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Movement Neuroscience > Final Exam - 7 > Flashcards

Final Exam - 7 Flashcards

1
Q

the Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum function by…

A

adjusting activity of descending UMN’s

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2
Q

True or False:
Upper Motor Neurons have a direct contact with Lower Motor Neurons

A

False; no direct contact

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3
Q

The Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum influence movement through what? (2)

A
  1. connections with motor areas of cerebral cortex via thalamus
  2. various UMN tracts
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4
Q

The BG regulates motor control via…

A

inhibitory effects on the motor thalamus, PPN, MLR

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5
Q

The BG is involved in predicting what?

A

predicts the effects of actions and executing motor plans

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6
Q

The BG is comprised of what?

A

3 Nuclei w/in Cerebrum;
1. Caudate
2. Putamen
3. Globus Pallidus
2 Nuclei below Thalamus;
1. Subthalamic Nucleus
2. Substantia Nigra

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7
Q

What are the Joint Names of the several Ganglia? (3)

A
  1. Lentiform Nucleus
  2. Striatum
  3. Ventral Striatum
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8
Q

The Lentiform Nucleus joint connects what?

A

Globus Pallidus + Putamen

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9
Q

The Striatum joint connects what?

A

Caudate + Putamen

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10
Q

What is the Ventral Striatum?

A

the Junction of the Caudate and Putamen

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11
Q

The _____ acts as the area of input receiving stimulation from ______ _____ _____

A

Striatum ; Cortical Motor Areas

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12
Q

What is the primary area of input within the basal ganglia circuitry in the brain?

A

the Striatum

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13
Q

What are the 2 structures known as the output nuclei of the Basal Ganglia System?

A
  1. Substantia Nigra
  2. Globus Pallidus
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14
Q

What is the neurotransmitter associated with the Substantia Nigra and Globus Pallidus?

A

Dopamine

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15
Q

To communicate with other parts of the brain, what neurotransmitter does the Striatum utilize?

A

Glutamate

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16
Q

The Basal Ganglia Motor Circuit regulates what? (4)

A
  1. Muscle Contraction
  2. Muscle Force
  3. Multi-Joint Movements
  4. Movement Sequences
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17
Q

The Basal Ganglia Motor Circuit outputs via what?

A

The Globus Pallidus

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18
Q

The Basal Ganglia Motor Circuit outputs to the Globus Pallidus to inhibit what? (3)

A
  1. Motor Thalamus
  2. Pedunculopontine Nucleus
  3. Midbrain Locomotor Region
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19
Q

True or False: the Basal Ganglia do not directly control the muscles.

A

True

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20
Q

The Basal Ganglia can effect motor control via what 3 routes?

A
  1. Motor Thalamus
  2. Pedunculopontine Nucleus
  3. Midbrain Locomotor Region
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21
Q

The BG send signals to the motor thalamus, which in turn communicates with the ________________ in the _______________ to control _________ _________

A

Upper Motor Neurons;
Cerebral Cortex;
Voluntary Movements

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22
Q

The PPN has an _________ effect on the __________ _____ to regulate what kind of muscles? (2)

A

Inhibitory ; Reticulospinal Tract
1. Postural Muscles
2. Girdle Muscles

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23
Q

The MLR route elicits what kind of movement? on what body parts?

A

Rhythmical ; Lower Limb Movement

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24
Q

The MLR elicits movement through the activation of what?

A

The Reticulospinal Tract

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25
Q

The basal ganglia’s influence on movement is primarily through its connections with what?

A

The Motor areas of the cerebral cortex via the thalamus

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26
Q

Which of the following is NOT a part of the basal ganglia?

a. Caudate
b. Putamen
c. Subthalamic Nucleus
d. Medulla

A

d

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27
Q

The neurotransmitter dopamine in the basal ganglia circuit is primarily utilized by the…

a. Striatum as the area of input
b. Substantia nigra and globus pallidus as the output nuclei
c. Motor cortex for direct muscle control
d. Spinal cord for reflex actions

A

b

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28
Q

Which basal ganglia loop is involved in decisions about eye movements and spatial attention?

A

Oculomotor Loop

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29
Q

The primary output cells of the cerebellum are:

a. Mossy fibers
b. Climbing fibers
c. Purkinje fibers
d. Granule cells

A

c

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30
Q

Cerebellar damage typically results in what?

A

Dysfunction of Coordination of Movement

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31
Q

True or False:
Ataxia, resulting from cerebellar damage, is characterized by uncoordinated movements but normal muscle strength

A

True

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32
Q

Explain the pathology of Parkinson’s Disease.

