Midterm Flashcards
Basic assumptions: individuals are:
Social beings Socially determined (Ex. Influence that parents have on where you are today) Socially interactions and constructs (gender, age) determine individual behaviour
Sociology
The study of the social life, including all forms of social interaction and relationships
Culture
Ways of life people create in a specific group at a particular time and place
Society
Collection of people living in a defines geographical territory and united through a political system and a shared sense of self-identification that distinguishes them from others.
Based on social constructs:
An idea about how to think, feel, or behave that was invented by a group of people, becoming standard over time through norms
Units of sociological analysis:
Macro level-societal norms, values, roles in soviet and social institutions
Micro-level- groups
Individual level (social psychological units): exercise psychology as an example- thoughts/beliefs are influenced by others
Sports/PA are a microcosm of society.
Has 3 main goals:
1) To look at PA and associated health outcomes with a gaze that goes beyond our common understanding of social life.
Eg; responsibility for being active: individual or society?
2) To identify and and analyze patterns of change or stability in PA and associated health outcomes.
Eg; Have PA patterns in society changed or remained stable over time? Are PA levels consistently different in certain groups over time?
3) To critique PA programs in order to identify problems and recommend changes to enhance equality and human well-being.
- focus on changes to society versus changes to the individual
Epidemiology
The primary focus of epidemiology is not on individuals but on the health problems of large groups of people
- study determinants and distributions of disease frequency
- is the science of epidemics (infectious disease)
- now focuses on science of chronic disease and health promoting behaviours (eg: PA)
Social structural factors **
Encompass positive and neg factors within society’s structure that influence people abilities to participate fully in their social surroundings
- race , age, gender, sexual orientation, and social class.
Health
According to the World Health Organization (WHO):
A state if complete physical and mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease
-social isolation kills, older adults that are alone die earlier.
Risk Factors
Increase the chance of onset of disease or injury
Eg. Physical inactivity, smoking, obesity, bad diet, family history.
Exercise***
-*** planned, structured and repetitive PA designed to improve or maintain at least one component of physical fitness
(Health or performance, have to have goals)
Leisure Time PA
activity done in ones free time that leads to a substantial increase in total daily energy expenditure
- must involve personal choice.
Physical fitness
A set of attributes that people have to achieve that relates to their abilities to perform physical activity.
Health-related components of fitness
-5 components
Components of fitness affected by regular PA and relate to performance
1) Muscular power
2) speed
3) agility
4) balance
5) reaction time
Which component of fitness are we trying to promote in Canadian Society?
HEALTH
Sport
A form of leisure-time PA that is planned, structured, and competitive.
Active Living
A way of life in which PA is valued and integrated into daily living
Physical Activity Guidelines
Adults 18-64
150 min/wk of mod-vig
in bouts of 10 min or more
also beneficial to add muscle and bone strengthening activities at least 2 day/wk
PA Guidelines
65+
Same as adults but with:
-improvements in functional ablilites
mod to vig
Those with poor mobility- do PA to enhance balance and prevent falls
PA Guidelines
Children 5-11 and Youth 12-17
60 min/day mod-vig
- vig at least 3 day/wk and
- bone and muscles strengthening at least 3 days/wk
PA Guidelines Early years (0-4 yrs)
< 1 yr: PA several times/day (interactive floor based play)
1-4 yrs: 180 min at any intensity throughout the day
Progress to 60+ min of energetic play by 5 yrs
Sedentary Guidelines
Children (5-11) and Youth (12-17)
Minimize time spent being sedentary
Limit screen time to no more than 2 hours/day
Limit sedentary (motorized) transport, extended sitting, and time spent indoors throughout the day
Sedentary Guidelines Early Years (0-4 yrs)
minimize time spent being sedentary, including prolonged sitting or being restrained
<2 yrs: NO screen time
2-4 yrs: limit screen time to no more than 2 hours/day
Physical Activity Rates in Canadian Children and Youth
only 7% meet guidelines
-boys higher than girls
Most common chronic diseases
CV, cancer, respiratory and diabetes.
Chronic diseases have two main characteristics:
1) Are irreversible are rarely cured
2) Have mulitple causes and risk factors
-most can be prevented by eliminating shared risk factors
Proximal risk factors**
own behaviours, how active/healthy
Distal risk factors**
poverty, lack of education, housing, and environmental contaminants
-make it harder to stay healthy
Reasons for high prevalence of chronic diseases:
1) Tremendous population growth
2) Increase in total life expectancy
- due to decreased prevalence in communicable diseases; technology improvements
Have combined such that more people are living longer. Thus, increasing the pool of people at risk for chronic diseases.
Social structure factors
social class (income, where you live, job), race, age, gender, sexual orientation
Social class
The categories of people who share a position is society based on a combination of their income, wealth, education, occupation and social connections.
People in a particular social class share similar LIFE CHANCES
Social classes exist in all industrial countries
What are the social classes in Canada?
Upper class, middle, working and lower classes make up the health social gradient.
