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Movement Neuroscience > Midterm 2 (Ch 5,6,8) > Flashcards

Midterm 2 (Ch 5,6,8) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the system in which specialized receptors and neural mechanisms are responsible for body sensations such as touch and pain

A

Somatosensory System

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2
Q

slide 4

A
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3
Q

The term indicating the interpretation of
sensory information from

A

Somatosensation

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4
Q

What kind of perception is the somatosensory system responsible for?
(2), (4)

A

conscious and unconscious - touch, proprioception, temperature, pain

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5
Q

The speed of information processing is determined by what? (3)

A
  1. Diameter of Axon
  2. Degree of Axon Myelination
  3. Amount of Synapses in the Pathway
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6
Q

What is the distinction between sensory information and sensation?

A

sensation involves conscious perception of sensory stimuli

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7
Q

Which end are the sensory receptors located in periphery neurons?

A

The Distal End

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8
Q

What kind of receptors are sensitive to mechanical deformation?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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9
Q

Mechanical deformational stimuli include what? (4)

A

touch, pressure, stretch, vibration

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10
Q

What kind of receptors are sensitive to chemicals released from cells?

A

Chemoreceptors

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11
Q

Chemical release from cells (stimuli) includes what? (4)

A

damaged cells (after injury or infection)

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12
Q

What kind of receptors are sensitive to heating or cooling?

A

Thermoreceptors

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13
Q

What is a Tonic Receptor?

A

A receptor with its response lasting as long as the stimuli is present

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14
Q

What is a Phasic Receptor?

A

A receptor that weakens with the duration of stimulation

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15
Q

Peripheral sensory neuron’s have what 2 kinds of axons?

A
  1. Proximal Axon
  2. Distal Axon
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16
Q

The larger the Axonal Diameter, the ______ the speed of trasmission

A

Faster

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17
Q

The smaller the Axonal Diameter, the ______ the speed of trasmission

A

slower

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18
Q

which has the largest diameter of the types of axons; la, lb, Aß, Aδ, C

A

la

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19
Q

which has the smallest diameter of the types of axons; la, lb, Aß, Aδ, C

A

C

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20
Q

What is the receptive field?

A

the area of skin innervated by a single afferent neuron

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21
Q

Which end/region of the body has a greater density of receptors than the other?

A

Distal has greater density than proximal

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22
Q

receptive fields tend to be larger at which region/end?

A

proximal end

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23
Q

The nerve receptors in the skin that respond to pressure, temperature, or pain

A

Cutaneous Receptors

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24
Q

Fine touch information transmit through receptors carried by what kind of neuron?

A

A-ß Afferents

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25
Q

What are the 3 receptive fields of superficial cutaneous receptors?

A
  1. Meissner’s Corpuscles
  2. Merkel’s Disks
  3. Hair Follicles
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26
Q

What sensations are cutaneous receptors responsive to? (3)

A
  1. Touch
  2. Pain
  3. Temperature
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27
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscle Receptors

A

respond to sensitive touch & vibration

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28
Q

Merkel’s disk receptors

A

respond to light pressure

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29
Q

Hair Follicle Receptors

A

sensory nerve endings around each hair bulb - responds to movement of hair

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30
Q

Which of the 2 kinds of cutaneous receptors have a small receptive field?

A

Superficial Cutaneous Receptors

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31
Q

What are the 2 receptive fields of Subcutaneous Receptors?

A
  1. Pacinian Corpuscles
  2. Ruffini’s Endings
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32
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

A

respond to touch and vibration

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33
Q

Which of the 2 kinds of cutaneous receptors have a small receptive field?

A

Subcutaneous Receptors

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34
Q

Ruffini’s Endings

A

respond to stretching of skin

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35
Q

Course Touch is mediated by what?

A

Free nerve endings

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36
Q

What kind of fibers carry impules produced by cooling

A

A-Delta Fibers

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37
Q

What fibers carry information regarding head

A

C Fibers

38
Q

Pain is composed of what 2 physiological responses?

A

conscious sensation of the pain, and emotional response

39
Q

free nerve endings responsive to stimuli that damage or threaten tissue

A

Nocireceptors

40
Q

what are the 2 kinds of pain responses?

A
  1. Fast Pain / Spinothalamic
  2. Slow Pain/ Spinolimbic
41
Q

Describe the sensation of Spinothalamic Pain.

A

initial/immediate sharper sensation indicating the exact location of an injury

42
Q

Describe the sensation of Spinolimbic Pain.

A

dull, throbbing ache that is not well localized - follows spinothalamic

43
Q

What is the term for an area of skin supplied by a single nerve root?

A

Dermatome

44
Q

What is a muscle spindle?

A

sensory organs located in muscles

45
Q

Muscle Spindles provide information regarding what?

A

Velocity, Length and Length Change of Muscle Fibers

46
Q

A sensory organ located in a muscle is known as what?

A

Muscle Spindle

47
Q

What is a Dermatome?

