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Psych 102 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

list

Criteria of Abnormality

theres 4 (i think)

A
  1. Statistical Abnormality
  2. Violation of Socially Accepted Norms
  3. Subjective Abnormality and/or Distress
  4. Biological Injury or Abnormality
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2
Q

abnormality is….

A

a continuum!

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3
Q

list

Stereotypes/Misconceptions of Abnormality

there’s 3!

A
  1. All psychological disorders are incurable
  2. People with psychological disorders are violent and dangerous
  3. People with psychological disorders behave in strange and bizarre ways and are very different from normal people
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4
Q

Describe

Demonic Era

A
  • abnormal behavior attributed to superstitions
  • barbaric treatments
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5
Q

Describe

The Medical Model

during the renaissance

A
  • mental disorders are physical ailments needing medical treatment
  • established asylums but treatment was still barbaric
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6
Q

Who is..

Dorthea Dix

A

She pioneered the Moral Movement, which promoted using more ethical + humane methods of treatment

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7
Q

Describe

Modern Day

A

medicine was introduced, leading to desinstitutionalization

that word is long

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8
Q

List

Issues with Diagnoses

3!

A
  1. Can justify people’s behavior, making them feel like they have no control
  2. Can be modeled to suit political, social, and business goals
  3. Can let others benefit (pharma, psychiatrists, etc.)
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9
Q

List

Pros of Diagnoses

4!

A
  1. Helps guide treatment choices
  2. Allows clinicians to communicate
  3. Pleases insurance companies that require concrete diagnosis
  4. Aids/permits research by providing categorizations
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10
Q

List

Misconceptions about Diagnoses

theres quatre

A
  1. Pyschiatric diagnoses are just for sorting people into boxes
  2. Pyschiatric diagnoses are unreliable
  3. Pyschiatric diagnoses are invalid
  4. Pyschiatric diagnoses stigmatize people
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11
Q

What is used to diagnose mental disorgers?

A

DSM-5

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

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12
Q

What does the DSM do?

two thingies

A
  • provides a list of diagnostic criteria for each condition
  • provides a set of decision rules to decide how many criteria must be met
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13
Q

describe

Criticisms of DSM

A
  1. assumes people can be reliably placed into non-overlapping categories
  2. reliance on a categorical model

movement is being made towards a dimensional model

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14
Q

define

Comorbidity

A

co-occurence of two or more disorders in one person

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15
Q

List

DSM-5 Criteria for Depression

A, B, C, D, E

A

A. 5+ of the following symptoms during the same two week period which represents a change in previous function, and at least one symptom must be (1) or (2)
B. Symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning
C. Symptoms not better explained by other medical conditions or substances
D. Symptoms not better explained by other disorders (specifically those on the schizophrenia spectrum)
E. There has never been a manic or hypomanic episode

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16
Q

List

Symptoms of Depression

9

A
  1. Depressed mood
  2. Anhedonia, loss of interest/ pleasure
  3. Significant weight gain/loss or appetite decrease/increase
  4. Insomnia/hypersomnia nearly every day
  5. psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day
  6. Fatigue/loss of energy nearly every day
  7. feelings of worthlessnes or excessive/inappropriate guilt
  8. Diminished ability to concentrate or indecisiveness
  9. Recurring thoughts of death, suicidal ideations, plans of suicide, or suicide attempt
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17
Q

List

Factors influencing Depression

6 (5 lecture, one textbook)

A
  1. Genetic vulnerability
  2. Biological/Neurochemical Mechanisms
  3. Cognitive Factors
  4. Interpersonal Factors
  5. Stress
  6. Behavioral Factors
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18
Q

Describe

Genetic Vulnerability

depression

A

if one identical twin has depression, 65% chance the other one does (compared to 14% in fraternal)
-> genes predispose people, gene x environment interaction

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19
Q

Describe

Biological/Neurochemical Mechanisms

depression

A
  • abnormal levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
  • Decreased hippocampal volume
  • lack of serotonin may lead to neurogenesis supression
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20
Q

describe

Cognitive Factors

depression

A
  • Negative cognitive triad: self, world, future
  • negative mental spin on life, inaccurate perceptions lead to depression and vice versa
  • learned helplessness
  • Ideal affect

ideal affect: difference between how we feel vs how we want to feel

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21
Q

e

What does learned helplessness lead to?