A

Parkinson’s Disease pathology involves the death of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra and acetylcholine-producing cells of the pedunculopontine nucleus
= decreased inhibition of postural muscles and reduced activation of voluntary muscles

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33
Q

Dopamine is primarily used by which nuclei of the BG Circuit?

A

Substantia Nigra & Globus Pallidus

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34
Q

What are the primary output cells of the cerebellum?

A

Purkinje Fibres

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35
Q

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the inhibitory signals within the basal ganglia circuit?

A

Dopamine

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36
Q

The cerebellum receives information about intended movement from what? (2)

A

Cerebral Cortex & Spinal Cord

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37
Q

The Cerebellum obtains what 2 kinds of information?

A
  1. info regarding INTENDED movement
  2. info regarding ACTUAL movement
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38
Q

The Cerebellum coordinates movement and postural control by comparing ______ and ________ movement and adjusting them.

A

Actual ; Intended

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39
Q

The maintenance of equillibrium and balance is done by what?

A

the Cerebellum

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40
Q

the learning of timing, rhythm and synchronization of movements is done by what?

A

the Cerebellum

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41
Q

Learning and Executing Stored Motor Patterns is done by what?

A

the Cerebellum

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42
Q

True or False: Damage to the Cerebellum interferes with Sensory Perception or Muscle Strength.

A

False: it doesn’t interfere with either

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43
Q

The Outer layer of the Cerebellum is composed of what?

A

Grey Matter

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44
Q

the Outer Grey Matter Layer of the Cerebellum is composed of what 3 Layers?

A

Outer, Inner, and Middle Cortex

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45
Q

The Outer and Inner Cortex of the Cerebellar Gray Matter contains what kind of neurons?

A

Interneurons

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46
Q

The Middle cortex of the Cerebellar Gray Matter contains what kind of neurons?

A

Purkinje Fibres

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47
Q

The Inner Layer of the Cerebellum is composed of what?

A

White Matter & Cerebellar Nuclei

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48
Q

What acts as the output cells of the Cerebellum?

A

Purkinje Fibres

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49
Q

Afferent information to the Cerebellum is provided by what 2 kinds of fibres?

A
  1. Mossy Fibres
  2. Climbing Fibres
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50
Q

The Cerebellum consists of what 3 lobes?

A
  1. Anterior Lobe
  2. Posterior Lobe
  3. Flocculonodular Lobe
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51
Q

Vertically, the Cerebellum is divided into what 3 sections?

A
  1. Midline Vermis
  2. Paravermal Hemisphere
  3. Lateral Hemisphere
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52
Q

What are the 3 kinds of Peduncles?

A
  1. Superior Peduncle
  2. Middle Peduncle
  3. Inferior Peduncle
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53
Q

What kind of Fibres are transmitted through the Superior Peduncle?

A

Efferent Fibres

54
Q

What kind of Fibres are transmitted through the Middle Peduncle?

A

Afferent Fibres (from the Cerebral Cortex)

55
Q

What kind of Fibres are transmitted through the Inferior Peduncle?

A

Afferent Fibres (from Spinal Cord/Brainstem)
Efferent Fibres (to Vestib/Retic Nuclei)

56
Q

What is the in-depth role of the BG Motor Circuit?

A

-Receive input from premotor & motor cortex
-Process info within the BG circuit
-Send output to motor areas of the Cerebral Cortex (via motor thalamus), PPN, & Midbrain Locomotor Region

57
Q

What are the 3 pathways in which signals are processed within the Cortico-Basal Ganglia-Thalamic Loop?

A
  1. Hyperdirect Pathway
  2. Go Pathway
  3. No-Go Pathway
58
Q

True or False: Normal movement requires activity in all three pathways (hyperdirect, go, no-go)

A

True

59
Q

The Hyperdirect pathway does what to the Motor Thalamus?

A

Powerfully Inhibits

60
Q

Which of the 3 pathways within the Cortico-Basal Ganglia-Thalamic Loop, result in the powerful inhibition of the Motor Thalamus?

A

The Hyperdirect Pathway

61
Q

The Hyperdirect Pathway conveys powerful excitation from the _________ _________ directly to the ____________ ________

A

Cerebral Cortex; Subthalamic Nuclei

62
Q

Subthalamic Nuclei excites the…

A

Globus Pallidus Internus (GPi)

63
Q

Globus Pallidus Internus (GPi) does what to the Motor Thalamus?

A

inhibits

64
Q

The GO Pathway does what to the Motor Thalamus?

A

Disinhibits

65
Q

Describe the sequence of activity when the GO Pathway is activated.

