Final - Chapter 7.1-7.7 Flashcards
Cellular respiration is
the process by which living cells obtain energy from organic molecules
The primary aim of cellular respiration is
to make energy intermediates (ATP, NADPH)
When an organic molecule is oxidized
energy is released
What two components is glucose broken down into through cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide and water
The four steps of cellular respiration are
1) glycolysis, 2) breakdown of pyruvate, 3) citric acid cycle, and 4) oxidative phosphorylation
Glycolysis occurs in
the cytosol
The three stages of glycolysis are
1) energy investment stage (steps 1-3), 2) cleavage (steps 4-5), and 3) energy liberation (steps 6-10)
Warburg effect:
cancer cells use glycolysis and decrease oxidative phosphorylation
In the energy investment phase of glycolysis, how many ATP are hydrolyzed? What do they create?
2 ATP are hydrolyzed and they create fructose-1, 6-biphosphate
In the cleavage phase of glycolysis, how many carbon molecules are broken down? What are they broken down into?
a 6-carbon molecule is broken down into 2 3-carbon molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
In the energy liberation phase of glycolysis, how many glyceraldehyde molecules are broken down? What molecules are they broken into?
2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules are broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules
What are the overall products of glycolysis?
2 NADPH and 4 ATP (net 2 ATP which are made via substrate-level phosphorylation)
Where is pyruvate transported to in its breakdown?
The mitochondrial matrix
How many pyruvate molecules are produced per glucose molecule?
2 pyruvate molecules/glucose
What is pyruvate oxidized by?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
What is removed in the oxidation of pyruvate?
One molecule of CO2
After pyruvate oxidation, the remaining acetyl group attaches to
CoA
How many NADH molecules are produced per pyruvate molecule?
1 NADH/pyruvate
In the citric acid cycle, what is removed from acetyl CoA? What is it attached to?
An acetyl group is removed and it is attached to oxaloacetate - this forms citrate
In the citric acid cycle, each acetyl group produces
2 CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2
What is regenerated in the citric acid cycle?
Oxaloacetate
During oxidative phosphorylation, where are the high energy electrons removed from?
NADH and FADH2
Where do the high energy electrons go during oxidative phosphorylation?
The ETC
How is ATP made during oxidative phosphorylation?
A phosphate group is attached to ADP
What are the oxidative and phosphorylation parts of oxidative phosphorylation?
The oxidative part is the removal of electrons from NADH and FADH2 while the phosphorylation part is the attachment of a phosphate group to ADP
How does the phosphorylation part of oxidative phosphorylation occur?
Via ATP synthase
Where is the ETC?
Mitochondrial membrane
When NADH or FADH2 are oxidized, the electrons go to
the ETC
As the electrons move through the ETC, they release
Energy
What is the energy that is released by the ETC used for?
The creation of an H+ electrochemical gradient
What is the energy in the H+ electrochemical gradient used for?
The production of ATP
ATP production totals (glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation)
Glycolysis: 2 net ATP/glucose
Citric acid cycle: 2 net ATP/glucose
Oxidative phosphorylation: 30-34 ATP/glucose
What are the conformations of ATP synthase?
1) ADP and Pi bind with good affinity, 2) ADP and Pi bind so tightly that ATP is made, and 3) ATP binds very weakly and is released
