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Psych 102 > Final - Stress Chapter > Flashcards

Final - Stress Chapter Flashcards

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1
Q

define

Stress

A
  1. a negative personal experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological,cognitive, and behavioral changes
  2. any circumstances that threaten (or are perceived to threaten) one’s well-being and that taxes one’s coping abilities and resources
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2
Q

define

Acute Stressors

A

threatening events with relatively short durations and clear endpoints

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3
Q

define

Chronic Stressors

A

Threatening events with relatively long durations and no apparent enpoints

major health impacts!

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4
Q

define

Major Life Events

A

events that cause noticeable alterations in one’s living circumstances that require (re)adjustment

  • associated with a variety of physical and psychological disorders
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5
Q

define

Frustration

A

occurs in any situation in which the pursuit of a goal is thwarted

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6
Q

list

things that contribute to frustrations

A
  • hassles
  • failures and losses
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7
Q

define

Pressure

A

expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way or perform to a certain level

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8
Q

list

Types of Pressure

A
  1. self imposed pressure
  2. pressure from social roles
  3. work and school pressure
  4. time pressure: perception there’s not enough time
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9
Q

define

Internal Conflict

A

competition between two or more incompatible motivations or behaviors

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10
Q

define

Approach-Approach

internal conflict

A

choosing between two or more attractive goals

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11
Q

define

Avoid - avoid

internal conflict

A

choosing between two or more unattractive goals

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12
Q

define

Approach - Avoidance

A

deciding whether to pursue a goal with both attractive and unattractive aspects

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13
Q

list

other stressors

A
  • unpredictability
  • uncontrollability
  • repetitive
  • ambiguity
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14
Q

define

Psychological Appraisals of Stress

A

subjective experiences that are dependent on the interaction between the individual and environment

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15
Q

define

Primary Appraisal

A

is the event positive, negative, or neutral/ a challenge

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16
Q

define

Secondary Appraisal

A

are my coping abilities and resources enough to overcome?

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17
Q

list

resources in appraisals

A

self-efficacy, social support, knowledge, training, experience, resources

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18
Q

discuss

downside to appraisals

A

can make the claim “it’s all in your head”

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19
Q

define

distress vs eustress

A

negative vs positive stress

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20
Q

list

Two physiological responses to stres

A
  1. fight or flight
  2. tend and befriend
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21
Q

define

Fast Pathway

fight or flight

A

nerves signal to brain to release adrenaline, causing an increase in heart rate, lung volume, blood sent to muscles, and a decrease in digestion

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22
Q

define

Slow pathway

fight or flight

A

hormones released from brain triggers the release of cortisol, preventing inflammation, and increasing glucose in the liver for energy

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23
Q

discuss

Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome

GAS

A

found a chronic stress response when exposing rats to physical stressors
- enlarged adrenal glands
- ulcers
- smaller thymus gland

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24
Q

list

Phases of GAS

A
  1. Alarm phase
  2. Resistance phase
  3. Exhaustion Phase
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25
Q

list

Influence of GAS

A
  1. it’s a general theory of reactions to a wide variety of stressors overtime
  2. Provides a physiological mechanism for the stress-wellness relationship
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26
Q

list

Criticisms of GAS

A
  1. rats include little focus on psychological factors
  2. assumes responses are uniform
  3. stress is only evident when GAS has run its course
  4. Prolonged exposure for the physiological cascade from stress, and NOT exhaustion of physiological resources that causes health problems
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27
Q

define

Coping

A

coping is a dynamic process where the environment and the person influence each other, through a broad set of responses to address stressors

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28
Q

define

Coping Styles

A

fairly stable propensity to deal with stressful events in a certain way, depending on individual characteristics

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29
Q

define

Approach vs Avoidance

coping atyle

A

Approach: directly deal with stressor
Avoidance: minimize/ignore stressor

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30
Q

define

Problem vs Emotion Focus

A

Problem: doing something about the stressful conditions
Emotion: regulate emotions that are due to the stressful event

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31
Q

list

coping strategies

15.

A
  1. active coping
  2. planning
  3. seeking social support
  4. seeking information
  5. self blame
  6. denial
  7. rumination
  8. catastrophizing
  9. self-distraction
  10. reappraisal
  11. acceptance
  12. humor
  13. substance use
  14. behavioral disengagement
  15. religion
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32
Q

define

Coping Flexibility

A

shifting between differnt coping strategies for different situations/stressors

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33
Q

list

Two Factors of Social Support

A
  1. social network size and health
  2. type and quality of support
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34
Q

define

Social Support

A

relationships with people and groups that can provide emotional comfort and personal and financial resources

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35
Q

define

Social Support

A

information from others that one is loved, cared for, esteemed, valued, and part of a network

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36
Q

define

Tangible Support

A

material support such as services, financial assistance, or goods

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37
Q

define

Informational Support

A

information that helps individuals understand stressful events better and determine what coping strategies are good

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38
Q

discuss

perceived support

A

many benefits come from the perception that support is available

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39
Q

list

Issues with received support

A
  1. potential guilt
  2. threat to self-esteem
  3. unsolicited or unwanted
  4. poorly matched to needs
  5. poor delivery
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40
Q

defin

Positive Health Behaviors

A

behaviors undertaken by people to enhance and maintain health

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41
Q

define

Health Habits

A

halth behaviors that are firmly established and performed automatically

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42
Q

define

Poor Health Behaviors

A

things like smoking, gun ownership, drinking, etc.

