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Midterm 3 Flashcards

Cell Biology 1 (103 cards)

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1
Q

Resolution

A

the ability to observe two adjacent objects as distinct from one another

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2
Q

Contrast

A

how different one structure looks from another

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3
Q

Transmission Electron Microscopy

A

protein of interest is labeled with antibodies which are attached to gold particle - a beam of electrons is show through the sample

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4
Q

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A

sample is coated with a heavy metal - surface is scanned and a 3D image is made

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5
Q

Subcellular Fractionation - contents can be analyzed via

A

western blotting or immunoprecipitation

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6
Q

Point of Western Blot

A

Detection of a specific protein

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7
Q

Point of Immunoprecipitation

A

Allows for isolation of a protein in a mixture

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8
Q

Process of Western Blot

A

Separate cellular contents via centrifugation or chromatography. Put everything in a gel and do electrophoresis with a membrane on top. The proteins will transfer to the membrane. The membrane is washed/incubated with antibodies that specifically bind to the proteins of interest. Wash off the excess antibodies and develop the film. The thickness of the band tells how high the concentration of proteins is in the sample.

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9
Q

Organelles of Prokaryotes

A

Ribosomes, cytoplasm, pili/flagella, glycocalyx, cell wall, plasma membrane, and nucleoid

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10
Q

Ribosome

A

polypeptide synthesis

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11
Q

Cytoplasm

A

site of metabolism

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12
Q

Pili

A

allow bacteria to attach to surfaces and each other

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13
Q

Flagella

A

allow bacteria to move

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14
Q

Glycocalyx

A

outer gelatinous covering

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15
Q

Cell wall

A

support and protection

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16
Q

Plasma membrane

A

encloses cytoplasm, controls movement of substances into and out of cell

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17
Q

Nucleoid

A

site where DNA is found

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18
Q

Nucleus

A

most genetic material is expressed and organized here (eukaryotes)

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19
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

