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Asian Art History Spring 2014 > Midterm #2 Terms > Flashcards

Midterm #2 Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Siddhartha Gautama

A
  1. He is the historical form of the Shakyamuni Buddha
  2. Lived in Northeastern part to India
  3. Born as a prince in the nobility class
  4. Gave lectures after his enlightenment which unfolded the Buddhist religion.
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2
Q

King Ashoka

A
  1. Part of the Mauryan Empire, he reigned around 273 - 232 BCE
  2. He wanted to be the ideal Buddhist king
  3. Was largely responsible for the spread of Buddhism
  4. He promoted the building of Buddhist monuments and stuppas
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3
Q

Stupa

A
  1. Semi-spherical mounds built of bricks, earth, or stone.
  2. Inserted inside were relics of the Buddha
  3. They were used as a ritual function and had symbolic meaning
  4. One famous known stupa was The Great Stupa at Sanchi
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4
Q

Gandhara

A
  1. Part of the Kushan Empire
  2. Where one of two major styles of Buddhist sculpture originated. the other being Mathura
  3. Styles from here are similar to the Greek style
  4. The period existed around the 1st - 5th century CE
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5
Q

Bodhisattva

A
  1. These are beings that have hold back or delayed their spiritual process to help others attain enlightenment
  2. They have similar renderings to the Buddha but are slightly different
  3. This where the beginnings of Mahayana Buddhism is seen
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6
Q

International Gupta Style

A
  1. Developed under the Gupta Dynasty, which was around 320-647 CE
  2. It was a style in Buddhist sculpting that became an international style
  3. Some of these features include a fine robe that clings to the body and a face of the Buddha that is not looking at you, but has downcast eyes and appears to be in intense meditation.
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7
Q

Cave Temples

A
  1. These were Buddhist temples made into the mountain.
  2. These were created across Asia and were a place for monks to mediate.
  3. An example is the Cave Temples at Ajanta
  4. The cave temples included multiple space featuring architecture and Buddhist sculptures and paintings.
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8
Q

Punya

A
  1. This is a sanskrit word that translates as “religious merits.”
  2. It is the practice of making religious donations.
  3. Sponsoring the making of Buddhist objects or temples is to build merit which leads towards good karma and towards Nirvana.
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9
Q

Vihara

A
  1. This is a sanskrit word for Buddhist monastery.
  2. Seen in the Ajanta Cave Temples - Cave 1 has a Vihara design.
  3. Overall it is a structure built for monks to live, perform rituals, and meditate
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10
Q

Chaitya

A
  1. This is a Buddhist shrine, which include the stupa.
  2. It denotes the prayer hall that includes the stupa.
  3. Example is seen in the Ajanta Cave Temples in Cave 46
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11
Q

Jataka

A
  1. These are tales of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas
  2. They embody the concept of cause and effect.
  3. Also known as Avadana… these scenes were on the ceiling of the Kizil Cave 38
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12
Q

Silk Road

A
  1. This was a network of transportation routes
  2. The city of Bamiyan was connected to the silk road
  3. This route was utilized for trade and a spread of ideas
  4. The term is a contemporary term coined by a German Geographer
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13
Q

Stucco

A
  1. This is a material made of calcium oxide or sulphate.
  2. With wood or stone as the core, this material was used in sculpture.
  3. It made it possible to mold in a more realistic way
  4. An example of where stucco was used was in the Great East and West Buddhas of the Caves at Bamiyan
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14
Q

Kucha

A
  1. Kingdom that flourished from 2nd to 8th Century CE
  2. They were part of the Eastern part of the Silk Road
  3. They included communities of both Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism.
  4. The Kizil Caves were part of the Kucha Kingdom.
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15
Q

Maitreya

A
  1. This regards the future Buddha of this world.
  2. It is also considered a bodhisattva who has appeared on earth, but has achieved complete enlightenment.
  3. Images of this bodhisattva were seen in Kizil Cave 38.
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16
Q

Bamiyan

A
  1. Kingdom located along the Western part of the Silk Road.
  2. They flourished around the 4th to 8th century CE
  3. The Bamiyan Caves are located here, including the Great East and West Buddhas.
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17
Q

Northern Wei

A
  1. The Northern Wei Dynasty was around 386 - 534 CE
  2. Adopted the Chinese model of the dynasty - an emperor of the Northern Wei believed that the people needed to completely assimilate to the Chinese culture
  3. The caves were built under the Northern Wei Dynasty
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18
Q

Sinicization

A
  1. This was the assimilation into Chinese culture during the Northern Wei period.
  2. It was a policy created under Emperor Ziaowen (471 - 499)
  3. People were required to marry Chinese, dress Chinese, and speak Chinese.
  4. Examples of this assimilation is seen at the Longmen Caves, which has Buddhas that look Chinese.
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19
Q

Mahayana Buddhism

A
  1. One of the oldest styles of Buddhism and one of the two major branches of the style of Buddhism
  2. It includes the belief in Bodhisattvas
  3. Personal devotion and practice is a major element in this practice of Buddhism -The Lotus Sutra
  4. Other characteristics of Mahayana Buddhism includes the belief in the infinite
  5. Also - religious authority is equal to political authority
20
Q

Buddhas of Three Ages

A
  1. This is part of Mahayana Buddhism
  2. It ties in with the belief in the infinite and continuous existence of Buddhas in the cosmos
  3. It represents the Buddha of the past, present, and future
21
Q

Buddhist Devotional Objects

A
  1. These were objects used by layity in public or private settings.
  2. It includes a stele, altar, or pillar, or bronzes.
  3. They are products for individual or group devotions made for aristocrats or government figures, and sometimes commoners.
22
Q