A
  1. attributing failures to internal factors
  2. attributing successes to external factors
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22
Q

Describe

Interpersonal Factors

Depression

A
  • shrinking social circle, less social skills
  • assortative mating
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23
Q

Describe

Stress

depression

A
  • major life events
  • loss of a loved one, self worth, financial stuff, health
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24
Q

Describe

Behavioral factors

Depression

A

people try things and recieve no payoff, leading them to giving up

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25
Q

Why are there gender differences in who experiences MDD?

10-25% of women vs 5-12% of men

MDD = Major Depressive Disorder

A
  1. differences in physiology
  2. men are more reluctant to seek treatment, see depression as a weakness
  3. alchoholism is higher in men - it masks depression and can be used as self medication
  4. Gender specific social factors and trauma
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26
Q

list

Major Risks of Depression

3

A
  1. suicide
  2. physical illness
  3. decreasing social functions
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27
Q

How long does MDD last?

A

Depression is recurrent, sometimes chronic. People tend to have 5-6 episodes lasting 6 months to a year on average

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28
Q

Describe

Seasonal Affective Disorder

A

Form of depression that follows a seasonal pattern + is linked to circadian rhythm
Treatment: time with bright lamp 15-30 min per day, exercise, get good sleep

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29
Q

What is Bipolar I characterized by?

A

one or more manic and depressive episodes

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30
Q

List

DSM-5 Criteria for Bipolar I

there’s 3!

A

A. At least one manic episode
B. Symptoms cause distress and/or impairment
C. Symptoms are not better described by schizophrenia disorders

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31
Q

Describe

Manic Episode

A

Period of abnormally and persistently elevated mood
- inflated self-esteem
- decreased need for sleep
- more talkative
- flight of ideas
- distractibility
- goal directed activity
- risk taking behavior
Symptoms are sufficient enough to cause impairment, hospitzlization, and may have psychotic features

`

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32
Q

List

DSM-5 Criteria for Bipolar II

A

A. at least one hypomanic and one depressive episode
- symptoms last for at least four days
- does not impair functioning
- does not require hospitalization
- no psychosis
B. There has never been a manic or mixed episoe

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33
Q

Define

Rapid Cycling

A

four mood changes in a year

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34
Q

Describe

Mixed Episode

A

Symptoms of mania and depression coexisting

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35
Q

True or False: Mixed episodes are dangerous

A

True! depressive thoughts coexisting with manic energy creates a high suicide risk

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36
Q

Describe

Cyclothymia

A

moods alternating between hypomanic and depressive symptoms over two years, no full blown episodes

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37
Q

Who gets sick?

bipolar

A
  • 1% of the population
  • strong genetic correlations
  • onset around 18-22 years
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38
Q

Why is bipolar so dangerous?

A
  • often has comorbidities with other issues, both mental and physical
  • drugs don’t help with depressive episodes, so people will skip out taking them to experience hypomania
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39
Q

describe

Panic Disorder

A

reccurent and unexpected panic attacks, and for one month after the attack:
- persistent concerns of another
- worrying about implications/consequences
- significant change in behavior

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40
Q

describe

Panic Attack

A

A sudden, overwhelming occurence of panic or fright with no reason
- elevated heart rate, shaking, derealization, etc.

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41
Q

Describe

Agoraphobia

A

Fear and avoidance of being places where getting help during a panic attack would be embarassing

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42
Q

Who gets sick?

