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Foundations 2 > Final - Chapter 9.1-9.3, Chapter 10.1-10.2 > Flashcards

Final - Chapter 9.1-9.3, Chapter 10.1-10.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Conformational changes in a receptor

A

lead to a response within the cell

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2
Q

Signals allow cells to

A

respond to a changing environment and communicate

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3
Q

What are the five types of signals between cells?

A

1) direct intercellular signaling, 2) contact-dependent signaling, 3) autocrine signaling, 4) paracrine signaling, and 5) endocrine signaling

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4
Q

With direct intercellular signaling,

A

cell junctions allow signaling molecules to pass from one cell to another

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5
Q

In contact-dependent signaling,

A

molecules bound to the surface of cells serve as signals to cells coming into contact with them

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6
Q

In autocrine signaling,

A

cells secrete signaling molecules that bind to their own cell surface or similar neighboring cell

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7
Q

In paracrine signaling,

A

the signal doesn’t affect the originating cell, it influences nearby cells

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8
Q

In endocrine signaling,

A

hormones travel long distances and have longer lasting effects

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9
Q

What are the three stages of cell signaling?

A

1) receptor activation, 2) signal transduction, and 3) cellular response

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10
Q

During cell signaling, what occurs during receptor activation?

A

A signaling molecule binds to the receptor

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11
Q

During cell signaling, what occurs during signal transduction?

A

The activated receptor stimulates a sequence of changes - signal transduction pathway

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12
Q

During cell signaling, what are three types of possible cellular responses?

A

A change in enzymatic activity, a change in the function of structural proteins, or a change in gene expression

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13
Q

A ligand is

A

a signaling molecule

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14
Q

Ligands bind with

A

high specificity

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15
Q

What are the three types of cell surface receptors?

A

1) enzyme-linked receptors, 2) G-protein-coupled reactions, and 3) ligand-gating ion channels

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16
Q

What happens to the domains of enzyme-linked receptors?

A

The extracellular domain binds the signal while the intercellular domain becomes a functional catalyst

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17
Q

How are G-protein-coupled reactions/receptors activated?

A

A G protein binds to a receptor

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18
Q

G protein releases

A

GDP and binds GTP instead

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19
Q

GTP binding causes what to a happen to a G protein?

A

The G protein dissociates into an a subunit and a B/y dimer, which affects signaling pathways

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20
Q

What happens when a ligand binds in a ligand-gating ion channel?

A

It causes ion channels to open so ions can flow through the membrane

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21
Q

Ligand-gating ion channels can transmit synaptic signals between ___ and muscles or between two ___

A

neurons, neurons

22
Q

With G-protein-coupled reactions, ___ relay signals within cells

A

second messengers

23
Q

GPCR

A

G-protein-coupled receptors

24
Q

Signal binding to GPCR actiavtes

A

the G protein to bind to GTP, causing dissociation and frees a a subunit

25
Q

With G-proteins, what does the a subunit do?

A

a subunits bind to and activate adenylyl cyclase which promotes CAMP synthesis

26
Q

cAMP activates

A

PKA

27
Q

What are two advantages of cAMP?

A

1) signal amplification, and 2) speed

28
Q

How does cAMP help with signal amplification?

A

Binding of a signal to one receptor can cause many cAMP molecules to be made which activate PKA - PKA can phosphorylate lots of proteins

29
Q

How does cAMP help with speed?

A

cAMP can rapidly diffuse through a cell

30
Q

What are the purposes of the ECM in animal cells?

A

surrounds animal cells, supports and organizes the cell, and aids in cell signaling

31
Q

What is the ECM made of?

A

proteins and polysaccharides

32
Q

What are the two adhesive proteins of the ECM?

A

fibronectin and laminin, which adhere ECM components together and to cell surface

33
Q

What are the two structural proteins of the ECM?

A

collagen (tensile strength) and elastin (elasticity)

34
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

A

long, unbranched polysaccharides with a repeating disaccharide unit

35
Q

Why are GAGs needed?

A

They are sometimes linked to proteins to form proteoglycans and they help resist compression

36
Q

What is the purpose of plant cell walls?

A

rigidity, maintenance of cell shape, and the direction of cell growth

37
Q

Where does the primary cell wall develop?

A

between newly made cells

38
Q

What is the primary cell wall made of and why is it important?

A

cellulose, is flexible and allows for size increase

39
Q

Where is the secondary cell wall?

A

it’s deposited between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall

40
Q

What do cell junctions do?

A

adhere cells to each other and to the ECM

41
Q

What are the five types of cell junctions and to what type of cell do they belong to?

A

1) anchoring junctions (animal), 2) tight junctions (animal), 3) gap junctions (animal), 4) middle lamella (plant), and 5) plasmodesmata (plant)

42
Q

What do anchoring junctions do?

A

attach cells to each other and to the ECM

43
Q

What molecules are needed in anchoring junctions?

A

cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) like caherin and integrin

44
Q

What do tight junctions do?

A

form tight seals between adjacent cells, prevent the ECM from leaking between cells

45
Q

What are tight junctions made of?

A

occludin and claudin

46
Q

What do gap junctions do?

A

allow for the sharing of metabolites and signals between adjacent cells

47
Q

What’s the structure of gap junctions like?

A

6 connexin proteins in one cell align with 6 connexin proteins in another cell to create a connexon

48
Q

What does the middle lamella do?

A

cement cell walls of adjacent cells together

49
Q

What is the first layer that forms during cell division in plant cells?

A

The middle lamella

50
Q

What is the middle lamella rich in?

A

pectins

51
Q

What does the plasmodesmata do?

A

allows for movement of ions and molecules between adjacent cells

Foundations 2 (5 decks)

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