Midterm 2 Flashcards
1
Q
list
Criteria of Abnormality
theres 4 (i think)
A
- Statistical Abnormality
- Violation of Socially Accepted Norms
- Subjective Abnormality and/or Distress
- Biological Injury or Abnormality
2
Q
abnormality is….
A
a continuum!
3
Q
list
Stereotypes/Misconceptions of Abnormality
there’s 3!
A
- All psychological disorders are incurable
- People with psychological disorders are violent and dangerous
- People with psychological disorders behave in strange and bizarre ways and are very different from normal people
4
Q
Describe
Demonic Era
A
- abnormal behavior attributed to superstitions
- barbaric treatments
5
Q
Describe
The Medical Model
during the renaissance
A
- mental disorders are physical ailments needing medical treatment
- established asylums but treatment was still barbaric
6
Q
Who is..
Dorthea Dix
A
She pioneered the Moral Movement, which promoted using more ethical + humane methods of treatment
7
Q
Describe
Modern Day
A
medicine was introduced, leading to desinstitutionalization
that word is long
8
Q
List
Issues with Diagnoses
3!
A
- Can justify people’s behavior, making them feel like they have no control
- Can be modeled to suit political, social, and business goals
- Can let others benefit (pharma, psychiatrists, etc.)
9
Q
List
Pros of Diagnoses
4!
A
- Helps guide treatment choices
- Allows clinicians to communicate
- Pleases insurance companies that require concrete diagnosis
- Aids/permits research by providing categorizations
10
Q
List
Misconceptions about Diagnoses
theres quatre
A
- Pyschiatric diagnoses are just for sorting people into boxes
- Pyschiatric diagnoses are unreliable
- Pyschiatric diagnoses are invalid
- Pyschiatric diagnoses stigmatize people
11
Q
What is used to diagnose mental disorgers?
A
DSM-5
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
12
Q
What does the DSM do?
two thingies
A
- provides a list of diagnostic criteria for each condition
- provides a set of decision rules to decide how many criteria must be met
13
Q
describe
Criticisms of DSM
A
- assumes people can be reliably placed into non-overlapping categories
- reliance on a categorical model
movement is being made towards a dimensional model
14
Q
define
Comorbidity
A
co-occurence of two or more disorders in one person
15
Q
List
DSM-5 Criteria for Depression
A, B, C, D, E
A
A. 5+ of the following symptoms during the same two week period which represents a change in previous function, and at least one symptom must be (1) or (2)
B. Symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning
C. Symptoms not better explained by other medical conditions or substances
D. Symptoms not better explained by other disorders (specifically those on the schizophrenia spectrum)
E. There has never been a manic or hypomanic episode
16
Q
List
Symptoms of Depression
9
A
- Depressed mood
- Anhedonia, loss of interest/ pleasure
- Significant weight gain/loss or appetite decrease/increase
- Insomnia/hypersomnia nearly every day
- psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day
- Fatigue/loss of energy nearly every day
- feelings of worthlessnes or excessive/inappropriate guilt
- Diminished ability to concentrate or indecisiveness
- Recurring thoughts of death, suicidal ideations, plans of suicide, or suicide attempt
17
Q
List
Factors influencing Depression
6 (5 lecture, one textbook)
A
- Genetic vulnerability
- Biological/Neurochemical Mechanisms
- Cognitive Factors
- Interpersonal Factors
- Stress
- Behavioral Factors
18
Q
Describe
Genetic Vulnerability
depression
A
if one identical twin has depression, 65% chance the other one does (compared to 14% in fraternal)
-> genes predispose people, gene x environment interaction
19
Q
Describe
Biological/Neurochemical Mechanisms
depression
A
- abnormal levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
- Decreased hippocampal volume
- lack of serotonin may lead to neurogenesis supression
20
Q
describe
Cognitive Factors
depression
A
- Negative cognitive triad: self, world, future
- negative mental spin on life, inaccurate perceptions lead to depression and vice versa
- learned helplessness
- Ideal affect
ideal affect: difference between how we feel vs how we want to feel
21
Q
e
What does learned helplessness lead to?