Panic Disorder

A
  • 2% of pop
  • shows in late teens - early 20s

haha jk we dont need to know this

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43
Q

Describe

PTSD

A

intense fear, helplessness, and horror resulting from an extremely traumatic event
- avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma
- inability to relax

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44
Q

Describe

PTSD Flashbacks

A
  • recurrent and intrusive recollections of the event
  • acting and feeeling like the events are happening again
  • intense psychological and/or physio distress after exposure to cues related to event
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45
Q

Descibe

OCD Obsessions

A

intrusive, repititive, persistent thoughts that one cannot resist
- feel inappropriate and cause distress
- not just excessive worries about real life problems
- attempts are made to suppress the thoughts
- recongition that these thoughts are a product of their own mind

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46
Q

Describe

OCD Compulsions

A

excessive, repetitive, ritualistic behavior
- compelled to perform these behaviors in response to an obsession
- the behaviors/thoughts are focused on preventing some unrealistic distress or dreaded outcome

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47
Q

describe

Social Phobia

A

strong and persisten fear of social or performance situations where embarrassment may occur -> strong reactions may lead to panic attacks

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48
Q

describe

Specific Phobia

A

strong and persistent fear cued by the prescense/anticipations of a specific object/situation
- exposure almost always results in intense fear and anxiety

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49
Q

Describe

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

Excessive anxiety and fear related to many events and activities
- overthinking, irratonal anxiety, hard time letting go of worries, etc

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50
Q

Biological influences

anxiety disorders

A
  • genes influence levels of neuroticism, impacts anxiety pronenes
  • OCD is correlated with abnormalities in white matter and increased activity in frontal lobes
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51
Q

Other aspects of anxiety

im sorry its a bad prompt idk how to classify these

A
  • catastrophizing
  • fears can be learned through conditioning
  • anxiety sensitivity
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52
Q

Descirbe

Dissociative Fugue

A

complete loss of memory of entire lives and personal identity, and is often associated with bouts of travel

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53
Q

Describe

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

The coexisting of teo or more largely complete and very different personalities within one individual

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54
Q

Why is DID so controversial?

A
  • Some cases of DID may be caused by therapists and hypnosis
  • There’s an odd drop-off of research relating to DID
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55
Q

define

Post-Traumatic Model of DID

A

DID is a response to repeated and severe abuse

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56
Q

define

Sociocognitive model of DID

A

Therapists use procedures to foster DID in clients

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57
Q

Describe

Dissociative Amnesia

A

Sudden loss of memory for personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting

usually due to stressful events

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58
Q

Why is dissociative amnesia controversial?

A
  • not wanting to think about an event doesn’t equal forgetting
  • many cases are associated with brain damage
  • memory gaps are common in everyone
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59
Q

Describe

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

A

multiple episodes of depersonalization (feeling detatched from oneself)

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60
Q

Simple Definition of

Schizophrenia

A

brain disease causing a person to experience breaks from reality, lack of integration of thoughts and emotions, and problems with attention and memory

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61
Q

List

Positive Symptoms of Schizophreni

A
  • delusions
  • hallucinations
  • disorganized speech
  • grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
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62
Q

Define

Delusions

Schizophrenia

A

strongly held false beliefs which are not bound by reality and often involve being persecuted

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63
Q

Define

Hallucinations

Schizophrenia

A

sensory perceptions occuring without external stimuli

schizophrenics are unaware that this is unusual

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64
Q

Define

Disorganized Speech

Schizophrenia

A

frequent derailment or incoherent speech (word salad)

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65
Q

Define

Grossly Disorganized or Catatonic Behavior

Schizophrenia

A

inability to focus enough to complete tasks
motor problems such as freezing, pacing, waxy flexibility

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66
Q

List

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A
  • “flat affect”
  • anhedonia
  • lack of ability to begin/maintain activities
  • decreased personal hygiene
  • avolition (no motivation), alogia (fewer words)

these symptoms are treatment resistent

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67
Q

describe

Expressed Emotion (EE)

schizophrenia

A

high EE from family after hospital release can make relapse into another schizphrenic episode more likely

culturally dependent

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68
Q

discuss

Dopamine and Schizophrenia

A

Positive symptoms: excess dopamine in some regions
Negative symptoms: dopamine deficits in some regions

this can also be a side effect of meds and nstitutionalization

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69
Q

define

Diathesis-Stress Models of Schizophrenia

A

schizophrenia is a joint product of genetic vulnerability and a stressor that triggers it

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70
Q

Discuss

The Brain and Schizophrenia

A

reduced brain volume and increased ventricular space

correlation, not causation!

