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Movement Neuroscience > Final Exam - 8 > Flashcards

Final Exam - 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is responsible for the initiation of voluntary movement?

A

The Motor Cortex

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2
Q

What regulates muscle contraction and inhibits unwanted movements + predicts outcomes?

A

The Basal Ganglia

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3
Q

What stores motor plans, coordinates movements, and maintains balance?

A

The Cerebellum

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4
Q

What allows for the continuous integration of information for input to motor areas, BG, and Cerebellum?

A

Somatosensory System

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5
Q

What are the 3 broad classifications of movement?

A
  1. Postural
  2. Ambulatory
  3. Reaching/Grasping
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6
Q

What is FeedForward in postural control?

A

the activation of anticipatory muscles - prior to the action occurring

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7
Q

What is Feedback in postural control?

A

the activation and adjusting of muscle contractions in response to a stimulus

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8
Q

What are the 3 senses used by the body to regulate postural control?

A
  1. Somatosensation
  2. Vision
  3. Vestibular
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9
Q

What do Vestibular Senses do?

A

informs a person of head movement and positions relative to gravity

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10
Q

What do Somatosensation do?

A

provides information about weight bearing and relative positions of body parts

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11
Q

What is Posturography?

A

a system that evaluates sensory stimuli contribution, and motor coordination in maintaining balance

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12
Q

What is Ambulation?

A

the ability to walk from place to place

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13
Q

What are the 3 areas of the brain that are essential to walking?

A
  1. Cerebral Cortex
  2. Basal Ganglia
  3. Cerebellum
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14
Q

The Cerebrum and Brainstem influence UMNs, which regulate LMNs through the activation of what?

A

The Reticulospinal Tracts

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15
Q

What 2 forms of Senses are essential for performing Reaching and Grasping?

A

Visual & Somatosensory

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16
Q

What is the system that consists of all neural structures distal to the spinal nerves?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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17
Q

Distal to the Spinal Nerve, Axons split into what 2 things?

A
  1. Anterior Rami
  2. Posterior Rami
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18
Q

What innervates the skeleton, muscle, and cutaneous areas of the limbs and anterior/lateral trunk?

A

Anterior Rami

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19
Q

What innervates the paravertebral muscles, posterior area of the vertebrae, and overlying cutaneous areas?

A

Posterior Rami

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20
Q

What are the signs of a of spinal or peripheral nerve lesion? (5)

A

1.Paresis or paralysis
2.Sensory loss
3.Abnormal sensations
4.Muscle atrophy
5.Reduced or absent deep tendon reflexes

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21
Q

Spinal nerve lesions will demonstrate a _________ or _________ distribution

A

dermatomal ; myotomal

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22
Q

What is the main difference between dermatomal and myotomal distrubution?

A

dermatomes control sensation while myotomes control movement

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23
Q

What is a Dermatome?

A

an area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

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24
Q

What is a Myotome?

A

a muscle or group of muscles supplied by a specific spinal nerve

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25
Q

Cervical Nerves supply which 2 groups of Dermatomes?

A
  1. Neck Dermatomes
  2. Upper LImb Dermatomes
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26
Q

Thoracic Nerves supply which group of Dermatomes?

A

Dermatomes on the Trunk

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27
Q

Lumbar and Sacral Nerves supply which group of Dermatomes?

A

Lower Limb Dermatomes

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28
Q

Peripheral Nerves consist of parallel axon bundles, surrounded by what 2 CT Sheaths?

A
  1. Endoneurium
  2. Perineurium
  3. Epineurium
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29
Q

Which of the 3 CT sheaths; separates the individual axons?

A

Endoneurium

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30
Q

Which of the 3 CT sheaths; surrounds the Fascicles?

A

Perineurium

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31
Q

Which of the 3 CT sheaths; Encloses the entire Nerve Trunk?

A

Epineurium

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32
Q

What is the role of the Endoneurium CT Sheath in axons?

A

Separates the individual Axons

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33
Q

What is the role of the Perineurium CT Sheath in axons?

A

Surrounds the Fascicles

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34
Q

What is the role of the Epineurium CT Sheath in axons?

A

Encloses the entire Nerve Trunk

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35
Q

What are the 2 overall functions of the CT Sheath layers surrounding an Axon?

A
  1. Protects axons and glia
  2. Support mech changes in length
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36
Q

Axons are insulated from each other by ______________ and __________ __________

A

Endoneurium ; Myelin Sheath

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37
Q

Muscular branches of Peripheral Nerves supply what? (3)

A

Muscles, Tendons, Joints

38
Q

Cutaneous branches of Peripheral Nerves supply what? (2)

A

Skin & Subcutaneous Tissues

39
Q

The Junctions of Anterior Rami that form what four nerve plexuses?

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Brachial
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
40
Q

The Cervical Nerve Plexus of the Anterior Rami provides sensory info from where to where

A

Posterior Scalp to the Clavicle

41
Q

The Sacral Nerve Plexus of the Anterior Rami innervates what regions?

A

Posterior Thigh, most of the Leg and Foot

42
Q

The Sacral Nerve Plexus of the Anterior Rami forms what 2 kinds of Nerves?

A

Sciatic and Femoral Nerves

43
Q

The Brachial Plexus divides into what 5 Nerves?

A
  1. Radial
  2. Axillary
  3. Median
  4. Ulnar
  5. Musculocutaneous
44
Q

C1-C4 includes what Plexus?

A

Cervical Plexus

45
Q

C5-T1 includes what Plexus?

