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Movement Neuroscience > Midterm 2 Review Lectures 4-6 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Review Lectures 4-6 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the 7 Stages of synaptic communication

A
  1. AP arrives at presynaptic terminal
  2. Membrane of the presynaptic terminal depolarizes; Ca2+ channels open
  3. Influx of Ca2+ into neuron terminal, combined w/ the liberation of Ca2+ from intracellular stores, triggers movement of synaptic vesicles toward a release site in membrane
  4. Synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane and release NT into the cleft
  5. NT diffuses across synaptic cleft
  6. NT contacts a receptor on postsynaptic membrane & binds to that receptor
  7. Binding causes receptor to change shape
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2
Q

Differentiate between presynaptic facilitation and inhibition.

A

Presynaptic Facilitation: when NT
binding causes local depolarization of postsynaptic axon terminal = increased release of NT

Presynaptic Inhibition: when NT
binding causes hyperpolarization of postsynaptic axon terminal = decreased release of NT

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3
Q

Describe 3 ways that neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft.

A
  1. NT transporters; target for drugs (reuptake inhibitors)
  2. Enzymatic Degradation
    acetylcholinesterase
  3. Uptake by Glial Cells
    astrocytes
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4
Q

What are the 3 ways that a postsynaptic receptor may transduce a signal.

A
  1. Directly open ion channels
  2. Indirectly open ion channels
  3. Indirectly activate a cascade of intracellular events
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5
Q

Ion channels open indirectily using what?

A

Metabotropic Receptors

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6
Q

Receptor stimulation results in release of what?

A

G Protein

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7
Q

Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disease that results in muscle
weakness. Describe the cause of this and list potential treatment
options

A
  • nicotinic ACh receptors are blocked / degraded by thymus gland
    -ACh is unable to bind to nACh receptors on muscle cell
    -results in muscle weakness as postsyn potentials cant be generated at postsyn memb

treatment: plasmapheresis, immunosuppression, thymectomy

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8
Q

When a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor, which determines
whether the response is inhibitory or excitatory?

A

The receptor (binds to its NT then has resulting effect)

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9
Q

When a G-protein causes a cascade of intracellular events, this is part
of what system:
* Second-messenger
system
* Immediate cell-to-cell
communication
* Ionotropic transduction
system
* Direct ion channel.
activation

A

Second Messenger System

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10
Q

Divergent pathways are…

A

Conscious and unconscious sensory input transmitted to
cerebrum and brainstem

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11
Q

Describe the three different pathways that transmit somatosensory information.

A
  1. Conscious Relay Pathway
  2. Divergent Pathways
  3. Unconscious Relay Pathways
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12
Q

Ion channels opened indirectly using metabotropic receptors cause what?

A

slow acting reactions

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13
Q

Unconscious relay pathways are…

A

Unconscious proprioception and postural information to
the cerebellum Somatosensory Pathways

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14
Q

Conscious relay pathways

A

Conscious discriminative sensory perception

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15
Q

What 2 tracts are of the Conscious Relay Pathway?

A
  1. Dorsal Column Tract
  2. Spinothalamic Tract
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16
Q

What 2 tracts are of the Conscious Divergent Pathway?

A
  1. Spinomesencephalic Tract
  2. Spinoreticular Tract
  3. Spinolimbic Tract
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17
Q

What 2 tracts are of the Unconscious Relay Pathway?

A
  1. Proprioceptive Tracts (high fidelity)
  2. Internal Feedback Tracts
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18
Q

What are the two main sensory transmission
pathways
- the sensation conveyed by each pathway
- the feature that they have in common

A
  1. Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscum Tract
    -fine touch
    -vibration
    -conscious proprioception
  2. Anterolateral / Spinothalamic Tract
    -crude touch
    -temperature
    -fast pain

common: both composed of myelinated axons (white matter) rapid transmission
**both of the conscious relay pathway

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19
Q

Conscious Relay Pathways utilize a __ _____ neuron pathway to transmit input from ____ ____ to _______ _____________ ______

A

3 projection ; primary somatosensory cortex

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20
Q

Conscious Relay Pathways are responsible for what perceptions?