A
- attributing failures to internal factors
- attributing successes to external factors
22
Q
Describe
Interpersonal Factors
Depression
A
- shrinking social circle, less social skills
- assortative mating
23
Q
Describe
Stress
depression
A
- major life events
- loss of a loved one, self worth, financial stuff, health
24
Q
Describe
Behavioral factors
Depression
A
people try things and recieve no payoff, leading them to giving up
25
Why are there gender differences in who experiences MDD?
| 10-25% of women vs 5-12% of men
## Footnote
MDD = Major Depressive Disorder
1. differences in physiology
2. men are more reluctant to seek treatment, see depression as a weakness
3. alchoholism is higher in men - it masks depression and can be used as self medication
4. Gender specific social factors and trauma
26
# list
Major Risks of Depression
| 3
1. suicide
2. physical illness
3. decreasing social functions
27
How long does MDD last?
Depression is **recurrent**, sometimes **chronic**. People tend to have 5-6 episodes lasting 6 months to a year on average
28
# Describe
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Form of depression that follows a seasonal pattern + is linked to circadian rhythm
Treatment: time with bright lamp 15-30 min per day, exercise, get good sleep
29
What is Bipolar I characterized by?
one or more manic and depressive episodes
30
# List
DSM-5 Criteria for Bipolar I
| there's 3!
A. At least one manic episode
B. Symptoms cause distress and/or impairment
C. Symptoms are not better described by schizophrenia disorders
31
# Describe
Manic Episode
Period of abnormally and persistently elevated mood
- inflated self-esteem
- decreased need for sleep
- more talkative
- flight of ideas
- distractibility
- goal directed activity
- risk taking behavior
Symptoms are sufficient enough to cause impairment, hospitzlization, and may have psychotic features
| `
32
# List
DSM-5 Criteria for Bipolar II
A. at least one hypomanic and one depressive episode
- symptoms last for at least four days
- does not impair functioning
- does not require hospitalization
- no psychosis
B. There has never been a manic or mixed episoe
33
# Define
Rapid Cycling
four mood changes in a year
34
# Describe
Mixed Episode
Symptoms of mania and depression coexisting
35
True or False: Mixed episodes are dangerous
True! depressive thoughts coexisting with manic energy creates a high suicide risk
36
# Describe
Cyclothymia
moods alternating between hypomanic and depressive **symptoms** over two years, no full blown episodes
37
Who gets sick?
| bipolar
- 1% of the population
- strong genetic correlations
- onset around 18-22 years
38
Why is bipolar so dangerous?
- often has comorbidities with other issues, both mental and physical
- drugs don't help with depressive episodes, so people will skip out taking them to experience hypomania
39
# describe
Panic Disorder
reccurent and unexpected panic attacks, and for one month after the attack:
- persistent concerns of another
- worrying about implications/consequences
- significant change in behavior
40
# describe
Panic Attack
A sudden, overwhelming occurence of panic or fright with no reason
- elevated heart rate, shaking, derealization, etc.
41
# Describe
Agoraphobia
Fear and avoidance of being places where getting help during a panic attack would be embarassing
42
Who gets sick?
| Panic Disorder
- 2% of pop
- shows in late teens - early 20s
| haha jk we dont need to know this
43
# Describe
PTSD
intense fear, helplessness, and horror resulting from an extremely traumatic event
- avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma
- inability to relax
44
# Describe
PTSD Flashbacks
- recurrent and intrusive recollections of the event
- acting and feeeling like the events are happening again
- intense psychological and/or physio distress after exposure to cues related to event
45
# Descibe
OCD Obsessions
intrusive, repititive, persistent thoughts that one cannot resist
- feel inappropriate and cause distress
- not just excessive worries about real life problems
- attempts are made to suppress the thoughts
- recongition that these thoughts are a product of their own mind
46
# Describe
OCD Compulsions
excessive, repetitive, ritualistic behavior
- compelled to perform these behaviors in response to an obsession
- the behaviors/thoughts are focused on preventing some unrealistic distress or dreaded outcome
47
# describe
Social Phobia
strong and persisten fear of social or performance situations where embarrassment may occur -> strong reactions may lead to panic attacks
48
# describe
Specific Phobia
strong and persistent fear cued by the prescense/anticipations of a specific object/situation
- exposure almost always results in intense fear and anxiety
49
# Describe
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Excessive anxiety and fear related to many events and activities
- overthinking, irratonal anxiety, hard time letting go of worries, etc
50
Biological influences
| anxiety disorders
- genes influence levels of neuroticism, impacts anxiety pronenes
- OCD is correlated with abnormalities in white matter and increased activity in frontal lobes
51
Other aspects of anxiety
| im sorry its a bad prompt idk how to classify these
- catastrophizing
- fears can be learned through conditioning
- anxiety sensitivity
52
# Descirbe
Dissociative Fugue
complete loss of memory of entire lives and personal identity, and is often associated with bouts of travel
53
# Describe
Dissociative Identity Disorder
The coexisting of teo or more largely complete and very different personalities within one individual
54
Why is DID so controversial?