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71
Q

Describe

BORDERLINE personality disorder

A

mood instability, impulsivity, unpredictability
- self destructive behavior, overreactions to stress and difficulties regulating emotions

72
Q

Describe

Psychopathic Personality Type

A

guiltless, dishonest, manipulative, callous, self-centered while simultaneously being charming, personable, and engaging

not in DSM!

73
Q

list

Causes of Psychopathic Pesonality Type

A
  • deficit in fear -> inability to learn from punishment
  • underarousal -> risk-taking behavior
74
Q

Describe

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A
  • physically and verbally aubse, destructive
  • frequent trouble with law, lack of empathy and remorse
  • recklessness and impulsivity
75
Q

discuss

Suicide

A
  • 90% of suicide victims suffer from mental illness
  • Risk factors: previous attempts, hopelessness, intense agitation
  • suicide rates are 5-7 times higher in first nations
76
Q

Describe

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

social impairments, repetitive or restrictive behavior, resistance to change, specialized interests

77
Q

Discuss

Controversies and ASD

A
  • vaccines do NOT cause autism
  • Because there’s more liberal diagnositic criteria now, more people are being diagnosed
78
Q

Describe

ADHD

`

A

hyperactive, temper tantrums, learning disabilities
- increased risk of accidents, injury, substance abuse
- brain vol decreases, decreased frontal lobe activity

79
Q

define

Insanity Defense

A

an individual should not be held criminally responsible if they were not in their “right mind” during the time of the crime

80
Q

define

M’Naghten Rule

A

when a person cant tell right from wrong at the time of the crime

81
Q

List

Insanity Defense Outcomes

3

A
  1. Absolute discharge
  2. Conditional Discharge
  3. Order to Mental Institution
82
Q

define

Psychiatric Stigma

A

stereotypical negative attitudes against people with mental illness label

83
Q

list

Types of Stigma

3

A
  1. Self-Stigma
  2. Social Sitgma
  3. Structural Stigma
84
Q

describe

Self-Stigma

A

negative feelings about self, maladaptive behavior, identity transformation, and sterotype endorsement resulting from negative social reactions based on mental illness

percieved stigma: believing others have stigmatized viewpoints

85
Q

describe

Social Stigma

A

social groups endorsing stereotypes about and acting against a stigmatized group

86
Q

describe

Structural Stigma

A

policies and practices of insititutions that systematically restrict rights and opportunities of people living with mental illness

87
Q

list

Theories for Stigma

4!

A
  1. Evolutionary
  2. Social Pyschological
  3. Terror Management Theory
  4. Perceptions of Dangerousness
88
Q

describe

Social Psychological Theory

stigma

A
  • people are cast to the out-group due to differences
  • stigmatizing them provides a self-esteem boost
89
Q

describe

Evolutionary Theory

stigma

A

designed to bring…
- disgust and avoidance of people who are potentially contaminating
- anger with and punishment of others whodon’t reciprotcate socially or who display low social capital

90
Q

describe

Terror Management Theory

A

priming thoughts of disosrders and demise related to mental illness, resulting in stigmatizing and defensive responses

91
Q

describe

Perceptions of Dangerousness

stigma

A

media portrayals of mental illness are often violent

92
Q

discuss

Reducing Self Stigma

A
  • interventions that alter the stigmatizing attitudes and beliefs of the indicidual with MI
  • interventions that imporve skills for coping with self stigma
93
Q

discuss

Reducing Social Stigma

A

Educate and dispel myths, increase contact with those living with mental illness

94
Q

discuss

Reducing Structural Stigma

A

Contact based training and education for med students, police, counsellors, etc.

95
Q

Define

Psychotherapy

A

a pyschological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems

96
Q

Who goes to therapy?

A

Women more likely to, minorities less likely to

97
Q

Who benefits from therapy?

A

Everyone!

98
Q

Define

Culturally sensitive therapists

A

therapists that attune to cultural values and help address difficulties that come with adapting to a different cominant culture

particularly relevant in Indigenous communities

99
Q

define

Clinical Psychologist

A

holds a PhD/Psy.D
practices privately, hospitals, schools, medical settings, etc.