43
Q

list

Factors Associated with Health Behaviors

A
  1. socioeconomic status
  2. priorities and personal goals
  3. place
  4. social influences
  5. age
  6. gender
  7. cultural values
44
Q

discuss

why health behaviors are resistant to change

A
  • develop during childhood and adolescence
  • little immediate incentive to change
  • bad health behaviors turn to habits - hard to break
45
Q

list

Three Predictors of Change

health behavior

A
  1. beliefs
  2. self-efficacy
  3. subjective norms
46
Q

discuss

Beliefs

health behavior change

A
  • if a person believes there’s a threat to their health
  • if a person believes changing health behaviors will reduce the threat
  • benefits of change must outweigh the costs of continuing
47
Q

discuss

Self-Efficacy

health behavior change

A

confidence that one can successfully engage in a behavior to produce desired outcomes

48
Q

discuss

Subjective Norms

A

what a person believes others think about what they should do, and the motivation to comply

49
Q

define

Traumatic Event

A

a stressor so severe it can produce long term psychological or health consequences

50
Q

discuss

Hassles

A

frequency + perceived severity of hassles are better predictors of health than major life events

51
Q

discuss

Oxytocin

A

“love and bonding hormone”
- counters stress
- promotes trust and affection

52
Q

define

Corticosteroids

A

stress hormone that activates the body and prepares us to respond to stressful circumstances

53
Q

Physiological/biological consequences of stress?

Stress: Portrait of a killer

A

a. Kills brain cells, increases fat, unravels chromosomes, immune system issues, reproductive issues, “arthrosclerosis” in arteries (plaque buildup), restricts blood flow, loss of ability to remember, less dopamine binding

54
Q

Why is the stress response that was critical to our ancestors hazardous today?

Stress: portrait of a killer

A

a. Stress was for immediate crises, nowadays it activates for psychological states nonstop
i. Release of epinephrine and glucocorticoid
ii. Stress response is more damaging than the stressor

55
Q

Why baboons? Are they similar to humans?

stress portait of a killer

A

a. They’re primates, and have lots of time on their hands to stress each other out psychosocially
i. Models modern western stress and society

56
Q
  1. What were Sapolsky’s major findings? Applications to humans?
A

a. [feeling of] rank determines level of stress hormones
i. Lower rank leads to increased heart rate and blood pressure
b. Brain cell death in hippocampus

57
Q
  1. Major findings of Whitehall study?
A

a. People lower in the job hierarchy and higher risk of heart disease and other issues, along with more weight around their abdomen

58
Q
  1. Are ulcers caused by stress?
A

a. Stress shuts down the immune system, allowing the bacteria that causes ulcers to flourish

59
Q
  1. How does stress affect our genes? Blackburn and Eppel’s discovery?
A

a. Telomeres prevent chromosomes from fraying, shorten overtime with aging
i. Stress can accelerate this decay
b. Length of the telomeres directly relates to the amount of and the length of stress

60
Q
  1. Unexpected finding after the baboons died? Importance?
A

a. The more aggressive males died, transforming the troupe into a completely more welcoming environment
b. Humans belong to multiple hierarchies

61
Q
  1. What factors can decrease stress?
A

a. Compassion, caring for others
b. Finding a place where we have control
c. Conditions of work
d. Social affiliation

62
Q

discuss

Alarm Phase

A

fight or flight, excitation of autonomic NS
- adrenaline
- physical symptoms of anxiety
- blood pressure rises
- cortisol is released

63
Q

discuss

Resistance Phase

GAS

A

stress response stil activated - adapting to stressor, finding ways to cope

64
Q

discuss

Exhaustion Phase

A

body begins to shut down- due to organ dmg, depression, anxiety, or a breakdown in t he immune system

65
Q

define

Rumination

A

focusing on how we bad we feel and analyzing the causes + consequences of our problems

66
Q

discuss

Rumination

A
  • prolongs cardiovascular action after stressor
  • associated with negative adjustment
  • women more than men

reflection is good! rumination is not

67
Q

If someone feels disconnected from the world…

A

they are more vulnerable to depression if their goals are unrealisitically high!

68
Q

list + explain

Types of Control

for managing stress

A
  1. beavhioral control
  2. cognitive control
  3. decisional control
  4. informational control
  5. emotional control

see document for explanations!

69
Q

define

Proactive Coping

A

anticipating stressful situations and taking steps to prevent or minimize difficulties before they arise

70
Q

define

Catharsis

A

expressing what we feel, disclosing feelings

71
Q

Is catharsis beneficial?

