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Foundations 2 > Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 Flashcards

Cell Biology 1

1
Q

Resolution

A

the ability to observe two adjacent objects as distinct from one another

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2
Q

Contrast

A

how different one structure looks from another

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3
Q

Transmission Electron Microscopy

A

protein of interest is labeled with antibodies which are attached to gold particle - a beam of electrons is show through the sample

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4
Q

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A

sample is coated with a heavy metal - surface is scanned and a 3D image is made

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5
Q

Subcellular Fractionation - contents can be analyzed via

A

western blotting or immunoprecipitation

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6
Q

Point of Western Blot

A

Detection of a specific protein

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7
Q

Point of Immunoprecipitation

A

Allows for isolation of a protein in a mixture

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8
Q

Process of Western Blot

A

Separate cellular contents via centrifugation or chromatography. Put everything in a gel and do electrophoresis with a membrane on top. The proteins will transfer to the membrane. The membrane is washed/incubated with antibodies that specifically bind to the proteins of interest. Wash off the excess antibodies and develop the film. The thickness of the band tells how high the concentration of proteins is in the sample.

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9
Q

Organelles of Prokaryotes

A

Ribosomes, cytoplasm, pili/flagella, glycocalyx, cell wall, plasma membrane, and nucleoid

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10
Q

Ribosome

A

polypeptide synthesis

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11
Q

Cytoplasm

A

site of metabolism

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12
Q

Pili

A

allow bacteria to attach to surfaces and each other

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13
Q

Flagella

A

allow bacteria to move

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14
Q

Glycocalyx

A

outer gelatinous covering

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15
Q

Cell wall

A

support and protection

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16
Q

Plasma membrane

A

encloses cytoplasm, controls movement of substances into and out of cell

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17
Q

Nucleoid

A

site where DNA is found

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18
Q

Nucleus

A

most genetic material is expressed and organized here (eukaryotes)

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19
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

double membrane enclosing nucleus

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20
Q

Nucleolus

A

site of ribosome subunit assembly

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21
Q

Chromatin

A

complex of protein and DNA

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22
Q

Lysosome

A

site of macromolecule degradation

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23
Q

Site of cell signaling

A

plasma membrane

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24
Q

Cytosol

A

site of metabolic pathways

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25
Q

Golgi

A

modification, sorting, and secretion of lipids and proteins

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26
Q

Peroxisome

A

hydrogen peroxide and other toxins are broken down by these

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27
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

protein filaments that provide shape and aid in movement

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28
Q

Smooth ER

A

detoxification, lipid synthesis

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29
Q

Rough ER

A

protein sorting and secretion

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30
Q

Centrosome

A

site where microtubules grow and centrioles are found

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31
Q

Nuclear pore

A

passageway for molecules in and out of the nucleus

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32
Q

Proteome

A

entire set of proteins expressed by a cell, tissue, or organism

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33
Q

Three types of protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules, Intermediate filaments, actin filaments

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34
Q

Microtubules

A

long and hollow, dynamic instability

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35
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

medium in size, twisted and ropelike in structure

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36
Q

Actin filaments

A

long and thin fibers

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37
Q

Three parts of motor proteins

A

Head, hinge, and tail

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38
Q

Three types of motor protein movement

A

Motor protein moves, filament moves, filament bends

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39
Q

Motor protein moves

A

walks from - to + and the tail carries the cargo

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40
Q

Filament moves

A

to left (toward -) and motor proteins are fixed

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41
Q

Filament bends

A

via actions of motor proteins

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42
Q

Flagella

A

long and occur singularly or in pairs, 9 + 2 array

43
Q

Cilia

A

short and cover part of or the entire cell, 9 + 2 array

44
Q

Endomembrane system

A

network of membranes that enclose the nucleus, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane

45
Q

How does the endomembrane system pass materials?

A

membranes are connected directly or via vesicles

46
Q

Secretory pathway

A

cargo is moved from ER lumen to vesicles, then travels through the Golgi (cis-medial-trans), then leaves Golgi to plasma membrane to be released from the cell

47
Q

Pulse-chase proves

A

secretory pathway

48
Q

Central vacuoles

A

in plants for storage

49
Q

Contractile vacuoles

A

in protists to expel excess water

50
Q

Phagocytic vacuoles

A

in protists and WBC for degradation

51
Q

Semiautonomous organelles are

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

52
Q

How do semiautonomous organelles reproduce?