- Some cases of DID may be caused by therapists and hypnosis
- There's an odd drop-off of research relating to DID
55
# define
Post-Traumatic Model of DID
DID is a response to repeated and severe abuse
56
# define
Sociocognitive model of DID
Therapists use procedures to foster DID in clients
57
# Describe
Dissociative Amnesia
Sudden loss of memory for personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting
| usually due to stressful events
58
Why is dissociative amnesia controversial?
- not wanting to think about an event doesn't equal forgetting
- many cases are associated with brain damage
- memory gaps are common in everyone
59
# Describe
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
multiple episodes of depersonalization (feeling detatched from oneself)
60
# Simple Definition of
Schizophrenia
brain disease causing a person to experience breaks from reality, lack of integration of thoughts and emotions, and problems with attention and memory
61
# List
Positive Symptoms of Schizophreni
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganized speech
- grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
62
# Define
Delusions
| Schizophrenia
strongly held false beliefs which are not bound by reality and often involve being persecuted
63
# Define
Hallucinations
| Schizophrenia
sensory perceptions occuring without external stimuli
| schizophrenics are unaware that this is unusual
64
# Define
Disorganized Speech
| Schizophrenia
frequent derailment or incoherent speech (word salad)
65
# Define
Grossly Disorganized or Catatonic Behavior
| Schizophrenia
inability to focus enough to complete tasks
motor problems such as freezing, pacing, waxy flexibility
66
# List
Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
- "flat affect"
- anhedonia
- lack of ability to begin/maintain activities
- decreased personal hygiene
- avolition (no motivation), alogia (fewer words)
| these symptoms are treatment resistent
67
# describe
Expressed Emotion (EE)
| schizophrenia
high EE from family after hospital release can make relapse into another schizphrenic episode more likely
| culturally dependent
68
# discuss
Dopamine and Schizophrenia
Positive symptoms: excess dopamine in some regions
Negative symptoms: dopamine deficits in some regions
| this can also be a side effect of meds and nstitutionalization
69
# define
Diathesis-Stress Models of Schizophrenia
schizophrenia is a joint product of genetic vulnerability and a stressor that triggers it
70
# Discuss
The Brain and Schizophrenia
reduced brain volume and increased ventricular space
| correlation, not causation!
71
# Describe
BORDERLINE personality disorder
mood instability, impulsivity, unpredictability
- self destructive behavior, overreactions to stress and difficulties regulating emotions
72
# Describe
Psychopathic Personality Type
guiltless, dishonest, manipulative, callous, self-centered while simultaneously being charming, personable, and engaging
| not in DSM!
73
# list
Causes of Psychopathic Pesonality Type
- deficit in fear -> inability to learn from punishment
- underarousal -> risk-taking behavior
74
# Describe
Antisocial Personality Disorder
- physically and verbally aubse, destructive
- frequent trouble with law, lack of empathy and remorse
- recklessness and impulsivity
75
# discuss
Suicide
- 90% of suicide victims suffer from mental illness
- Risk factors: previous attempts, hopelessness, intense agitation
- suicide rates are 5-7 times higher in first nations
76
# Describe
Autism Spectrum Disorder
social impairments, repetitive or restrictive behavior, resistance to change, specialized interests
77
# Discuss
Controversies and ASD
- vaccines do NOT cause autism
- Because there's more liberal diagnositic criteria now, more people are being diagnosed
78
# Describe
ADHD
## Footnote
`
hyperactive, temper tantrums, learning disabilities
- increased risk of accidents, injury, substance abuse
- brain vol decreases, decreased frontal lobe activity
79
# define
Insanity Defense
an individual should not be held criminally responsible if they were not in their "right mind" during the time of the crime
80
# define
M'Naghten Rule
when a person cant tell right from wrong at the time of the crime
81
# List
Insanity Defense Outcomes
| 3
1. Absolute discharge
2. Conditional Discharge
3. Order to Mental Institution
82
# define
Psychiatric Stigma
stereotypical negative attitudes against people with mental illness label
83
# list
Types of Stigma
| 3
1. Self-Stigma
2. Social Sitgma
3. Structural Stigma
84
# describe
Self-Stigma
negative feelings about self, maladaptive behavior, identity transformation, and sterotype endorsement resulting from negative social reactions based on mental illness
| percieved stigma: believing others have stigmatized viewpoints
85
# describe
Social Stigma
social groups endorsing stereotypes about and acting against a stigmatized group
86
# describe
Structural Stigma
policies and practices of insititutions that systematically restrict rights and opportunities of people living with mental illness
87
# list
Theories for Stigma
| 4!