A

Brachial Plexus

46
Q

T2-T11 includes what Nerves/Plexus?

A

Intercostal Nerves

47
Q

T12-S5 include what Plexus?

A

Lumbosacral Plexus

48
Q

The anterior rami of spinal nerves T2 – T12, go directly to the body structures/organs they supply, and are known as what?

A

intercostal nerves

49
Q

What is the nerve protruding from the most posterior area of the skull known as?

A

Accessory Nerve

50
Q

The Accessory Nerve breaks off into what 2 nerves?

A
  1. Nerve to Sternosleidomastoid
  2. Nerve to Trapezius
51
Q

Movement optimizes nerve health by promoting what? (2)

A
  1. Blood flow throughout nerves
  2. Axoplasm thinning; easier flow throughout axons
52
Q

What is Retrodrade Axonal Transport?

A

Transport of materials from axon to soma/cell body

53
Q

What is Anterograde Axonal Transport?

A

Transport of materials from the soma/cell body to the distal axon

54
Q

Motor axons synapse with Muscle Fibres at __________ _________

A

Neuromuscular Junctions

55
Q

What 2 structures Synapse at Neuromuscular Junctions?

A

Motor Axons & Muscle Fibres

56
Q

Unlike neuron-neuron synapses, depolarizing of the postsynaptic muscle membrane does not require what?

A

Summation of Action Potential

57
Q

In a motor unit, depolarization of a motor axon releases ____________ which initiates APs of all the innervated muscle fibres

A

Acetylcholine

58
Q

What initiates the APs of all innervated muscles?

A

the Acetylcholine that is released upon motor axon depolarization

59
Q

depolarization of a motor axon releases Acetylcholine initiating APs of all the innervated muscle fibres.

What is this process called?

A

All-or-None

60
Q

Peripheral Nerve Damage will affect what information that is transmitted through the nerve?

A

All Information.
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Autonomic

61
Q

Peripheral Nerve Damage include what symptoms?

A

Decreased/Lost Sensation of;
-fine touch
-proprioception
-vibration
-pain
-temperature

62
Q

What is the term for Increased Sensitivity to Pain?

A

Hyperalgesia

63
Q

What is the term for Abnormal Sensation?

A

Dysesthesia

64
Q

What is the term for Numbness or Tingling?

A

Parasthesia

65
Q

What is the term for normal stimuli perceived as painful?

A

Allodynia

66
Q

Dysesthesia refers to waht?

A

Abnormal Sensation

67
Q

Hyperalgesia refers to what?

A

Increased sensitivity to pain

68
Q

Parasthesia refers to what?

A

Numbness or Tingling

69
Q

Allodynia refers to what?

A

when a normal stimuli is perceived as painful

70
Q

What are the 2 motor signs of peripheral nerve damage?

A
  1. Paresis
  2. Paralysis
71
Q

What is the cause for no activation of muscles via LMNs?

A

When muscles become denervated

72
Q

When there is a lack of stimulation, muscles develop what?

A

A sensitivity to Acetylcholine along muscle membrane

73
Q

Autonomic Dysfunction to a single nerve is usually observed when?

A

When the nerve is completely severed

74
Q

In terms of Denervation, when do Trophic Changes occur?

A

produced in soft tissue; when there is an interruption of the nerve supply

75
Q

Peripheral neuropathies are classified by what?

A

the number of nerves affected

76
Q

What are the 3 classifications of Peripheral Neuropathies?

A
  1. Mononeuropathy
  2. Multiple Mononeurpathy
  3. Polyneuropathy
77
Q

Which of the Peripheral Neuropathies are usually a result of trauma to an individual peripheral nerves?

A

Mononeuropathies

78
Q

Depending on the severity of damage, traumatic injuries to peripheral nerves are classified into what 3 categories?

A
  1. Traumatic myelinopathy
  2. Traumatic axonopathy
  3. Severance
79
Q

What is Traumatic myelopathy?

A

loss of myelin limited to the site of injury

80
Q

What leads to Carpal Tunnel?

A

median nerve compression at wrist

81
Q

What is Traumatic Axonopathy?

A

when trauma is sufficiently significant to disrupt axons

82
Q

Traumatic axonopathy results in what?

A

Wallerian degeneration

83
Q

Severance occurs when?

A

when nerves are physically divided by excessive stretching or laceration

84
Q

Which of the Peripheral Neuropathies affect an individual peripheral nerves producing a random asymmetrical presentation of signs?

A

Multiple Mononeuropathy

85
Q

Which of the Peripheral Neuropathies involve 2 or more nerves in different parts of the body

A

Multiple Mononeuropathy

86
Q

Which of the Peripheral Neuropathies is typically a result of diabetes or vasculitis?

A

Multiple Mononeuropathy

87
Q

What is meant by Glove and Stocking Distribution?

A

Distal and works its way proximal

88
Q

What is the most common Polyneuropathy?

A

Charcot-Marie Tooth

89
Q

What are the 2 main forms of Dysfunction of the Neuromuscular Junction?

A
  1. Myasthenia Gravis
  2. Botox (Botulism Toxin)
90
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

A

an Autoimmune disease damaging ACh receptors at the neuromuscular junction
-repeated use of muscle leads to increasing weakness

91
Q

Botulism Toxin / Botox ingestion causes an interference with what?

A

release of ACh at synaptic terminals
- loss of stretch reflexes

92
Q
A

Movement Neuroscience (5 decks)

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