100
Q

define

Psychiatrist

A

holds and M.D or D.O
practices at a physician, privately, hospitals, medical centers, schools, etc.

101
Q

define

Counselling Psychologist

A

No M.D
works in university clinics, mental health centers, and treats people with less severe psychological problems

102
Q

define

Paraprofessionals

A

helpers (often in social work) with no formal training, however they often have agency specific trainign and experience in workshops

103
Q

Effective therapists are…

A

warm, respectful, caring, and engaged!

104
Q

define

Insight Therapies

A

Verbal interactions to enhance self-knowledge to promote healthy changes in personality, thoughts, and behavior

105
Q

list

Three Beliefs (of Insight Therapies)

A
  1. childhood is the cause of abnormal behavior
  2. Analyze: distressing thoughts and feelings whishes and fantasies, recurring themes and events, and the therapeutic relationship
  3. Insight into the unconscious will cause symtpoms to heal
106
Q

Who developed psychoanalysis?

A

Sigmund Freud

107
Q

list and define

Three Parts of Mind

According to psychoanalysis

A
  1. Concious: thoughts, feelings, and images of which you’re aware
  2. Preconscious: info you’re not thinking about but is easily retrieved
  3. Unconscious: thoughts and memories we’re unaware of
108
Q

How is the unconscious revealed?

A

dreams, psychoanalysis, slips of the tongue

109
Q

list

Methods of Psychoanalysis

6

A
  1. Free association
  2. dream analysis
  3. interpretation
  4. resistance
  5. transference
  6. working through
110
Q

discuss

Free Association

A

the individual with express thoughts and feelings as they arise for the therapist to analyze

111
Q

discuss

Dream Analysis

A

clients are encouraged and trained to remember their dreams so the therapist can interpret the symbolic meaning

112
Q

discuss

Interpretation

A

the therapist will attempt to explain the inner significance of the client’s thoughts, feelings, memories, and behaviors

won’t analyze everything, no dramatic revelations

113
Q

discuss

Resistance

A

As treatment brings up unconscious information the client wants to avoid they will engage in strategies to keep it from conscious awareness

example: skipping therapy

114
Q

discuss

Transference

A

Clients will direct their emotional experience they are reliving toward the therapist rather than the original people involved

example: romantic feelings, angry feelings, etc

115
Q

discuss

Working Through

A

final stage where therapist will help the client resolve their issues

116
Q

list

Issues around the effectiveness of psychotherapy

im sorry it’s long i just dont wanna make each thingy separate

A
  • therapeutic interpretations are difficult to falsify
  • placebo effect can be responsible for improcement
  • scientific evidence for repressed memories is weak
  • better than no treatment, not as good as CBT, and is ineffective for treating psychosis
117
Q

t or f

True or False: Psychotherapy is quick and widely practiced

A

false! psychotherapy often takes a long time and is not widely practiced anymore

118
Q

Who developed Person Ceneterd Therapy? (PCT)

A

Carl Rogers!

119
Q

list

Aims of PCT

4

A
  1. help client realize they don’t always have to please others to win acceptance
  2. help client respect their own feelings and values
  3. Help client restructure their self-concept to match reality
  4. Help client ultimately foster self-acceptance and personal growth
120
Q

define

Therapeutic Alliance

A

emotional bond and agreement on goals and tasks between client and therapist

121
Q

list

Three Conditions of Therapeutic Alliance

A
  1. Genuine Acceptance
  2. Unconditional Postive Regard
  3. Empathy
122
Q

defien

Gestalt Therapy

A

aims to integrate difference aspects of personality into a u nified sense of self

123
Q

discuss

Effectiveness of PCT

A
  • three conditions are not “necessary and sufficient” for improvement
  • clients may improve and THEN bond with therapist
  • PCT is better than no treatment at all
124
Q

discuss and define

Family Therapy

A

Focuses on family dynamics and communication, assuming that psychological problems are rooted in a dysfunctional family

125
Q

discuss

Strategic Family Interventions

A

identifying unhealthy communication and giving directives to family memebers to remove barriers to effective communications