double membrane enclosing nucleus

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20
Q

Nucleolus

A

site of ribosome subunit assembly

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21
Q

Chromatin

A

complex of protein and DNA

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22
Q

Lysosome

A

site of macromolecule degradation

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23
Q

Site of cell signaling

A

plasma membrane

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24
Q

Cytosol

A

site of metabolic pathways

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25
Golgi
modification, sorting, and secretion of lipids and proteins
26
Peroxisome
hydrogen peroxide and other toxins are broken down by these
27
Cytoskeleton
protein filaments that provide shape and aid in movement
28
Smooth ER
detoxification, lipid synthesis
29
Rough ER
protein sorting and secretion
30
Centrosome
site where microtubules grow and centrioles are found
31
Nuclear pore
passageway for molecules in and out of the nucleus
32
Proteome
entire set of proteins expressed by a cell, tissue, or organism
33
Three types of protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton
Microtubules, Intermediate filaments, actin filaments
34
Microtubules
long and hollow, dynamic instability
35
Intermediate filaments
medium in size, twisted and ropelike in structure
36
Actin filaments
long and thin fibers
37
Three parts of motor proteins
Head, hinge, and tail
38
Three types of motor protein movement
Motor protein moves, filament moves, filament bends
39
Motor protein moves
walks from - to + and the tail carries the cargo
40
Filament moves
to left (toward -) and motor proteins are fixed
41
Filament bends
via actions of motor proteins
42
Flagella
long and occur singularly or in pairs, 9 + 2 array
43
Cilia
short and cover part of or the entire cell, 9 + 2 array
44
Endomembrane system
network of membranes that enclose the nucleus, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane
45
How does the endomembrane system pass materials?
membranes are connected directly or via vesicles
46
Secretory pathway
cargo is moved from ER lumen to vesicles, then travels through the Golgi (cis-medial-trans), then leaves Golgi to plasma membrane to be released from the cell
47
Pulse-chase proves
secretory pathway
48
Central vacuoles
in plants for storage
49
Contractile vacuoles
in protists to expel excess water
50
Phagocytic vacuoles
in protists and WBC for degradation
51
Semiautonomous organelles are
mitochondria and chloroplasts
52
How do semiautonomous organelles reproduce?
bindary fission
53
How did semiautonomous organelles show up?
endosymbiosis
54
Fluid mosaic model shows
a membrane composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
55
How does the length of phospholipid tails affect fluidity?
Shorter tails are less likely to interact and make the membrane more fluid
56
How do double bonds affect fluidity?
They create kinks in the tails and phospholipids can't pack as tightly, leading to more fluidity
57
How does cholesterol affect fluidity?
It stabilizes the membrane, which makes it less fluid
58
Lipids are synthesized by which organelles and systems?
Cytosol and endomembrane system
59
What is glycosylation?
the attachment of a carbohydrate to a protein or lipid
60
Glycosylation plays a role in
cell surface recognition
61
N-linked glycosylation
attachment of a carbohydrate to the N of asparagine side chain - this is initiated in ER
62
O-linked glycosylation
addition of sugars to O atom of serine or threoline - occurs only in Golgi
63
Types of passive transport
simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
64
Simple diffusion
no transport proteins or energy is needed
65
Facilitated diffusion
transport proteins are needed but energy is not
66
Active transport requires
energy as it works against a gradient
67
Rate of diffusion of different substances
ions, charged polar molecules, large < polar organic molecules < gasses, small/uncharged
68
Isotonic
water and solute concentrations are equal on two sides of a membrane
69
Hypertonic
the side of the membrane in which the
70
Osmosis
movement of water
71
Crenation
cell shrinks in a hypertonic solution because water is leaving
72
Osmotic lysis
cell swells and bursts in hypotonic solution
73
Channels
form open passageways for direct diffusion across a membrane
74
Transporters
result in a conformational change to move across a membrane
75
Types of transporters
uniporter, symporter, antiporter
76
Primary active transport
needs an input of energy and is energetically unfavorable
77
Secondary active transport
uses a pre-existing gradient to move substances
78
Na/K - ATPase
transports sodium and potassium against gradients using energy from ATP hydroylsis
79
Electrogenic pump
exports 1 net positive charge
80
Exocytosis
materials in the cell are packaged into vesicles and excreted into the extracellular membrane
81
Endocytosis
plasma membrane invaginates to form a vesicle that brings stuff into the cell
82
Three types of endocytosis
receptor-mediated, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis
83
Pinocytosis
extracellular fluid is taken into the cell
84
Phagocytosis
a large thing is engulfed by the cell
85
When G is negative
the reaction is exergonic and spontaneous
86
When G is negative
the reaction is exergonic and spontaneous
87
Ribozyme
RNA molecule with catalytic properties
88
How do enzymes help lower the activation energy/overcome it?
Position reactants together to facilitate bonding, change the local environment
89
Competitive inhibitors
bind to the active site and inhibit the ability of the substrate to bind, increases KM
90
Noncompetitive inhibitors
bind to allosteric site, cause conformational change that inhibits the active site, brings Vmax down
91
Some other potential requirements of enzymes
prosthetic groups, cofactors, and coenzymes
92
Catabolic pathway
breaks molecules down, exergonic, and recycles cellular building blocks
93
How is ATP produced?
catabolic pathway
94
Anabolic pathway
molecules are synthesized, endergonic
95
ATP can be made via two ways
substrate-level phosphorylation and chemiosmosis
96
Substrate-level phosphorylation
an enzyme transfers phosphate from a molecule to ATP
97
Chemiosmosis
energy stored in an ion electrochemical gradient is used to make ATP from ADP and inorganic P
98
NADH is
a chemical intermediate
99
How is NADH made?
when electrons are removed from organic molecules
100
Oxidation of NADH results in
energy used to make ATP
101
Molecules that receive electrons from oxidized NADH
become energized and can participate in reactions woohoo
102
Proteasome
breaks down proteins using proteases which cleave bonds between amino acids
103
Ubiquitin
tags a target protein to proteasome which breaks it down

Foundations 2 (5 decks)

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