A

an area of skin supplied by a single nerve root

48
Q

Primary Endings of Muscle Spindles respond to what?

A

to quick stretches of muscle length with quick adaptation

49
Q

Secondary Endings of Muscle Spindles respond to what?

A

to maintained stretches of muscle length with slow adaptation

50
Q

Normal skeletal muscle fibres are what kind of fibres?

A

Extrafusal Fibers

51
Q

Intrafusal Fibers

A

the muscle fibers found within a muscle spindle

52
Q

Specialized muscle fibres outside the muscle spindle are called what?

A

Extrafusal Fibres

53
Q

Specialized muscle fibres inside the muscle spindle are called what?

A

Intrafusal Fibers

54
Q

Extrafusal Fibres

A

Contractile skeletal muscle fibers outside of the muscle spindle

55
Q

Explain how stretching of the muscle results in stretching of the muscle spindle

A

The end of intrafusal fibres attach to extrafusal fibres, stretching the spindle when the muscle is stretched

56
Q

What are the 2 kinds of intrafusal fibres?

A
  1. Nuclear Bag Fibres
  2. Nuclear Chain Fibres
57
Q

What kind of intrafusal fibre is characterized by nuclei arranged in clumps?

A

Nuclear Bag Fibres

58
Q

What kind of intrafusal fibre is characterized by nuclei arranged in single file lines?

A

What kind of intrafusal fibre is characterized by nuclei arranged in clumps?

59
Q

Primary endings of la neurons are located where?

A

wrapped around central region of each intrafusal fiber

60
Q

What are the 2 kinds of sensory endings?

A
  1. Primary Endings of type la neurons
  2. Secondary Endings of type II afferent
61
Q

Nuclear Chain Fibres

A

nuclei arranged in single file

62
Q

Nuclear Bag Fibres

A

Nuclei arranged in clumps

63
Q

Secondary endings of la afferents are located where?

A

nuclear chain fibres adjacent to the primary endings

64
Q

Two types of intrafusal fibers associate with what two kinds of sensory endings?

A
  1. Primary Fibres / Annulospiral
  2. Secondary Endings / Flower Spray
65
Q

Nuclear bag fibres sense what?

A

The onset of stretch

66
Q

Nuclear Chain Fibres sense what?

A

sustained stretch

67
Q

To protect muscle, what do both nuclear bag and chain fibres do when there is rapid stretching?

A

respond immediately

68
Q

For both nuclear bag and chain fibres, rate of firing is proportional to what?

A

Muscle Length

69
Q

What is a Gamma Motor Neuron

A

a motor neuron that innervates intrafusal muscle fibers

70
Q

when gamma motor neurons are activated, what happens?

A

muscle spindle sensitivity is adjusted to compensate for muscle stretching

71
Q

In order to function properly, muscle spindles must be _____ _______

A

Under Tension

72
Q

Muscle spindle activity responsible for what?

A

Stretch Reflexes

73
Q

Alpha-gamma coactivation is when…

A

When the muscle is stimulated to contract by the alpha motor neuron, the gamma motor neuron is simultaneously stimulated

74
Q

Tension in Tendons is relayed from what?

A

GTOs - Golgi Tendon Organs

75
Q

What is a Golgi Tendon Organ?

A

Encapsulated nerve ending receptors

76
Q

What is the structure/location of GTOs ?

A

-woven among collagen strand
near musculotendinous junction

77
Q

What do GTOs monitor?

A

Tension in Tendons

78
Q

What kind of spinal neuron is utilized by GTOs

A

Ib Afferents

79
Q

What are GTOs sensitive to?

A

Changes in muscle tendon + rates of those changes
or
passive stretch of tendon

80
Q

What are joint receptors?

A

Receptors that surround a joint that respond to mechanical deformation of joint capsules or ligaments

81
Q

What are the mechanical deformations that a Joint Receptor would respond to?

A

Pressure, Acceleration, Deceleration

82
Q

What are the types of joint receptors?

A

Ruffini’s endings, Paciniform corpuscles, Ligament receptors, Free nerve endings

83
Q

What does the notation Ib refer to?

A

the group of afferent nerve fibres that carry infofrom Ligament Receptors regarding Ligament Tension

84
Q

What does the notation II refer to?

A

the group of afferent nerve fibres that carry info from Paciniform Corpuscles and Ruffini’s Corpuscles

85
Q

Ruffini’s Corpuscles respond to what?

A

extremes of joint position

86
Q

Paciniform Corpuscles respond to what?

A

dynamic changes in movement

87
Q

What do the notations Alpha-Delta and C refer to?

A

the 2 types of nerve fibres involved in pain and temperature sensation

88
Q

Alpha-Delta fibres respond to what?

A

sharp, acute pain signals (initial pain from inflammation)

89
Q

C fibres respond to what?

A

Dull, throbbing, or aching pain, often associated with chronic or ongoing conditions

90
Q
A

Movement Neuroscience (5 decks)

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