126
Q

define

Structural Family Therapy

A

therapists deeply involve themselves in a family’s daily activities

127
Q

define

Behavioral Therapy

A

Therapy that focuses on problem behaviors and variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

128
Q

dicuss

Behavioral Assessment

A

use of observation, descriptions, test scores, and interviews to pinpoint causes of the problem, creat treatment goals, and devise therapeutic procedures

129
Q

define

Ecological momentary assessment

A

an assessment of the state of being that arises in the moment of the situation

130
Q

deinf

Systematic Desensitization

A

gradual exposure to fear through imagined scenarios

reciprocal inhibition: we can’t experiences two conflicting responses at once (ex. relaxation and anxiety)

131
Q

list

Steps of Systematic Desensitization

A
  1. Teach client how to relax
  2. Construct an “anxiety hierarchy”
  3. Relax and move from each imagined scene to scene
132
Q

define

Flooding Therapy

A

A therapy where clients go straight to the most anxiety-provoking scenario, and stay there unti the anxiety goes away

prevents clients from performing avoidance behaviors

133
Q

define

Assertion Training

A

training social skills for social anxiety

134
Q

define

Behavioral Reversal

A

roleplay with client as an important person (ex. their wife) and then reverse the roles

135
Q

define

Token Economy

A

reward desirable behavior with tokens that can be exchanged for tangible rewards

136
Q

define

Aversion therapies

A

use punishment to reduce undesriable behavior

137
Q

discuss

Group Therapy

A

A more accessible and cheaper form of therapy where 4-15 participants share stories and experiences to create bonding and support

138
Q

discuss

Therapist’s Role in Group Therapy

A
  • select participants and goals and guidelines
  • maintains therapeutic process
  • perotects clients from harm and promotes cohesiveness
139
Q

discuss

Client’s Role in Group Therapy

A
  • function as therapists for each other
  • describe problems, share coping mechanisms, provide viewpoints
  • acceptance and support
140
Q

define

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

A

using verbal interventions and behavior modification techniques to change maladaptive patterns of thinking

141
Q

list

Three Assumptions of CBT

A
  1. cognitions are identifiable and measurable
  2. Cognitions are key players in psychological functioning
  3. irrational beliefs can be replaced with rational cognitions
142
Q

discuss

Goals of CBT

A

to reduce symptoms as quickly as possible by identifying dysfunctional tendencies in order to work on building functional habits

143
Q

discuss

Cognitive Component of CBT

A

clients are given excercises and strategies to track negative thoughts and then build functional cognitive habits

144
Q

define + discuss

Cognitive Restructuring

A
  • challenging negative thought patterns
  • question sself-defeating beliefs
  • view situations in a different light
145
Q

discuss

Behavioral Component of CBT

A

clients are given execises, guidance, and practice in gaining skills they may be lacking
- systematic monitoring of one;s behhavior
- modelling
- behavioral reversal

146
Q

dfoijfdi

Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy

A

A. We respond to an unpleasant activating event
B. Belief systems account for differences in how people respond
C. Our reactions have emotional and behavioral consequences
D. Therapists encourage clients to dispute irrational beliefs
E. Therapists encourage clients to adopt effective beliefs

147
Q

define

Stress Inoculation Therapy

A

teaches clients how to prepare and cope with stress by modifying self-statements

self-statements: ongoing internal monologue

148
Q

define

Third Wave Therapies

A

therapies that assist clients in fully accepting themselves, including the undesirable parts that are supressed

149
Q

define

Eclectic Approaches

A

Integrate techniques and theories from more than one existing [therapeutic] approach

150
Q

list

Non-pharmacological Treatments of Depression

6 (5 lecture, one textbook)

A
  1. CBT
  2. Sleep Deprivation
  3. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
  4. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Simulation (rTMS)
  5. Exercise
  6. Psychosurgery
151
Q

descrube

CBT’s effectiveness

A

effective for mild to moderate MDD on its own, effective in combination with drugs for severe. May be better at preventing relapse than medication

152
Q

describe

Sleep Deprivation

A
  • brief improvement in 60% of patients
  • May be more effective in combo with drugs and therapies - effects get reset after waking

downside: people can’t stay awake forever…

153
Q

describe

Electroconvulsive Therapy

A

Muscle relaxant + anesthetic, electric currents are passed through the brain, causing a seizure
- increases serotonin, stimulates hippocampal cell growth

154
Q

When is ECT used? Risks?