Chang’an

A
  1. It was the imperial capital of the Tang Dynasty
  2. It had a ward system (grid system)
  3. Sections of the city were separated by walls and given curfews.
23
Q

Ta

A
  1. This is a Chinese rendition of the Indian stupas.
  2. It is also known as pagodas
  3. It was where relics of the Buddha were stored
24
Q

Famen Monastery

A
  1. This was a monastery in Shaanxi
  2. It includes Buddhist relics and crypt
  3. The discovery of the “Underground Palace” was also found here.
25
Q

Mogao

A
  1. These are caves found in Dunhuang
  2. It consists of two sections - north and south
  3. Caves span from 5th to 15th century CE
26
Q

Pure Land

A
  1. It is a belief in Mahayana Buddhism
  2. It is the celestial realm of the Buddha or bodhisattvas.
  3. Images of the pure land are seen in the Mogoa Caves
    3.
27
Q

Prince Shotoku

A
  1. From Asuka Japan from 574 - 622.
  2. He was a regent of the empress.
  3. He introduced the Seventeen-Article Constitution in 604
  4. H created the first embassy to China in 608
28
Q

Brackets

A
  1. The bracketing system was used in building pagodas.
  2. This is seen in the Pagoda at Horyuji
  3. The use of brackets and posts and beams provided stable support to the architecture of pagodas.
29
Q

Courtyard system

A
  1. This is seen in basic East Asian Architecture.
  2. It involves multiple structures to constitute a courtyard.
  3. Building within the courtyard creates a central access.
30
Q

Nara

A
  1. A city in Japan founded in 710
  2. Imperial order and city planning was included in the creation of this city
  3. Todaiji (The Great Eastern Temple) is located here.
31
Q

Todaiji

A
  1. It is the Great Eastern Temple
  2. It is located in Nara, Japan and initiated in 746 by the emperor.
  3. The Great Buddha Hall is located here, which houses the bronze statue of the Cosmic Buddha.
32
Q

Tang International Style

A
  1. A style from the Tang Dynasty 2. It had influence through the openness and exchangeability of the Silk Road.
  2. This style is exemplified in Sokkuram in Korea.
33
Q

Sokkuram

A
  1. A Buddhist temple located at the top of Mount Toham
  2. It was built by Prime Minister Kim Taesong for his deceased parents
  3. It is also considered a political monument
  4. It was meant to represent a perfect Buddhist universe and mirrors an ideal political state.
  5. The Golden Section Rectangle is a major component in the architecture.
34
Q

Flower Garland Sutra

A
  1. This was a lecture given by Shakyamuni Buddha shortly after his enlightenment.
  2. It is one of the most influential Mahayana sutras.
  3. It relates to the concept of the Cosmic Buddha… All in one, one in all.
35
Q

State Buddhism

A
  1. This is the inclusion of Buddhism in politics connecting Buddhism and state ideology.
  2. It is exemplified in Sokkuram
  3. In serving God and the temple, it gives them the right to rule.
36
Q

Bhakti

A
  1. This is related to Hinduism.
  2. It refers to the practice of devotion.
  3. It is the personal relationship between you and the Hindu God.
37
Q

Brahman

A
  1. It is related to Hinduism
  2. It is referred to as the supreme self.
  3. It is the spiritual essence of the universe.
38
Q

Shiva

A
  1. One of 3 main deities of Hinduism.
  2. He is a Hindu god of creation and destruction
  3. He comes in different forms… ex Shiva… lord of the dance
  4. The Linga (Phallic symbol) represents the raw energy of Shiva
39
Q

Vishnu

A
  1. He is one of three main Hindu Deities
  2. He preserves the universe
  3. He is the past, present, and future
  4. He upholds the Dharma
  5. He has 10 different incarnations - Avatars important
  6. Most famous for Vishnu is Krishna
40
Q

Darshan

A
  1. It is a Sanskrit term in Hinduism.
  2. It means “seeing the divine.”
  3. One could receive Darshan through a Hindu temple.
41
Q

Kailasa

A
  1. It is a mountain in the Himalayas
  2. The Kailasanatha Temple in Ellora was named after it.
  3. The Hindu story comes from this of Ravana shaking Mt. Kailasa in which Shiva calms the shakes with his foot.
42
Q

Khmer

A
  1. Empire founded by Jayavarman II in 802 at Phnom Kulen - in Cambodia.
  2. It was a period of time when Ankwor Wot was built
  3. Form of religious practice Devaraja - “The Lord who is king”
43
Q

Temple-mountain

A
  1. This is part of the royal cult: Devaraja in Cambodia.
  2. The building of the temple-mountain as capital for any new king.
  3. The Linga is the center and is worshipped.
44
Q

Angkor-Wat

A
  1. A Buddhist temple built during the Khmer Empire in 1113 - 1150 in Cambodia
  2. It had four layers of enclosures and a moat
  3. It was the capital of the Khmer Empire.
45
Q

Naga

A
  1. It means a serpent.
  2. In Cambodia, it is part of the myths relating to Kaundinya and the “Moon”
  3. The naga is seen in several sculptures depicting these myths in Cambodian reliefs.
46
Q

Devaraja

A
  1. A Sanskrit word that means the lord who was king
  2. Built for a new king as a capital
  3. Center is the Linga (Phallic symbol – symbol of union linking the Gods to the humans.
  4. From the Khmer Empire in Cambodia

Asian Art History Spring 2014 (11 decks)

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