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Movement Neuroscience > Midterm 1 (Ch. 1-3) > Flashcards

Midterm 1 (Ch. 1-3) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 regions of the Nervous System?

A
  1. Peripheral
  2. Spinal
  3. Brainstem/Cerebellar
    4.Cerebral
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1
Q

What is included in the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

all structures that are not encased in the skull or vertebral column (nerves and stuff)

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2
Q

What is included in the Central Nervous System?

A

Spinal cord, Brainstem, Cerebellar region, Cerebral region

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3
Q

What are the 3 main systems extending through all nerves

A
  1. Somatosensory System
  2. Somatic Motor System
  3. Autonomic System
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4
Q

The somatosensory system is…

A

the system relaying sensory information from periphery to the brain

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5
Q

The somatic motor system is…

A

the system that transmits motor signals from the brain to skeletal muscles
-voluntary

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6
Q

The autonomic motor system is…

A

the system providing communication between the brain and the organs/viscera

-regulates involuntary physiological processes
-bidirection
-involuntary

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7
Q

The visceral sensory system is…

A

the system that relays sensory information to from the viscera to the brain

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8
Q

Of the autonomic nervous system, what are the 2 divisions?

A
  1. Sympathetic
  2. Parasympathetic
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9
Q

The sympathetic nervous system is a division that…

A

arouses the body, preparing its energy in stressful situations
-fight or flight

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10
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is a division that…

A

Restores the body to a calm state, prevents overworking.

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11
Q

Afferent Axons are…

A

Sensory nerves with axons that carry information from the periphery to the CNS

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12
Q

Efferent Axons are…

A

-motor nerves with axons that carry information from the CNS to the periphery

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13
Q

The cerebrum takes up ____ % of the brains full volume

A

83%

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14
Q

The cerebellum contains ___ % of all neurons in the brain

A

50%

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15
Q

The cerebrum’s function is to..

A

process motor and sensory information

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16
Q

The cerebrum is composed of 2 of what?

A

2 hemispheres; left and right

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17
Q

The entire surface of the cerebrum is covered in what?

A

Gray Matter

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18
Q

Gray matter is arranged into what 2 kinds of arrangements?

A

Sulci and Gyri

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19
Q

The cerebrum is responsible for what functions? (5)

A
  1. reasoning
  2. language
  3. non-verbal comm
  4. personality
  5. emotion
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20
Q

What are the nerve fibers that are extensions of nerve cells called?

A

axons

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21
Q

The spinal cord is encased within what?

A

The vertebral column

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22
Q

Spinal Cord and Brain is submerged in what?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

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23
Q

What are meninges? name them

A

Layers of connective tissue surrounding the brain + spinal cord
1. Dura Mater
2. Pia Mater
3. Arachnoid

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24
Q

What are the functions of the meninges?

A

Protection and Structure

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25
Q

What are Gyri?

A

cortical folds (bulges)

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26
Q

What are Sulci?

A

shallow grooves separating gyri

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27
Q

What are fissures?

A

deep grooves in brain

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28
Q

What is Longitudinal Fissure?

A

Deep groove separating left and right hemisphere

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29
Q

What is the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

A

Corpus Collasum

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30
Q

Central Sulcus separates what?

A

Frontal and parietal lobes (motor and sensory)

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31
Q

What are the bundle of axons that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

A

Anterior Commissure

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32
Q

The precentral gyrus is also known as what?

A

Primary Motor Area

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33
Q

The postcentral gyrus is also known as what?

A

Primary Somatosensory Area

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34
Q

What is white matter composed of?

A

Myelinated Axons

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35
Q

What function does white matter serve in the brain?

A

Communication; transmits signals between different regions of the brain

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36
Q

What are the 3 kinds of white matter tracts

A
  1. Commissural Tracts
  2. Associational Tracts
  3. Projection Tracts
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37
Q

Function of Commissural Tract:

A

connects gyri in one hem to corresponding gyri in other hem

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38
Q

Function of Associational Tract:

A

transmits information between gyri in the same hem

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39
Q

Function of Projection Tract:

A

transmits afferent & efferent information from lower part of CNS

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40
Q

The prefrontal cortex

A

part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language

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41
Q

What are the 4 main cerebral lobes?

A
  1. Frontal Lobe
  2. Parietal Lobe
  3. Temporal Lobe
  4. Occipital Lobe
42
Q

What are the 2 minor lobes?

A
  1. Limbic Lobe
  2. Insular Lobe
43
Q

What is the function of the Frontal Lobe?

A

The initiation and control of movement

44
Q

What is the function of the Parietal Lobe?

A

it controls the perception of sensory information

45
Q

What is the function of the Temporal Lobe?

A

it is involved with memory, abstract thought and judgement

46
Q

What is the function of the Occipital Lobe?

A

Visual Perception

47
Q

What is the function of the Limbic Lobe?

A

it is involved with emotions

48
Q

What is the function of the Insular Lobe?

A

it is involved in movement regulation

49
Q

The lateral sulcus separates what?

A

it separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the occipital lobe

50
Q

What is the chain of elements in the production of voluntary movement? (3)

A

Brain > Spinal Cord > Muscle

51
Q

neural activity leading to muscle contraction and movement begins with a decision made in which part of what lobe?

A

In the anterior part of the frontal lobe

52
Q

What is the order of the hierarchy of movement in the Premotor + Supplementary Motor Cortical Area (4)

A
  1. Motor Cortex
  2. Brainstem
  3. Spinal Cord
  4. Peripheral Nerves
53
Q

Where is he Primary Motor Cortex located?