A

all 4;
-touch
-proprioception
-temperature
-pain

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21
Q

Describe the process of neurotransmission
in a 3 neuron projection pathway for conscious perception of touch, proprioception, and vibration

A

DCML Tract
1. First Order Neuron
-receptor to dorsal root ganglion to medulla
2. Second Order Synapse
-medulla synapse - decussate
-medulla to thalamus via medial lemniscus
3. Third Order Synapse
-thalamus synapse - decussate
-thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex

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22
Q

What is Discriminative Touch?

A

localization of tactile and
vibration stimuli

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23
Q

What is Conscious Proprioception?

A

awareness of movements and relative positions of body parts

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24
Q

What are the 2 pathways of the DCML

A
  1. Fasciculus Cuneatus ML
  2. Fasciculus Gracilis ML
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25
Q

Discriminative touch from the face is provided by 3 branches from what?

A

The Trigeminal Nerve

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26
Q

Discriminative Touch from the face is a ___ ____ pathway

A

Three Neuron Pathway

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27
Q

What is meant by Somatotopic Organization

A

arrangement where a specific part of the body is associated with a distinct location in the central nervous system; sensory humunculus

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28
Q

A lesion of DCML tract in the Cerebrum, Midbrain, Pons, Upper Medulla result in…

A

Contralateral Loss

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29
Q

What is meant by Contralateral Loss

A

loss of impairment of sensation, movement, or function
occurring on opposite side of the body as the brain/spinal cord lesion

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30
Q

A lesion of DCML tract in the Lower Medulla, Spinal Region, or Peripheral Region result in…

A

Ipsilateral Loss

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31
Q

What is meant by Ipsilateral Loss?

A

loss of impairment of sensation, movement, or function
occurring on the same side of the body as the brain/spinal cord/PNS lesion

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32
Q

Describe the process of neurotransmission in a 3 neuron projection pathway for conscious perception of crude touch, temperature, and fast pain.

A
  1. First Order Neuron
    - Receptors > DRG > Dorsal Root (in spinal cord)
  2. Second Order Neuron
    - Dorsal Horn Synapse > Decussation > Thalamus
  3. Third Order Neuron
    - Thalamic Synapse > Primary Somatosensory Cortex
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33
Q

Fast Pain from the Face is provided by..

A

3 branches of the Trigeminal Nerve

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34
Q

Based on the projection pathways for conscious perception of crude touch, temperature and fast pain, describe crossed analgesia

A

A pathological circumstance where a single lesion can cause pain sensation to be lost on the ipsilateral side of face and contralateral side of body

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35
Q

Fast Pain:

A

immediate sharp sensation indicating location of injury

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36
Q

Fast pain is transmitted through what?

A

Spinothalamic Tract

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37
Q

In terms of axons, what is the difference between Fast and Slow pains?

A

Fast pains involve small myelinated axons
Slow pains involve smaller unmyelinated axons

38
Q

Which kind of pain usually involved significant tissue damage?

A

Fast Pain

39
Q

Slow Pain:

A

dull, throbbing ache following fast pain; not well localized

40
Q

Dorsal Column Tract/DCML percieves what?

A

Fine Touch, Vibration, Proprioceptin

41
Q

Spinothalamic Tract/ST perceives what?

A

Crude Touch, Temperature, Fast Pain

42
Q

Dorsal Column Tract/DCML involve what kind of Axons?

A

Large Myelinated Axons

43
Q

Spiniothalamic Tract/ST involve what kind of Axons?

A

Small Myelinated Axons

44
Q

Dorsal Column Tract/DCML involve decussations where?

A

At Medulla

45
Q

Spinothalamic Tract/ST involve decussations where?

A

at Dorsal Horn in Spinal Cord

46
Q

What are the sensory stimuli for slow pain?

A

chemical stimulation, noxious (harmful) heat, or mechanical stimulation.
= These stimuli activate specialized free nerve endings

47
Q

What is the primary afferent type and NT responsible for the sensation of “slow pain”?

A

The primary afferent type for slow pain =small unmyelinated C fibers.
The NT transmitting the sensation of slow pain =Substance P.

