Final - Chapter 8

Question 1

General photosynthesis equation

Answer 1

CO2 + H2O + light –> C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O

Question 2

What reactant is reduced in photosynthesis?

Answer 2

CO2

Question 3

What is a phototroph?

Answer 3

Green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria that use light as a source of energy (type of autotroph)

Question 4

Chloroplasts carry out

Answer 4

photosynthesis

Question 5

Where does the majority of photosynthesis occur?

Answer 5

The mesophyll

Question 6

What is the function of the stomata?

Answer 6

Allow CO2 and O2 to exit the leaf

Question 7

The stroma is

Answer 7

the fluid-filled region between the thylakoid membrane and inner membrane

Question 8

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

Answer 8

1) light reactions and 2) calvin cycle

Question 9

Light reactions occur in

Answer 9

the thylakoid membrane

Question 10

The products of light reactions include

Answer 10

ATP, NADPH, and O2

Question 11

The calvin cycle occurs in

Answer 11

the stroma

Question 12

The calvin cycle uses

Answer 12

ATP and NADPH

Question 13

The calvin cycle incorporates

Answer 13

CO2 into a carbohydrate

Question 14

Photosynthesis is affected by

Answer 14

light intensity, temperature, and water availability

Question 15

In general, shorter light wavelengths have

Answer 15

more energy

Question 16

Leaves are green because

Answer 16

they absorb red and violet and reflect green

Question 17

What happens when pigments absorb light energy?

Answer 17

The electrons are boosted to a higher energy level

Question 18

When electrons jump to an unstable excited state,

Answer 18

they release energy as heat or light

Question 19

Plants are able to transfer the ___ to another molecule where it is ___.

Answer 19

electron, stable

Question 20

Absorption spectra show

Answer 20

the wavelengths that are absorbed by different pigments

Question 21

Action spectra show

Answer 21

the rate of photosynthesis by a whole plant at specific wavelengths

Question 22

PS1 was discovered

Answer 22

first

Question 23

In both PSI and PSII, ___ excited the ___

Answer 23

light, pigment molecules

Question 24

The primary role of PSI is to make

Answer 24

NADPH - electrons move through the ETC to make NADPH from NADP+ and H+

Question 25

PSI only makes ATP via

Answer 25

cyclic photophosphorylation

Question 26

PSII is which step in photosynthesis?

Answer 26

The first step

Question 27

___ is oxidized in PSII

Answer 27

water, makes O2

Question 28

When the excited electrons travel to PSI, a _____ is formed

Answer 28

H+ electrochemical gradient which is used to make ATP via ATP synthase

Question 29

What are the three ways that an H+ gradient can be made?

Answer 29

1) oxidation of H2O in the thylakoid lumen, 2) ETC in the thylakoid membrane, and 3) the synthesis of NADPH in the stroma

Question 30

Homologous genes are

Answer 30

derived from a common ancestral gene

Question 31

ETCs of mitrochondria and chloroplasts use

Answer 31

homologous genes

Question 32

How does PSII capture light energy? (prevents electrons from being transferred to more stable molecule)

Answer 32

1) the excited electrons transfer energy within the antenna complex of PSII, 2) the excited energy is transferred to P680, and 3) P680 transfers the excited electron to Pp which is stable

Question 33

What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?

Answer 33

1) carbon fixation, 2) reduction and carbohydrate production, and 3) regeneration of RuBP-

Question 34

In the calvin cycle, what occurs during carbon fixation?

Answer 34

CO2 is incorporated in to RuBP via the enzyme rubisco

Question 35

In the calvin cycle, what occurs during the reduction and carbohydrate production step?

Answer 35

NADPH is oxidized and electrons reduce the carbon in CO2

Question 36

In the calvin cycle, what is needed for the regeneration of RuBP-?

Answer 36

ATP

Question 37

Why would a plant use photorespiration?

Answer 37

Makes photosynthesis less efficient

Question 38

How does photorespiration work?

Answer 38

Rubisco incorporates O2 into RuBP instead of CO2

Question 39

How does photorespiration benefit plants?

Answer 39

Protects plants from oxidative damage, minimizes water loss, and prevents the calvin cycle from occurring when O2 levels are high and CO2 is low

Question 40

Photorespiration mostly occurs in

Answer 40

C3 plants

Question 41

In C4 plants, the ___ carries out light reactions and generates ___

Answer 41

mesophyll, O2

Question 42

In C4 plants, ___ is incorporated into phosphenolpyruvate to make ___

Answer 42

CO2, oxaloacetate

Question 43

In C4 plants, oxaloacetate is transferred to

Answer 43

bundle-sheath cells

Question 44

In C4 plants, the CO2 is removed from oxaloacetate and the calvin cycle

Answer 44

operates in bundle-sheath cells

Question 45

C4 plants change the

Answer 45

location of the calvin cycle changes - occurs in bundle-sheath cells

Question 46

CAM plants change the

Answer 46

timing of the calvin cycle

Question 47

In CAM plants, what changes during the day?

Answer 47

The stomata are closed and light reactions make ATP and NADPH

Question 48

In CAM plants, what occurs during the night?

Answer 48

The stomata open and the uptake of CO2 occurs which incorporates it into oxaloacetate