A

bindary fission

53
Q

How did semiautonomous organelles show up?

A

endosymbiosis

54
Q

Fluid mosaic model shows

A

a membrane composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

55
Q

How does the length of phospholipid tails affect fluidity?

A

Shorter tails are less likely to interact and make the membrane more fluid

56
Q

How do double bonds affect fluidity?

A

They create kinks in the tails and phospholipids can’t pack as tightly, leading to more fluidity

57
Q

How does cholesterol affect fluidity?

A

It stabilizes the membrane, which makes it less fluid

58
Q

Lipids are synthesized by which organelles and systems?

A

Cytosol and endomembrane system

59
Q

What is glycosylation?

A

the attachment of a carbohydrate to a protein or lipid

60
Q

Glycosylation plays a role in

A

cell surface recognition

61
Q

N-linked glycosylation

A

attachment of a carbohydrate to the N of asparagine side chain - this is initiated in ER

62
Q

O-linked glycosylation

A

addition of sugars to O atom of serine or threoline - occurs only in Golgi

63
Q

Types of passive transport

A

simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

64
Q

Simple diffusion

A

no transport proteins or energy is needed

65
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

transport proteins are needed but energy is not

66
Q

Active transport requires

A

energy as it works against a gradient

67
Q

Rate of diffusion of different substances

A

ions, charged polar molecules, large < polar organic molecules < gasses, small/uncharged

68
Q

Isotonic

A

water and solute concentrations are equal on two sides of a membrane

69
Q

Hypertonic

A

the side of the membrane in which the

70
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water

71
Q

Crenation

A

cell shrinks in a hypertonic solution because water is leaving

72
Q

Osmotic lysis

A

cell swells and bursts in hypotonic solution

73
Q

Channels

A

form open passageways for direct diffusion across a membrane

74
Q

Transporters

A

result in a conformational change to move across a membrane

75
Q

Types of transporters

A

uniporter, symporter, antiporter

76
Q

Primary active transport

A

needs an input of energy and is energetically unfavorable

77
Q

Secondary active transport

A

uses a pre-existing gradient to move substances

78
Q

Na/K - ATPase

A

transports sodium and potassium against gradients using energy from ATP hydroylsis

79
Q

Electrogenic pump

A

exports 1 net positive charge

80
Q

Exocytosis

A

materials in the cell are packaged into vesicles and excreted into the extracellular membrane

81
Q

Endocytosis

A

plasma membrane invaginates to form a vesicle that brings stuff into the cell

82
Q

Three types of endocytosis

A

receptor-mediated, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis

83
Q

Pinocytosis

A

extracellular fluid is taken into the cell

84
Q

Phagocytosis

A

a large thing is engulfed by the cell

85
Q

When G is negative

A

the reaction is exergonic and spontaneous

86
Q

When G is negative

A

the reaction is exergonic and spontaneous

87
Q

Ribozyme

A

RNA molecule with catalytic properties

88
Q

How do enzymes help lower the activation energy/overcome it?

A

Position reactants together to facilitate bonding, change the local environment

89
Q

Competitive inhibitors

A

bind to the active site and inhibit the ability of the substrate to bind, increases KM

90
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitors

A

bind to allosteric site, cause conformational change that inhibits the active site, brings Vmax down

91
Q

Some other potential requirements of enzymes

A

prosthetic groups, cofactors, and coenzymes

92
Q

Catabolic pathway

A

breaks molecules down, exergonic, and recycles cellular building blocks

93
Q

How is ATP produced?

A

catabolic pathway

94
Q

Anabolic pathway

A

molecules are synthesized, endergonic

95
Q

ATP can be made via two ways

A

substrate-level phosphorylation and chemiosmosis

96
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

an enzyme transfers phosphate from a molecule to ATP

97
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

energy stored in an ion electrochemical gradient is used to make ATP from ADP and inorganic P

98
Q

NADH is

A

a chemical intermediate

99
Q

How is NADH made?

A

when electrons are removed from organic molecules

100
Q

Oxidation of NADH results in

A

energy used to make ATP

101
Q

Molecules that receive electrons from oxidized NADH

A

become energized and can participate in reactions woohoo

102
Q

Proteasome

A

breaks down proteins using proteases which cleave bonds between amino acids

103
Q

Ubiquitin

A

tags a target protein to proteasome which breaks it down

Foundations 2 (5 decks)

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