48
Q

What arethe 3 projection pathways for slow pain?

A
  1. Spinomesencephalic Tract
  2. Spinoreticular Tract
  3. Spinolimbic Tract
49
Q

What is the pain response in each region where the projection pathways terminate?

A

Spinomesencephalic Tract: carries nociceptive info to superior colliculus and periaqueductal gray in midbrain. (involved in initiating reflex responses to pain and engaging the brain’s pain modulation system)

Spinoreticular Tract: pathway ascends to reticular formation, activation modulates arousal, attention, & sleep-wake cycles (response to pain, aiding in alertness & emo response to pain)

Spinolimbic Tract: transmits slow pain info through thalamus to limbic lobe in cerebrum. activation results in arousal, withdrawal, autonomic responses & emo responses to pain. Pain is not well localized, leading to a throbbing associated with feelings of faintness, nausea, and emotional distress.

50
Q

Medial pain system

A

ascending network of
neurons responsible for slow pain

51
Q

First order neurons are all what kind of neurons?

A

small unmyelinated C fibers

52
Q

Axons reach the
midbrain, reticular
formation, and limbic
areas via 3 tracts in the
anterolateral spinal cord:

A
  1. Spinomesencephalic
  2. Spinoreticular
  3. Spinolimbic
53
Q

Trigeminoreticulolimbic
pathway…

A

slow pain information using trigeminal nerve

54
Q

Spinomesencephalic carries nociceptive information to… (2)

A

Superior colliculus (midbrain)
Periaqueductal gray

55
Q

Reticular formation

A

neural network in the
brainstem with many
connections. Role in
promoting arousal and
consciousness

56
Q

Axons transmit slow pain information through…

A

the thalamus to the limbic lobe in the cerebrum

57
Q

Slow pain information via the spinoreticular and spinolimbic tracts result in..

A

rousal, withdrawal, autonomic, and affective responses to pain

58
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for slow pain reception?

A

Substance P

59
Q

Spinolimbic tract is responsible for

A

The conscious awareness and emotional aspect to pain

60
Q

How do the sarcomeres create the muscle shortening (contraction) responsible for the generation of force?

A

Sliding Filament Model
muscle shortens/lengthens by actin & myosin filaments sliding past each other w/o changing
length

61
Q

Describe the Sequence of Events in Muscle
Contraction

A

Step 1:
* AP travel through axon of motor neuron reaches presynterminal (voltage gated Ca2+ channs open)
* ACh released into synaptic cleft & binds w/ ACh receptors on muscle membrane (sarcolemma)
Step 2:
* Sarcolemma depolarizes
* Sarcolemma has projections which extend into T tubule muscles ; allow depolarization w/in muscle
Step 3:
* Depolarization of T tubule
system causes Ca2+ release from adjacent sarcop. reticulum (storage sacs for Ca2+)
Step 4:
* Ca2+ binds troponin–
tropomyosin complex on actin
filaments, causing structural
change & expose myosin binding site
Step 5:
* Myosin head activated through splitting of attached ATP to ADP+P & binds to actin
* Myosin head swivels; causes ADP release & sliding of actin creating tension
Step 6:
* New ATP binds to the myosin cross-bridge; allows dissociation of myosin from actin

62
Q

Describe what happens when a muscle contraction stops

A

– Cross-bridge activation-dissociation cycle continues as Ca2+ concentration remains high enough to inhibit the troponin–
tropomyosin system

–Muscle stimulation ceases without motor neuron excitation. Intracellular Ca2+ concentration rapidly moved back into sarcop. retic. through active transp.(requires ATP hydrolysis)

–Ca2+ removal restores the inhibitory action of troponin–tropomyosin

63
Q

Order of Voluntary movement?

A

Top Down;
Brain → Spinal cord → Muscle

64
Q

Neural activity leading to muscle contraction & movement begins w/ decision made in _________ part of the frontal lobe

A

Anterior

65
Q

What are the motor planning areas that are activated with voluntary movement?

