a lie in polygraph tests?

A

ANS activity after relevant questions > control and irrelevant questions

93
Q

explain

Are polygraphs accurate?

A
  • high rate of false positive
  • confuses arousal with guilt
94
Q

describe

Guilty Knowledge Test

A

based on the assumption that criminals have knowledge that others dont
- involves MCQs where one of the answers has a crime detail, measures arousal

95
Q

discuss

Accuracy of GKT

A
  • low in false positives
  • high in false negatives
  • people sometimes forget detaisl
96
Q

describe

Brain Fingerprinting (scanning)

A

measuring brain waves aget each object in the GKT

97
Q

define

Positive Psychology

A

a discipline that has sought ot emphasize human strengths

98
Q

list

Misconceptions of Happiness

A
  1. the prime determinant of happiness is what happens to us
  2. Money makes us happy
  3. Happiness declines in old age
  4. people on the west coast are happiest
99
Q

describe

Factors Causing Happiness

A
  • 1/2 of happiness is genetic
  • marriage, friends, uni, religigon, political affilation, exercise, gratitude, giving, flow
  • Happiness set point: we tend to return to a base level of happiness
100
Q

define

Defensive Pessimism

A

strategy of anticipating failure and compensating for this expectation by mentally overpreparing for negative outcomes, which encourages people with this mindset to work harder

101
Q

define

Broaden and Build Theory

happiness

A

happiness helps us see the big picture + seek more opportunities

102
Q

define

Affective Forecasting

and are we good it at it?

A

predicting our own and others’ happiness

we are trash

103
Q

define

Thinking Errors that explain our trashness at Afftective forecasting

A
  • Durability Bias: belief that moods will last longer than they do
  • Hedonic Treadmill: tendency for moods to adapt to external circumstances (we return to a happiness set point)

Psych 102 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions