Midterm #2 Terms Flashcards
1
Q
Siddhartha Gautama
A
- He is the historical form of the Shakyamuni Buddha
- Lived in Northeastern part to India
- Born as a prince in the nobility class
- Gave lectures after his enlightenment which unfolded the Buddhist religion.
2
Q
King Ashoka
A
- Part of the Mauryan Empire, he reigned around 273 - 232 BCE
- He wanted to be the ideal Buddhist king
- Was largely responsible for the spread of Buddhism
- He promoted the building of Buddhist monuments and stuppas
3
Q
Stupa
A
- Semi-spherical mounds built of bricks, earth, or stone.
- Inserted inside were relics of the Buddha
- They were used as a ritual function and had symbolic meaning
- One famous known stupa was The Great Stupa at Sanchi
4
Q
Gandhara
A
- Part of the Kushan Empire
- Where one of two major styles of Buddhist sculpture originated. the other being Mathura
- Styles from here are similar to the Greek style
- The period existed around the 1st - 5th century CE
5
Q
Bodhisattva
A
- These are beings that have hold back or delayed their spiritual process to help others attain enlightenment
- They have similar renderings to the Buddha but are slightly different
- This where the beginnings of Mahayana Buddhism is seen
6
Q
International Gupta Style
A
- Developed under the Gupta Dynasty, which was around 320-647 CE
- It was a style in Buddhist sculpting that became an international style
- Some of these features include a fine robe that clings to the body and a face of the Buddha that is not looking at you, but has downcast eyes and appears to be in intense meditation.
7
Q
Cave Temples
A
- These were Buddhist temples made into the mountain.
- These were created across Asia and were a place for monks to mediate.
- An example is the Cave Temples at Ajanta
- The cave temples included multiple space featuring architecture and Buddhist sculptures and paintings.
8
Q
Punya
A
- This is a sanskrit word that translates as “religious merits.”
- It is the practice of making religious donations.
- Sponsoring the making of Buddhist objects or temples is to build merit which leads towards good karma and towards Nirvana.
9
Q
Vihara
A
- This is a sanskrit word for Buddhist monastery.
- Seen in the Ajanta Cave Temples - Cave 1 has a Vihara design.
- Overall it is a structure built for monks to live, perform rituals, and meditate
10
Q
Chaitya
A
- This is a Buddhist shrine, which include the stupa.
- It denotes the prayer hall that includes the stupa.
- Example is seen in the Ajanta Cave Temples in Cave 46
11
Q
Jataka
A
- These are tales of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas
- They embody the concept of cause and effect.
- Also known as Avadana… these scenes were on the ceiling of the Kizil Cave 38
12
Q
Silk Road
A
- This was a network of transportation routes
- The city of Bamiyan was connected to the silk road
- This route was utilized for trade and a spread of ideas
- The term is a contemporary term coined by a German Geographer
13
Q
Stucco
A
- This is a material made of calcium oxide or sulphate.
- With wood or stone as the core, this material was used in sculpture.
- It made it possible to mold in a more realistic way
- An example of where stucco was used was in the Great East and West Buddhas of the Caves at Bamiyan
14
Q
Kucha
A
- Kingdom that flourished from 2nd to 8th Century CE
- They were part of the Eastern part of the Silk Road
- They included communities of both Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism.
- The Kizil Caves were part of the Kucha Kingdom.
15
Q
Maitreya
A
- This regards the future Buddha of this world.
- It is also considered a bodhisattva who has appeared on earth, but has achieved complete enlightenment.
- Images of this bodhisattva were seen in Kizil Cave 38.
16
Q
Bamiyan
A
- Kingdom located along the Western part of the Silk Road.
- They flourished around the 4th to 8th century CE
- The Bamiyan Caves are located here, including the Great East and West Buddhas.
17
Q
Northern Wei
A
- The Northern Wei Dynasty was around 386 - 534 CE
- Adopted the Chinese model of the dynasty - an emperor of the Northern Wei believed that the people needed to completely assimilate to the Chinese culture
- The caves were built under the Northern Wei Dynasty
18
Q
Sinicization
A
- This was the assimilation into Chinese culture during the Northern Wei period.
- It was a policy created under Emperor Ziaowen (471 - 499)
- People were required to marry Chinese, dress Chinese, and speak Chinese.
- Examples of this assimilation is seen at the Longmen Caves, which has Buddhas that look Chinese.
19
Q
Mahayana Buddhism
A
- One of the oldest styles of Buddhism and one of the two major branches of the style of Buddhism
- It includes the belief in Bodhisattvas
- Personal devotion and practice is a major element in this practice of Buddhism -The Lotus Sutra
- Other characteristics of Mahayana Buddhism includes the belief in the infinite
- Also - religious authority is equal to political authority
20
Q
Buddhas of Three Ages
A
- This is part of Mahayana Buddhism
- It ties in with the belief in the infinite and continuous existence of Buddhas in the cosmos
- It represents the Buddha of the past, present, and future
21
Q
Buddhist Devotional Objects
A
- These were objects used by layity in public or private settings.
- It includes a stele, altar, or pillar, or bronzes.
- They are products for individual or group devotions made for aristocrats or government figures, and sometimes commoners.
22
Q
Chang’an
A
- It was the imperial capital of the Tang Dynasty
- It had a ward system (grid system)
- Sections of the city were separated by walls and given curfews.
23
Q
Ta
A
- This is a Chinese rendition of the Indian stupas.
- It is also known as pagodas
- It was where relics of the Buddha were stored
24
Q
Famen Monastery
A
- This was a monastery in Shaanxi
- It includes Buddhist relics and crypt
- The discovery of the “Underground Palace” was also found here.
25
Q
Mogao
A
- These are caves found in Dunhuang
- It consists of two sections - north and south
- Caves span from 5th to 15th century CE
26
Q
Pure Land
A
- It is a belief in Mahayana Buddhism
- It is the celestial realm of the Buddha or bodhisattvas.
- Images of the pure land are seen in the Mogoa Caves
3.
27
Q
Prince Shotoku
A
- From Asuka Japan from 574 - 622.
- He was a regent of the empress.
- He introduced the Seventeen-Article Constitution in 604
- H created the first embassy to China in 608
28
Q
Brackets
A
- The bracketing system was used in building pagodas.
- This is seen in the Pagoda at Horyuji
- The use of brackets and posts and beams provided stable support to the architecture of pagodas.
29
Q
Courtyard system
A
- This is seen in basic East Asian Architecture.
- It involves multiple structures to constitute a courtyard.
- Building within the courtyard creates a central access.
30
Q
Nara
A
- A city in Japan founded in 710
- Imperial order and city planning was included in the creation of this city
- Todaiji (The Great Eastern Temple) is located here.
31
Q
Todaiji
A
- It is the Great Eastern Temple
- It is located in Nara, Japan and initiated in 746 by the emperor.
- The Great Buddha Hall is located here, which houses the bronze statue of the Cosmic Buddha.
32
Q
Tang International Style
A
- A style from the Tang Dynasty 2. It had influence through the openness and exchangeability of the Silk Road.
- This style is exemplified in Sokkuram in Korea.
33
Q
Sokkuram
A
- A Buddhist temple located at the top of Mount Toham
- It was built by Prime Minister Kim Taesong for his deceased parents
- It is also considered a political monument
- It was meant to represent a perfect Buddhist universe and mirrors an ideal political state.
- The Golden Section Rectangle is a major component in the architecture.
34
Q
Flower Garland Sutra
A
- This was a lecture given by Shakyamuni Buddha shortly after his enlightenment.
- It is one of the most influential Mahayana sutras.
- It relates to the concept of the Cosmic Buddha… All in one, one in all.
35
Q
State Buddhism
A
- This is the inclusion of Buddhism in politics connecting Buddhism and state ideology.
- It is exemplified in Sokkuram
- In serving God and the temple, it gives them the right to rule.
36
Q
Bhakti
A
- This is related to Hinduism.
- It refers to the practice of devotion.
- It is the personal relationship between you and the Hindu God.
37
Q
Brahman
A
- It is related to Hinduism
- It is referred to as the supreme self.
- It is the spiritual essence of the universe.
38
Q
Shiva
A
- One of 3 main deities of Hinduism.
- He is a Hindu god of creation and destruction
- He comes in different forms… ex Shiva… lord of the dance
- The Linga (Phallic symbol) represents the raw energy of Shiva
39
Q
Vishnu
A
- He is one of three main Hindu Deities
- He preserves the universe
- He is the past, present, and future
- He upholds the Dharma
- He has 10 different incarnations - Avatars important
- Most famous for Vishnu is Krishna
40
Q
Darshan
A
- It is a Sanskrit term in Hinduism.
- It means “seeing the divine.”
- One could receive Darshan through a Hindu temple.
41
Q
Kailasa
A
- It is a mountain in the Himalayas
- The Kailasanatha Temple in Ellora was named after it.
- The Hindu story comes from this of Ravana shaking Mt. Kailasa in which Shiva calms the shakes with his foot.
42
Q
Khmer
A
- Empire founded by Jayavarman II in 802 at Phnom Kulen - in Cambodia.
- It was a period of time when Ankwor Wot was built
- Form of religious practice Devaraja - “The Lord who is king”
43
Q
Temple-mountain
A
- This is part of the royal cult: Devaraja in Cambodia.
- The building of the temple-mountain as capital for any new king.
- The Linga is the center and is worshipped.
44
Q
Angkor-Wat
A
- A Buddhist temple built during the Khmer Empire in 1113 - 1150 in Cambodia
- It had four layers of enclosures and a moat
- It was the capital of the Khmer Empire.
45
Q
Naga
A
- It means a serpent.
- In Cambodia, it is part of the myths relating to Kaundinya and the “Moon”
- The naga is seen in several sculptures depicting these myths in Cambodian reliefs.
46
Q
Devaraja
A
- A Sanskrit word that means the lord who was king
- Built for a new king as a capital
- Center is the Linga (Phallic symbol – symbol of union linking the Gods to the humans.
- From the Khmer Empire in Cambodia