1. Evolutionary
2. Social Pyschological
3. Terror Management Theory
4. Perceptions of Dangerousness
88
# describe
Social Psychological Theory
| stigma
- people are cast to the out-group due to differences
- stigmatizing them provides a self-esteem boost
89
# describe
Evolutionary Theory
| stigma
designed to bring...
- disgust and avoidance of people who are potentially contaminating
- anger with and punishment of others whodon't reciprotcate socially or who display low social capital
90
# describe
Terror Management Theory
priming thoughts of disosrders and demise related to mental illness, resulting in stigmatizing and defensive responses
91
# describe
Perceptions of Dangerousness
| stigma
media portrayals of mental illness are often violent
92
# discuss
Reducing Self Stigma
- interventions that alter the stigmatizing attitudes and beliefs of the indicidual with MI
- interventions that imporve skills for coping with self stigma
93
# discuss
Reducing Social Stigma
Educate and dispel myths, increase contact with those living with mental illness
94
# discuss
Reducing Structural Stigma
Contact based training and education for med students, police, counsellors, etc.
95
# Define
Psychotherapy
a pyschological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems
96
Who goes to therapy?
Women more likely to, minorities less likely to
97
Who benefits from therapy?
Everyone!
98
# Define
Culturally sensitive therapists
therapists that attune to cultural values and help address difficulties that come with adapting to a different cominant culture
| particularly relevant in Indigenous communities
99
# define
Clinical Psychologist
holds a PhD/Psy.D
practices privately, hospitals, schools, medical settings, etc.
100
# define
Psychiatrist
holds and M.D or D.O
practices at a physician, privately, hospitals, medical centers, schools, etc.
101
# define
Counselling Psychologist
No M.D
works in university clinics, mental health centers, and treats people with less severe psychological problems
102
# define
Paraprofessionals
helpers (often in social work) with no formal training, however they often have agency specific trainign and experience in workshops
103
Effective therapists are...
warm, respectful, caring, and engaged!
104
# define
Insight Therapies
Verbal interactions to enhance self-knowledge to promote healthy changes in personality, thoughts, and behavior
105
# list
Three Beliefs (of Insight Therapies)
1. childhood is the cause of abnormal behavior
2. Analyze: distressing thoughts and feelings whishes and fantasies, recurring themes and events, and the therapeutic relationship
3. Insight into the unconscious will cause symtpoms to heal
106
Who developed psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
107
# list and define
Three Parts of Mind
| According to psychoanalysis
1. Concious: thoughts, feelings, and images of which you're aware
2. Preconscious: info you're not thinking about but is easily retrieved
3. Unconscious: thoughts and memories we're unaware of
108
How is the unconscious revealed?
dreams, psychoanalysis, slips of the tongue
109
# list
Methods of Psychoanalysis
| 6
1. Free association
2. dream analysis
3. interpretation
4. resistance
5. transference
6. working through
110
# discuss
Free Association
the individual with express thoughts and feelings as they arise for the therapist to analyze
111
# discuss
Dream Analysis
clients are encouraged and trained to remember their dreams so the therapist can interpret the symbolic meaning
112
# discuss
Interpretation
the therapist will attempt to explain the inner significance of the client's thoughts, feelings, memories, and behaviors
| won't analyze everything, no dramatic revelations
113
# discuss
Resistance
As treatment brings up unconscious information the client wants to avoid they will engage in strategies to keep it from conscious awareness
| example: skipping therapy
114
# discuss
Transference
Clients will direct their emotional experience they are reliving toward the therapist rather than the original people involved
| example: romantic feelings, angry feelings, etc
115
# discuss
Working Through
final stage where therapist will help the client resolve their issues
116
# list
Issues around the effectiveness of psychotherapy
| im sorry it's long i just dont wanna make each thingy separate
- therapeutic interpretations are difficult to falsify
- placebo effect can be responsible for improcement
- scientific evidence for repressed memories is weak
- better than no treatment, not as good as CBT, and is ineffective for treating psychosis
117
# t or f
True or False: Psychotherapy is quick and widely practiced
false! psychotherapy often takes a long time and is not widely practiced anymore
118
Who developed Person Ceneterd Therapy? (PCT)
Carl Rogers!