A

-Putamen inhibits the Globus Pallidus i
-Inhibited GPi provides less inhibition to the Motor Thalamus
-Motor Thalamus signals Motor Areas in the Cerebral Cortex to activate specific Corticospinal Neurons

66
Q

Similar to the GO Pathway, the NO-GO Pathway begins where?

A

in Putamen

67
Q

What is the end result of the NO-GO Pathway?

A

suppression of unwanted movements

68
Q

The Motor Loop pathway is dependent on which Neurotransmitter?

A

Dopamine

69
Q

The Dopamine utilized by the Motor Loop is supplied by what?

A

Substantia Nigra Compacta

70
Q

Dopamine binding to D1 receptors has what effect on the inhibitory neurons in the GO pathway?

A

Excitatory

71
Q

Dopamine binding to D2 receptors has what effect on the inhibitory neurons from STN to GPi in the GO pathway?

A

Disinhibitory

72
Q

Dopamine binding to D2 receptors has what effect on the inhibitory neurons from Putamen to GPe in the GO pathway?

A

Inhibitory

73
Q

What are the 4 additional (separate) Basal Ganglia Loops?

A
  1. Occulomotor
  2. Executive
  3. Behavioural Flexibility & Control
  4. Limbic
74
Q

Which of the additional functions of the Basal Ganglia makes decisions about eye movements and attention?

A

the Oculomotor Loop

75
Q

Which of the additional functions of the Basal Ganglia is involved in deciding pleasure seeking and reward outcomes of actions?

A

the Limbic Loop

76
Q

What is the Limbic Loop involved in?

A

deciding pleasure seeking and reward seeking outcomes of actions

77
Q

What is the Oculomotor Loop involved in?

A

making decisions about eye movements and attention

78
Q

What are the 3 contributions made by the additional Loops of the Basal Ganglia?

A
  1. Predictions of future events
  2. Selecting desired behaviours and preventing underired behaviour
  3. Motor learning, shifting attention, spatial working memory
79
Q

What area of the Basal Ganglia is responsible for the Executive and Behavioural Loop?

A

Head of Caudate

80
Q

What part of the Executive Loop is the Head of Caudate involved in?

A

the decision-making loop (participates in goal-oriented behaviour)

81
Q

What part of the Behavioural Loop is the Head of Caudate involved in?

A

learning

82
Q

Movement Disorders that are related to the BG are either _______ or ________

A

Hypokinetic or Hyperkinetic

83
Q

What is the term describing a movement disorder in which there is too little movement?

A

Hypokinetic

84
Q

What is the term describing a movement disorder in which there is too much movement?

A

Hyperkinetic

85
Q

Abnormal movements are a result of problems with what?

A

the Motor Loop

86
Q

_________ _________ results in Hypokinetic disorders

A

Excessive Inhibition

87
Q

_________ _________ results in Hyperkinetic disorders

A

Inadequate Inhibition

88
Q

Is Parkinston’s Disease an Example of a Hypokinetic Disorder, or a HyerKinetic Disorder?

A

Hypokinetic

89
Q

Is Tourette’s Disorder an Example of a Hypokinetic Disorder, or a HyerKinetic Disorder?

A

Hyperkinetic

90
Q

Is Huntington’s Disease an Example of a Hypokinetic Disorder, or a HyerKinetic Disorder?

A

Hyperkinetic

91
Q

What is the most common Basal Ganglia Disorder?

A

Parkinson’s Disease

92
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of Parkinson’s?

A
  1. Akinetic/Rigid -50%
  2. Tremor DOminant -40%
  3. Mixed (akin-tremor dom) -10%
93
Q

What are the 4 main symptoms of Akinetic Parkinson’s?

A
  1. Muscular Rigidity
  2. Shuffling Gait
  3. Dropping Posture
  4. Mask-like Facial Expression
94
Q

What are the 2 main symptoms of Tremor-Dominant Parkinson’s?

A
  1. Disabling Actions
  2. Resting Tremors
95
Q

Describe the pathology of Parkinson’s DIsease

A
  • Death of Dopamine producing cells in substantia nigra & Acetylcholine producing cells in the PPN
  • Oxidative stress, mitoch. dysfunc., apoptosis
96
Q

What are the 3 forms of treatment for Parkinson’s Disease?

A
  1. Medications: drugs that replace dopamine
  2. Invasive Procedures: implants to inhibit areas and transplant of dopamine prod. cells
  3. Rehabilitation: physical therapy
97
Q

Hyperkinetic disorders are characterized by…

A

abnormal involuntary movements

98
Q

Hyperkinetic disorders are the result of …

A

decreased inhibition from the basal ganglia

99
Q

What is Huntington’s Disease?