A

in the Frontal Lobe, anterior to central gyrus

54
Q

What is the function of the Primary Motor Cortex?

A

it is involved in initiation and coordination of voluntary movement
= Fine Motor Skills

55
Q

The Primary Motor Cortex is organized into what visual representation?

A

The Motor Humunculus

56
Q

Damage to the Primary Motor Cortex results in what?

A
  • loss of Voluntary Motor Control or paralysis
    -disrupted ability to move a body part independent of another
57
Q

Where is the Premotor Area located?

A

it is located anteriorly to the inferior primary motor cortex

58
Q

What is the function of the Premotor Area?

A

it is involved in the organization of movements before they are initiated
-large muscle groups

59
Q

Damage to the Premotor Cortex results in what?

A

impaired ability to perform sensory conditional tasks

60
Q

What is the function of Supplementary Motor Area?

A

Bimanual Movements; those that use both arms

61
Q

Damage to the Supplementary Motor Area can result in what?

A

a delay in movements, inability to perform learned tasks, and simultaneous movements of both limbs

62
Q

Where is the Primary Somatosensory Area located?

A

postcentral gyrus

63
Q

The Primary Somatosensory Area is organized into what visual representation?

A

The Sensory Humunculus

64
Q

What is the Primary Somatosensory Area responsible for?

A

conscious perception

65
Q

Which structure helps initiate smooth movements?

A

Basal Ganglia

66
Q

What cortex is responsible for executing fine movement?

A

The Primary Motor Cortex

67
Q

Dorsal roots are sensory, motor or both?

A

Sensory

68
Q

Ventral roots are motor, sensory, or mixed?

A

Sensory

69
Q

Spinal nerves are sensory, motor, or both?

A

Both

70
Q

A tract is…

A

A bundle of nerve fibres inside the CNS

71
Q

Parkinson’s Disease is a disorder of what?

A

Basal Ganglia

72
Q

Sensory neurons are also known as what?

A

Afferent Neurons

73
Q

Blue neural pathways represent what kind of neurons

A

Afferent Neurons

74
Q

Red neural pathways represent what kind of neurons

A

Efferent Neurons

75
Q

An ischaemic stroke is caused by what?

A

blockage of blood flow in cerebral blood vessel

76
Q

Cell injury is often termed as what?

A

Insult

77
Q

Which period of hyperpolarization is a neuron able to fire a second action potential in the presence of a very strong stimuli?

A

Relative Refractory Period

78
Q

Bipolar neuron cells have what composition?

A

either 2 axons or an axon and a dendrite

79
Q

what functioning is the supplemental motor area involved with?

A

Preparation/organization of sequential and bimanual movements

80
Q

Which structure conducts nerve impulses between gyri of the same hemisphere?

A

Association tracts

81
Q

What is the period following an AP in which a neuron is completely unresponsive to any additional stimulus?

A

Absolute Refractory Period

82
Q

What is the period following an AP in which a neuron is hyperpolarized and requires a stronger-than-normal stimulus in order for another AP to be initiated?

A

Relative Refractory Period

83
Q

The basal ganglia is composed of 3 nuclei which are…

A
  1. Globus Pallidus
  2. Putamen
  3. Caudate Nucleus
84
Q

What is the name of the area of grey matter located within cerebral white matter?

A

Basal Ganglia

85
Q

What are the 2 directions in which Axoplasmic Transport occurs?

A
  1. Anterograde
  2. Retrograde
86
Q

In Retrograde, substances are transported from where to where?

A

From the synapse back to the soma

87
Q

In Anterograde, substances are transported from where to where?

A

From the soma toward the synaptic terminal

88
Q

What are the 2 primary structures of a Bipolar Neuron?

A
  1. Axon
  2. Dendritic root
89
Q

What is the subclass of the Bipolar Cell known as?

A

Pseudounipolar Cell

90
Q

What is the basic composition of a Pseudounipolar cell?

A

2 axons and NO dendrites

91
Q

What is the composition of a Multipolar cell?

A

Mulitple dendrites and a single axon

92
Q

Multipolar cells are most commonly found where?

A

In the Vertebrate Nervous System

93
Q

What are the 4 types of membrane channels?

A
  1. Leak Channels
  2. Modality-Gated Channels
  3. Ligand-Gated Channels
  4. Voltage Gated Channels
94
Q

Modality Gated Channels open in response to what?

A

mech forces, temp changes, or chemicals

95
Q

Ligand-Gated channels open in response to what?

A

Binding of a NT to the surface of a channel receptor on a postsynaptic cell memb

96
Q

Voltage gated channels open in response to what?

A

changes in electrical potential across the cell membrane

97
Q

What are the 3 types of electric potentials in neurons?

A
  1. RMP
  2. Local Potential
  3. AP
98
Q

What is the name for the “steady state” condition with no net flow of ions across a membrane?

A

Resting Membrane Potential

99
Q

The electrochemical gradient in neurons and membrane RMP are both maintained by which 3 factors?

A
  1. neg charged mols inside a neuron that are too large to diffuse out
  2. ions that passively dffuse through leak channels
  3. Na+/K+ Pump
100
Q

Na+/K+ Pump carries the two ions out in what ratio?

A

2 K+ ions move into the cell and 3 Na+ ions move out of the cell (each cycle)

101
Q

A decrease in the relative charge (more negative positive) of the potential is known as what?

A

Depolarization

102
Q

An increase in the relative charge (more negative) of the potential is known as what?

A

Hyperpolarization

103
Q

Gradual, long lasting changes in membrane potential is called…

A

Modulation

Movement Neuroscience (5 decks)

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