119
# list
Aims of PCT
| 4
1. help client realize they don't always have to please others to win acceptance
2. help client respect their own feelings and values
3. Help client restructure their self-concept to match reality
4. Help client ultimately foster self-acceptance and personal growth
120
# define
Therapeutic Alliance
emotional bond and agreement on goals and tasks between client and therapist
121
# list
Three Conditions of Therapeutic Alliance
1. Genuine Acceptance
2. Unconditional Postive Regard
3. Empathy
122
# defien
Gestalt Therapy
aims to integrate difference aspects of personality into a u nified sense of self
123
# discuss
Effectiveness of PCT
- three conditions are not "necessary and sufficient" for improvement
- clients may improve and THEN bond with therapist
- PCT is better than no treatment at all
124
# discuss and define
Family Therapy
Focuses on family dynamics and communication, assuming that psychological problems are rooted in a dysfunctional family
125
# discuss
Strategic Family Interventions
identifying unhealthy communication and giving directives to family memebers to remove barriers to effective communications
126
# define
Structural Family Therapy
therapists deeply involve themselves in a family's daily activities
127
# define
Behavioral Therapy
Therapy that focuses on problem behaviors and variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
128
# dicuss
Behavioral Assessment
use of observation, descriptions, test scores, and interviews to pinpoint causes of the problem, creat treatment goals, and devise therapeutic procedures
129
# define
Ecological momentary assessment
an assessment of the state of being that arises in the moment of the situation
130
# deinf
Systematic Desensitization
gradual exposure to fear through imagined scenarios
## Footnote
reciprocal inhibition: we can't experiences two conflicting responses at once (ex. relaxation and anxiety)
131
# list
Steps of Systematic Desensitization
1. Teach client how to relax
2. Construct an "anxiety hierarchy"
3. Relax and move from each imagined scene to scene
132
# define
Flooding Therapy
A therapy where clients go straight to the most anxiety-provoking scenario, and stay there unti the anxiety goes away
| prevents clients from performing avoidance behaviors
133
# define
Assertion Training
training social skills for social anxiety
134
# define
Behavioral Reversal
roleplay with client as an important person (ex. their wife) and then reverse the roles
135
# define
Token Economy
reward desirable behavior with tokens that can be exchanged for tangible rewards
136
# define
Aversion therapies
use punishment to reduce undesriable behavior
137
# discuss
Group Therapy
A more accessible and cheaper form of therapy where 4-15 participants share stories and experiences to create bonding and support
138
# discuss
Therapist's Role in Group Therapy
- select participants and goals and guidelines
- maintains therapeutic process
- perotects clients from harm and promotes cohesiveness
139
# discuss
Client's Role in Group Therapy
- function as therapists for each other
- describe problems, share coping mechanisms, provide viewpoints
- acceptance and support
140
# define
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
using verbal interventions and behavior modification techniques to change maladaptive patterns of thinking
141
# list
Three Assumptions of CBT
1. cognitions are identifiable and measurable
2. Cognitions are key players in psychological functioning
3. irrational beliefs can be replaced with rational cognitions
142
# discuss
Goals of CBT
to reduce symptoms as quickly as possible by identifying dysfunctional tendencies in order to work on building functional habits
143
# discuss
Cognitive Component of CBT
clients are given excercises and strategies to track negative thoughts and then build functional cognitive habits
144
# define + discuss
Cognitive Restructuring
- challenging negative thought patterns
- question sself-defeating beliefs
- view situations in a different light
145
# discuss
Behavioral Component of CBT
clients are given execises, guidance, and practice in gaining skills they may be lacking
- systematic monitoring of one;s behhavior
- modelling
- behavioral reversal
146
# dfoijfdi
Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy
A. We respond to an unpleasant **activating** event
B. **Belief systems** account for differences in how people respond
C. Our reactions have emotional and behavioral **consequences**
D. Therapists encourage clients to **dispute** irrational beliefs
E. Therapists encourage clients to adopt **effective** beliefs
147
# define
Stress Inoculation Therapy
teaches clients how to prepare and cope with stress by modifying self-statements
| self-statements: ongoing internal monologue
148
# define
Third Wave Therapies
therapies that assist clients in fully accepting themselves, including the undesirable parts that are supressed
149
# define
Eclectic Approaches
Integrate techniques and theories from more than one existing [therapeutic] approach
150
# list
Non-pharmacological Treatments of Depression
| 6 (5 lecture, one textbook)
1. CBT
2. Sleep Deprivation
3. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
4. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Simulation (rTMS)
5. Exercise
6. Psychosurgery
151
# descrube
CBT's effectiveness
effective for mild to moderate MDD on its own, effective in combination with drugs for severe. May be better at preventing relapse than medication
152
# describe
Sleep Deprivation
- brief improvement in 60% of patients
- May be more effective in combo with drugs and therapies - effects get reset after waking
| downside: people can't stay awake forever...