A

an Autosomal dominant hereditary disorder causing degeneration of the basal ganglia and other areas of the brain

100
Q

Degeneration of globus pallidus causing disinhibition of motor thalamus, PPN, and MLR
result in what?

A

Huntington’s Disease

101
Q

What is the term for non-progressive, movement disorders characterized by involuntary sustained muscle contractions?

A

Dystonia

102
Q

Dystonia is characterized by what symptoms?

A

-Abnormal posture, twisting, repetitive movements

103
Q

True or False: Dystonia often increases during activity and emotional stress

A

True

104
Q

What disorder is characterized by vocal and motor tics of typically childhood onset/

A

Tourette’s Disorder

105
Q

Tourette’s Disorder results in the dysfunction of which loops?

A

Motor, Limbic, & Behavioural Loops of BG

106
Q

What is Choreoathetosis?

A

Abnormal Involuntary Movements

107
Q

True or False: Damage to the cerebellum does not interfere with sensory perception or with muscle strength

A

True

108
Q

Functionally, Human movements are classified into what 3 broad classes?

A
  1. Equilibrium
  2. Gross Movement of the Limbs
  3. Fine, Distal, Voluntary Movements
109
Q

What are the 3 functional divisions of the Cerebellum?

A
  1. Spinocerebellum
  2. Vestibulocerebellum
  3. Cerebrocerebellum
110
Q

What form of human movement is associated with the Vestibulocerebellum?

A

Equillibrium

111
Q

What form of human movement is associated with the Spinocerebellum?

A

Gross Movements

112
Q

What form of human movement is associated with the Cerebrocerebellum?

A

Fine Movements

113
Q

In the basal ganglia, the direct pathway facilitates movement by:

a. Inhibiting the thalamus
b. Activating the substantia nigra
c. Disinhibiting the motor thalamus
d. Suppressing the globus pallidus internus

A

C

114
Q

Which area of the cerebellum is specifically involved in maintaining equilibrium and balance?

A

Flocculonodular lobe

115
Q

Parkinson’s disease is a result of dysfunction in which part of the basal ganglia circuit?

a. Increased activity of the striatum
b. Decrease in dopamine production by the substantia nigra
c. Hyperactivity of the cerebellum
d. Decreased inhibition by the subthalamic nucleus

A

b

116
Q

True or False:
The cerebellum’s output signals are mainly directed to the motor cortex via the superior cerebellar peduncle.

A

True

117
Q

True or False:
The basal ganglia play a direct role in initiating movement by sending excitatory signals to lower motor neurons.

A

False

118
Q

True or False:
The executive loop of the basal ganglia is primarily involved in regulating voluntary muscle contractions.

A

False

119
Q

What disorder is characterized by the inability to judge the distance or scale of a movement - resulting from damage to the cerebellum?

A

Dysmetria

120
Q

Which of the following structures is part of the striatum?

a. Subthalamic nucleus
b. Caudate
c. Red nucleus
d. Cerebellum

A

b

121
Q

The globus pallidus and putamen together are referred to as what?

A

the Lentiform Nucleus

122
Q

Which pathway is NOT directly associated with the basal ganglia?

a. Direct pathway
b. Indirect pathway
c. Corticospinal tract
d. Hyperdirect pathway

A

C

123
Q

The cerebellum’s role in adjusting movement is primarily through:

a. Direct inhibition of lower motor neurons
b. Modulating the activity of upper motor neurons
c. Releasing neurotransmitters into the bloodstream
d. Stimulating muscle contractions directly

A

B

124
Q

What is the primary function of the dentate nucleus in the cerebellum?

A

To coordinate voluntary movements

125
Q

What are the 3 lobe divisions of the Cerebellum?

A
  1. anterior lobe
  2. posterior lobe
  3. flocculonodular lobe
126
Q

The executive loop of the basal ganglia is involved in processing what processes?

A

higher cognitive functions

127
Q

What tracts integrate sensory information to regulate activity of postural control? (3)

A
  1. Reticulospinal
  2. Vestibulospinal
  3. Medial Corticospinal
    tracts
128
Q

Which system is NOT utilized in maintaining balance?

a. Somatosensation
b. Vision
c. Vestibular
d. Olfactory

A

d

129
Q

What is the primary role of vision in feedforward mechanisms during reaching and grasping movements?

A

Locating an object in space

130
Q

A lesion in which area would demonstrate a dermatomal distribution?

A

Spinal Nerves

131
Q

The brachial plexus divides into all of the following nerves EXCEPT:

a. Radial
b. Axillary
c. Femoral
d. Median

A

C

132
Q

True or False: Peripheral nerves are classified according to their speed of conduction and diameter.

A

True

Movement Neuroscience (5 decks)

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