A
  1. Primary Motor Cortex
  2. Premotor Cortex
  3. Supplementary Motor Cortex
66
Q

Differentiate between upper and lower motor neurons

A

Upper motor neurons: tracts deliver signals to spinal interneurons & lower motor neurons exiting the spinal cord

Lower motor neurons: transmit signals directly to skeletal muscles, causing contraction of muscle fibers that move limbs

67
Q

Lower Motor Neurons innervate skeletal muscle with _________ that cause contraction

A

Excitation

68
Q

Lower Motor Neuron cell bodies are located where? (3)

A
  1. brainstem
  2. ventral horn
  3. spinal cord
69
Q

Upper Motor Neurons are located where? (2)

A
  1. cerebral cortex (motor areas)
  2. areas of the brainstem
70
Q

Describe the 3 MAIN ways that motor units are classified and relate these to the three main types of motor neurons

A
  1. Twitch (speed) characteristics
  2. Tension (force) characteristics
  3. Fatigability (endurance)

Type IIa: Fast twitch, moderate force, high fatigue resistance

Type IIx: Fast twitch, high force, moderate fatigue resistance

Type IIb: Fast twitch, very high force, low fatigue resistance

Type I: Slow twitch, low force, and very high fatigue resistance

71
Q

What are the two main ways that muscle force can be modulated?

A
  1. Increased number (recruitment) of motor units
    (muscle gens more force when more motor units are activated)
  2. Increased frequency of motor unit discharge
    (repetitive stimuli reach a muscle before it relaxes, increasing tension)
72
Q

What is Henneman’s size principle and how does it protect muscles?

A

The orderly recruitment of specific motor units producing smooth muscle actions

73
Q

Regardinf Henneman’s Principle, in a single motor pool, the motor neurons are recruited in order of what?

A

ascending size (small to large)

74
Q

Henneman’s principle serves 2 purposes, what are they?

A
  1. minimizes development of fatigue by using the most fatigue resistant fibers most often
  2. permits equally fine control of force at all levels of force output
75
Q

Discuss the 3 main types of Temporal summation and the
resultant contraction

A

A. Wave Summation
* Second stimulus occurs before muscle fibre has completely relaxed
* Increasing strength of second contraction
B. Unfused tetanus
* Frequency of 20-30 stimuli per second
* Sustained but wavering contraction
C. Fused tetanus
* Frequency of 80-100 stimuli per second
* Sustained contraction without changes in force

76
Q

Define Rate Coding

A

motor unit firing rate

77
Q

What are the 2 kinds of Lower Motor Neurons?

A

Aplha Motor Neurons
Gamma Motor Neurons

78
Q

Alpha motor neurons are associated with what kind of axons?

A

Large, Myelinated axons

79
Q

Gamma motor neurons are associated with what kind of axons?

A

Medium Sized Myelinated Axons

80
Q

Both types of Lower Motor Neurons have cell bodies where?

A

ventral horn of spinal cord

81
Q

How are Lower Motor Neurons activated?

A

synchronously through alpha-gamma coactivation

82
Q

What are Myotomes?

A

groups of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve

83
Q

What is the LMN Pool?

A

groups of cell bodies whose axons project to a single muscle

84
Q

What is Autogenic Inhibition?

A

reflex that reduces muscle contraction when a muscle exerts too much force
(prevents injury through signals from receptors in tendons)

85
Q

Phasic Stretch Reflex

A

muscle contraction in response to
quick stretch

86
Q

During the stretch reflex a quick muscle stretch is detected by what?

A

muscle spindles

87
Q

Withdrawal Reflex results in what?

A
  1. Activation of flexor and inhibition of extensor motor neurons
    (ipsilateral – same side of body)
  2. Moves body away from painful stimulus
88
Q

Upper Motor Neurons: provide all of the motor signals from the
brain to the spinal cord

A
89
Q

List and describe the function of the 3 upper motor neuron
tracts classified by anatomical location?

A
  1. Medial UMNs: innervate postural and girdle muscles
  2. Lateral UMNs: innervate muscles used for fine control (fractionated
    movement) of muscles of body and face
  3. Anterior Nonspecific UMNs: contribute to background levels of excitation in
    the spinal cord and reflex arcs
90
Q
A

Movement Neuroscience (5 decks)

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