153
# describe
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Muscle relaxant + anesthetic, electric currents are passed through the brain, causing a seizure
- increases serotonin, stimulates hippocampal cell growth
154
When is ECT used? Risks?
- severe, treatment resistant MDD
- chance of relapse and memory and attention issues (short term)
155
# describe
Repetive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
large electro magnetic coil is placed against the scalp
- impacts neurochemistry, causes electrical changes
- few side effects
156
# describe
Exercise (as treatment)
high intensity aerobic or anaerobic exercise is as effective as other treatments
| slower, longer lasting effects
157
# desribe
Psychosurgery
historically lobotomies, now it's more modern and refined - ultrasounds, deep brain stimulation, freezing tissues, radioactive implants
- used only as a very last resort
158
Conditons for Psychosurgery
| 4
1. need a clear rationale
2. a thorough preoperative and postoperative examination
3. patient must have consented
4. must have a surgeon who is competent to perform the surgery
159
# define
Psychopharmacology
| long word
the use of medication for psychological problems
160
What does the treatment of mood disorders focus on?
monoamines - dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine
161
# list
Effects drugs can have...
- amount of NT released
- blcking reuptake
- preventing degrading (of NT)
- promoting more NT binding
162
# define
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
increase levels of monoamine neurotransmitters by **inhibiting the enzyme** that breaks them down (monoamine oxidase)
163
# discuss
Side effects of MAOIs
"cheese effect"
- monamine oxidase needed to break down tyramine because it raises blood pressure
- when it's inhibited it can lead to stroke
164
# define
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
- having more of these NTs in the synaptic cleft results in more binding
165
# define
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
block serotnin reuptake
| wow crazy it's almost like it's in the name
166
# discuss
concerns and side effects of SSRIs
- used to be over-prescribed for more minor issues
- increased suicidal thoughts in youth
- side effects includeweight gain and sexual dysfunction
167
# define
Atypical Antidepressants
a herterogenous group of antidepressants with unique actions
- example: bupropion inhibits dopaine and NE reuptake, few side effects
168
# define
Polypharmacy
| and its risks
perscribing multiple medications at once
| medications can have adverse interactions
169
Are antidepressants effective?
| a long one :)
- yes for severe
- underlying issues cant be solved by doctors
- medications can be more expensive overtime
- medications may not help gain social skills, modifying behavior, and coping in the same way therapy does
170
# define
dismantling
isolating the effects of each component of a therapy and compare it to the full treatment to figure out its effectiveness
171
Is psychotherapy effective?
- therapy is better than no treatment, but the different types may be equivalent
- Therapies share many non specific factors (empathic listening, instilling hope, emotional bond, etc.) which can be responsible for improvement
Contradiction: some clients get worse from therapy
Contradiction: CBT treatments are more effective for certain demographics
172
# list
Why non-effective Treatments can seem Effective
| 5
1. Spontaneous remission
2. Placebo Effect
3. Regression to the mean
4. Self-serving biases
5. Retrospective rewriting of the past
173
# discuss
Spontaneous Remission
many cases of physiological and psychological disorders get better without treatment
174
# discuss
Regression to the Mean
extreme scores become less extreme with retesting
175
# discuss
Self-Serving Biases
investment of time and money "persuades" people that the treatment is effective - overweighing efficacy and downplaying failures of treatment
176
# discuss
Retrospective Rewriting of the Past
expectations can color ones memories, symptoms may be misremembered as worse than they were
177
Why is stigma harmful?
- negative effects of stigma can outweigh negative effectives of mental disorder
- can lead to decreases in help-seeking
- can lead to discrimination