A
  • severe, treatment resistant MDD
  • chance of relapse and memory and attention issues (short term)
155
Q

describe

Repetive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)

A

large electro magnetic coil is placed against the scalp
- impacts neurochemistry, causes electrical changes
- few side effects

156
Q

describe

Exercise (as treatment)

A

high intensity aerobic or anaerobic exercise is as effective as other treatments

slower, longer lasting effects

157
Q

desribe

Psychosurgery

A

historically lobotomies, now it’s more modern and refined - ultrasounds, deep brain stimulation, freezing tissues, radioactive implants
- used only as a very last resort

158
Q

Conditons for Psychosurgery

4

A
  1. need a clear rationale
  2. a thorough preoperative and postoperative examination
  3. patient must have consented
  4. must have a surgeon who is competent to perform the surgery
159
Q

define

Psychopharmacology

long word

A

the use of medication for psychological problems

160
Q

What does the treatment of mood disorders focus on?

A

monoamines - dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine

161
Q

list

Effects drugs can have…

A
  • amount of NT released
  • blcking reuptake
  • preventing degrading (of NT)
  • promoting more NT binding
162
Q

define

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

A

increase levels of monoamine neurotransmitters by inhibiting the enzyme that breaks them down (monoamine oxidase)

163
Q

discuss

Side effects of MAOIs

A

“cheese effect”
- monamine oxidase needed to break down tyramine because it raises blood pressure
- when it’s inhibited it can lead to stroke

164
Q

define

Tricyclic Antidepressants

A

Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
- having more of these NTs in the synaptic cleft results in more binding

165
Q

define

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

A

block serotnin reuptake

wow crazy it’s almost like it’s in the name

166
Q

discuss

concerns and side effects of SSRIs

A
  • used to be over-prescribed for more minor issues
  • increased suicidal thoughts in youth
  • side effects includeweight gain and sexual dysfunction
167
Q

define

Atypical Antidepressants

A

a herterogenous group of antidepressants with unique actions
- example: bupropion inhibits dopaine and NE reuptake, few side effects

168
Q

define

Polypharmacy

and its risks

A

perscribing multiple medications at once

medications can have adverse interactions

169
Q

Are antidepressants effective?

a long one :)

A
  • yes for severe
  • underlying issues cant be solved by doctors
  • medications can be more expensive overtime
  • medications may not help gain social skills, modifying behavior, and coping in the same way therapy does
170
Q

define

dismantling

A

isolating the effects of each component of a therapy and compare it to the full treatment to figure out its effectiveness

171
Q

Is psychotherapy effective?

A
  • therapy is better than no treatment, but the different types may be equivalent
  • Therapies share many non specific factors (empathic listening, instilling hope, emotional bond, etc.) which can be responsible for improvement
    Contradiction: some clients get worse from therapy
    Contradiction: CBT treatments are more effective for certain demographics
172
Q

list

Why non-effective Treatments can seem Effective

5

A
  1. Spontaneous remission
  2. Placebo Effect
  3. Regression to the mean
  4. Self-serving biases
  5. Retrospective rewriting of the past
173
Q

discuss

Spontaneous Remission

A

many cases of physiological and psychological disorders get better without treatment

174
Q

discuss

Regression to the Mean

A

extreme scores become less extreme with retesting

175
Q

discuss

Self-Serving Biases

A

investment of time and money “persuades” people that the treatment is effective - overweighing efficacy and downplaying failures of treatment

176
Q

discuss

Retrospective Rewriting of the Past

A

expectations can color ones memories, symptoms may be misremembered as worse than they were

177
Q

Why is stigma harmful?

A
  • negative effects of stigma can outweigh negative effectives of mental disorder
  • can lead to decreases in help-seeking
  • can lead to discrimination

Psych 102 (5 decks)

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