A
  • yes when it involves problem solving
  • harmful when reinforcing a sense of helplessness
72
Q

define

Crisis Debriefing

A

a single-session group procedure, lasting three to four hours - encourages discussion within the group

isn’t super duper effective for helping trauma reactions

73
Q

discuss

Hardiness

challenge, commitment, and control

A
  • associated with being healthier and low levels of anxiety proneness
  • change is a challenge
  • commitment to life and work
  • believed control over events
74
Q

discuss

Optimism

A
  • more productive, focus, persistence, handling frustration
  • lower mortality rate, risk of heart failure, risk of depression
75
Q

discuss

Spirituality

A

lower mortality rates, improved immune system, lower blood pressure, greater ability to recover from illnesses

76
Q

list

Why does spirituality improve health?

A
  1. fosters self control, prohibits risky behaviors
  2. boosts social support, increases marital satisfaction
  3. sense of meaning and purpose, control, positive emotions, and positive appraisal
77
Q

dicuss

Communal Mastery

A

some cultures don’t emphasize individual mastery over coping
- indigenous communities, women with highest communal mastert were least likely to experience negative impacts of stress

78
Q

discuss

Stress and the Immune System

A

prolonged stress can weaken the immune system

79
Q

define

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

the study of the relationship between the immune system and the CNS

80
Q

discuss

Stress and colds

A

we are more likely to get a cold when stressed!
- long term stressors can promote an inflammaroty response that increases the risk of colds

81
Q

define

Psychosomatic

A

term used to describe illness that psychologists have believed were caused vy underlying beliefs and mental states

ex. stomach ulcers

82
Q

define

Psychophysiological

A

authentic illnesses in which emotions and stress contribute to, maintain, or aggravate physical conditions

83
Q

define

Biopsychosocial Perspective

A

proposes most medical conditions are neither all physical nor all psychological

84
Q

define

Health Psychology

A

a field that integrates behavioral sciences with the field of medicine

85
Q

list

Positive health behaviors

5

A
  1. stop smoking
  2. curb alcohol consumption
  3. achieve a healthy weight
  4. exercise

see notes for more details - try and explain why these are bad!

86
Q

describe

Misestimates of Risk

A

underestimating the frequency of the most common causes of death and overestimating the frequency of the least common causes of death

87
Q

list

goals of prevention programs

A
  • educating young people about risks and consequences
  • ” “ positive health behaviors
  • Teaching young people to recognize and resist peer pressure
  • exposing young people to positive role models
  • teaching effective coping skills
88
Q

define

Alternative Medicine

A

health care practices and products used in place of conventional medicine

89
Q

define

Complementary Medicine

A

products and practices used together with conventional medicine

90
Q

discuss

Biologically Based Therapies

A

vitamins, herbs, and dietary supplements
- many are just placebo
- not much research supporing benefits of taking excess vitamins
- can interfere with conventional medicine
- no way to control what’s actually in it (could be dangerous)

91
Q

define + dicuss

Biofeedback

A

feedback by device that provides and output of a bio function - patients can use this feedback to modify physiological responses associated w/ stress
- could also help cuz you’re just chillin

92
Q

define + discuss

Meditation

A

practices that train awareness and attention
- heighten creativity, empathy, alertness, self-esteem
- decrease anxiety, interpersonal problems, reccurences of depression

93
Q

define + discuss

Yoga

A

practices including sesires of postures, meditation, breathing techniques
- decrease anxiety, depression, migraines, pain

94
Q

discuss

Energy Medicine and Acupuncture

A

based on the idea that disruptions in our energy field can be mapped and treated
- acupuncture can relieve nausea and treat pain related conditions

95
Q

Why do CAM treatments appear to be effective?

A
  1. produce placebo through hope
  2. assumption that natural products improve htalth
  3. symptoms of disorders come and go naturally
  4. when CAM accompanies conventional treatments, people may attribute their improvement to CAM
  5. Problem may be misdiagnosed in the first place
96
Q

discuss

Homeopathy

A

Homepathic medicine is treatment vsed o nt he consuming an xtermely diluted dose of an illness-inducing substance to alleviate that illness
- often gets diluted to the point that none of the original substance remains

97
Q

list

Positive Coping Strategies

A
  1. active coping
  2. planning
  3. seeking social support
  4. seeking information
98
Q

list

Negative Coping Strategies

A
  1. self-blame
  2. denial
  3. rumination
  4. catastophisizing
99
Q

list

Okay Coping Strategies

A
  1. self-distraction
  2. reappraisal
  3. acceptance
  4. humor
100
Q

list

Misc Coping Strategies

A
  1. substancea abuse
  2. behavioral disengagement
  3. religion
101
Q

define

Coronary Heart Disease

A

disease characterized by complete or partial blockage of arteries that provide oxygen in the heart

102
Q

discuss

Role of Stress in CHD

A

 Stressful life events predict recurrences of heart attacks, high blood pressure, and enlargement of the heart correlational
 High levels of stress hormones can lead to disruptions in normal heart rhythm and sudden death
 Important to note: stress is also associated with the behavioral risk factors of CHD (poor diet, inadequate exercise)

103
Q

define

Optimal Matching Model

A

support is most beneficial when it matches the needs or goals of the stressed one

Psych 102 (5 decks)

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