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Foundations 2 > Final - Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Final - Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

General photosynthesis equation

A

CO2 + H2O + light –> C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O

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2
Q

What reactant is reduced in photosynthesis?

A

CO2

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3
Q

What is a phototroph?

A

Green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria that use light as a source of energy (type of autotroph)

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4
Q

Chloroplasts carry out

A

photosynthesis

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5
Q

Where does the majority of photosynthesis occur?

A

The mesophyll

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6
Q

What is the function of the stomata?

A

Allow CO2 and O2 to exit the leaf

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7
Q

The stroma is

A

the fluid-filled region between the thylakoid membrane and inner membrane

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8
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

1) light reactions and 2) calvin cycle

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9
Q

Light reactions occur in

A

the thylakoid membrane

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10
Q

The products of light reactions include

A

ATP, NADPH, and O2

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11
Q

The calvin cycle occurs in

A

the stroma

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12
Q

The calvin cycle uses

A

ATP and NADPH

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13
Q

The calvin cycle incorporates

A

CO2 into a carbohydrate

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14
Q

Photosynthesis is affected by

A

light intensity, temperature, and water availability

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15
Q

In general, shorter light wavelengths have

A

more energy

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16
Q

Leaves are green because

A

they absorb red and violet and reflect green

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17
Q

What happens when pigments absorb light energy?

A

The electrons are boosted to a higher energy level

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18
Q

When electrons jump to an unstable excited state,

A

they release energy as heat or light

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19
Q

Plants are able to transfer the ___ to another molecule where it is ___.

A

electron, stable

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20
Q

Absorption spectra show

A

the wavelengths that are absorbed by different pigments

21
Q

Action spectra show

A

the rate of photosynthesis by a whole plant at specific wavelengths

22
Q

PS1 was discovered

A

first

23
Q

In both PSI and PSII, ___ excited the ___

A

light, pigment molecules

24
Q

The primary role of PSI is to make

A

NADPH - electrons move through the ETC to make NADPH from NADP+ and H+

25
Q

PSI only makes ATP via

A

cyclic photophosphorylation

26
Q

PSII is which step in photosynthesis?

A

The first step

27
Q

___ is oxidized in PSII

A

water, makes O2

28
Q

When the excited electrons travel to PSI, a _____ is formed

A

H+ electrochemical gradient which is used to make ATP via ATP synthase

29
Q

What are the three ways that an H+ gradient can be made?

A

1) oxidation of H2O in the thylakoid lumen, 2) ETC in the thylakoid membrane, and 3) the synthesis of NADPH in the stroma

30
Q

Homologous genes are

A

derived from a common ancestral gene

31
Q

ETCs of mitrochondria and chloroplasts use

A

homologous genes

32
Q

How does PSII capture light energy? (prevents electrons from being transferred to more stable molecule)

A

1) the excited electrons transfer energy within the antenna complex of PSII, 2) the excited energy is transferred to P680, and 3) P680 transfers the excited electron to Pp which is stable

33
Q

What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?

A

1) carbon fixation, 2) reduction and carbohydrate production, and 3) regeneration of RuBP-

34
Q

In the calvin cycle, what occurs during carbon fixation?

A

CO2 is incorporated in to RuBP via the enzyme rubisco

35
Q

In the calvin cycle, what occurs during the reduction and carbohydrate production step?

A

NADPH is oxidized and electrons reduce the carbon in CO2

36
Q

In the calvin cycle, what is needed for the regeneration of RuBP-?

A

ATP

37
Q

Why would a plant use photorespiration?

A

Makes photosynthesis less efficient

38
Q

How does photorespiration work?

A

Rubisco incorporates O2 into RuBP instead of CO2

39
Q

How does photorespiration benefit plants?

A

Protects plants from oxidative damage, minimizes water loss, and prevents the calvin cycle from occurring when O2 levels are high and CO2 is low

40
Q

Photorespiration mostly occurs in

A

C3 plants

41
Q

In C4 plants, the ___ carries out light reactions and generates ___

A

mesophyll, O2

42
Q

In C4 plants, ___ is incorporated into phosphenolpyruvate to make ___

A

CO2, oxaloacetate

43
Q

In C4 plants, oxaloacetate is transferred to

A

bundle-sheath cells

44
Q

In C4 plants, the CO2 is removed from oxaloacetate and the calvin cycle

A

operates in bundle-sheath cells

45
Q

C4 plants change the

A

location of the calvin cycle changes - occurs in bundle-sheath cells

46
Q

CAM plants change the

A

timing of the calvin cycle

47
Q

In CAM plants, what changes during the day?

A

The stomata are closed and light reactions make ATP and NADPH

48
Q

In CAM plants, what occurs during the night?

A

The stomata open and the uptake of CO2 occurs which incorporates it into oxaloacetate

Foundations 2 (5 decks)

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