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poli sci 101 > midterm 2 (PW 9/10/11 VB 2/3/5/7) > Flashcards

midterm 2 (PW 9/10/11 VB 2/3/5/7) Flashcards

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1
Q

(vb 2) alliances

A

When individuals or groups agree to combine resources and abilities for a purpose that benefits the members of the alliance individually. agreements between nations to aid and protect one another

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2
Q

(vb 2) anarchists

A

people who oppose all forms of organized government

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3
Q

(vb 2) anarchy

A

a lack of government and law; confusion

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4
Q

(vb 2) authority

A

a person or organization having power or control in a particular, typically political or administrative, sphere.

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5
Q

(vb 2) collective action

A

action taken together by a group of people whose goal is to enhance their status and achieve a common objective. It is enacted by a representative of the group.

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6
Q

(vb 2) government

A

The formal & informal institutions, people, & processes used to create & conduct public policy

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7
Q

(vb 2) group identity

A

Encouraging a group to adopt a unique identity and engage in competition with others can increase cohesiveness

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8
Q

(vb 2) hierarchy

A

A group organized by rank

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9
Q

(vb 2) individual security

A

Focus on the continued safety of the individual

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10
Q

(vb 2) national security

A

Protection of Interest, or survival of ethnic groups, that people identify with

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11
Q

(vb 2) the other

A

Someone who is identified as an outsider and not part of the group, defined as a means of initiating conflict, and is therefore identified as the enemy

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12
Q

(vb 2) political capital

A

the amount of overall public approval that a president can use to win support for major decisions and proposals

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13
Q

(vb 2) power

A

political control and influence

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14
Q

(vb 2) regime security

A

The leaders’ ability to protect their hold on power

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15
Q

(vb 2) security

A

The ability to protect, preserve, or maintain control of something of value

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16
Q

(vb 2) state security

A

necessary that the state has sufficient powers to counter threats to the security of the nation, it is also important that the powers granted are confined to real threats to the state and do not impinge more than is necessary on individual freedoms and rights. In order to be able to evaluate the work of the security forces it is therefore necessary to have a definition of state or national security

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17
Q

(vb 3) atomization

A

The deliberate isolation of people from each other in society to keep them from forming a group that could threaten a leader’s hold on power.

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18
Q

(vb 3) crosscutting cleavages

A

Divisions in society that overlap already established voting blocs essentially setting up a situation in which the voter must decide between two competing political influences

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19
Q

(vb 3) legitimacy

A

A characterization of elections by political scientists meaning that they are almost universally accepted as a fair and free method of selecting political leaders.

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20
Q

(vb 3) panopticon

A

A circular building composed of an inner ring and an outer ring designed to serve as a prison in which the detainees can always be seen and the observer, housed in the inner ring, is hidden from those being observed

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21
Q

(vb 3) peer policing

A

A system in which people police each other

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22
Q

(vb 3) preference falsification

A

means not revealing one’s true preferences in public

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23
Q

(vb 3) public goods

A

Goods, such as clean air and clean water, that everyone must share.

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24
Q

(vb 3) revolution

A

An overthrow and replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed.

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25
Q

(vb 3) safety valve

A

A mechanism that allows people to blow off steam in order to avoid larger conflict

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26
Q

(vb 3) self policing

A

A social mechanism where only a few enforcers are needed to maintain control of the population because the fear of being punished keeps people in line.

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27
Q

(vb 3) totalitarian

A

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) a form of government that tries to control ever aspect of life, sometimes down to the level of thought

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28
Q

(vb 5) aristocracy

A

A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility

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29
Q

(vb 5) confederal system

A

A system consisting of a league of independent states, each having essentially sovereign powers. The central government created by such a league has only limited powers over the states.

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30
Q

(vb 5) democracy

A

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

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31
Q

(vb 5) dictatorship

A

A form of government in which the leader has absolute power and authority.

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32
Q

(vb 5) federal system

A

A government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments

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33
Q

(vb 5) institutions

A

Complex social organizations such as governments, economies, and education systems

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34
Q

(vb 5) oligarchy

A

A government ruled by a few powerful people

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35
Q

(vb 5) political culture

A

an overall set of values widely shared within a society

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36
Q

(vb 5) polity

A

an organized society, such as a nation, state, church, or other organization, having a specific form of government

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37
Q

(vb 5) republic

A

A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting

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38
Q

(vb 5) structures

A

something that has been built

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39
Q

(vb 5) unitary system

A

A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government

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40
Q

(vb 5) aristocracy

A

A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility

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41
Q

(vb 5) confederal system

A

A system consisting of a league of independent states, each having essentially sovereign powers. The central government created by such a league has only limited powers over the states.

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42
Q

(vb 5) democracy

A

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

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43
Q

(vb 5) dictatorship

A

A form of government in which the leader has absolute power and authority.

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44
Q

(vb 5) federal system

A

A government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments

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45
Q

(vb 5) institutions

A

Complex social organizations such as governments, economies, and education systems

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46
Q

(vb 5) oligarchy

A

A government ruled by a few powerful people

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47
Q

(vb 5) political culture

A

an overall set of values widely shared within a society

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48
Q

(vb 5) polity

A

an organized society, such as a nation, state, church, or other organization, having a specific form of government

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49
Q

(vb 5) republic

A

A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting

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50
Q

(vb 5) structures

A

something that has been built

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51
Q

(vb 5) unitary system

A

A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government

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52
Q

(vb 7) bicameral legislature

A

a legislature with two houses

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53
Q

(vb 7) cohabitation

A

under the french political system, when the president is from one political party while a different political party controls the legislature

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54
Q

(vb 7) delegate

A

representative who attempts to do exactly what his or her constituents want.

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55
Q

(vb 7) divided government

A

when one political party controls the presidency and another party controls either all or part of legislature

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56
Q

(vb 7) filibuster

A

a delaying tactic used by a senator or a group of senators-who indefinitely talk about the bill-to frustrate the proponents of the bill and ensure defeat of the measure

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57
Q

(vb 7) first-past-the-post-system

A

an electoral system where the candidate with the most votes wins regardless of whether that person has a majority of the votes cast; there is no runoff election

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58
Q

(vb 7) geographic representation

A

a legislature divided according to geography, in which people are represented by the area they live in

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59
Q

(vb 7) gerrymandering

A

the process of intentionally drawing districts to gain a partisan advantage

60
Q

(vb 7) gridlock

A

when the checks and balances within the presidential system work too well so that they not only prevent one institution from overwhelming the others but also prevent anyone from doing much of anything

61
Q

(vb 7) ideological representation

A

representation in which people’s belief is the main concern of leadership

62
Q

(vb 7) immobilism

A

when, because of the complexity and fragility of a ruling coalition, it becomes nearly impossible to enact any kind of coherent policies out of fear that a coalition party will break away and force the government to collapse

63
Q

(vb 7) imperial presidency

A

the accumulation of tremendous power in the presidency at the expense of the other branches of government, especially the legislative branch

64
Q

(vb 7) minority government

A

when the majority party does not share power with any other party but relies on an agreement where another party will provide support or will abstain from voting if there is ever a no-confidence vote

65
Q

(vb 7) multiparty systems

A

systems comprised of multiple, distinct, and officially recognized groups, otherwise known as political parties

66
Q

(vb 7) policy stability

A

when the social and economic environments within the country tend to be very consistent over time

67
Q

(vb 7) politicos

A

people who are active in party politics

68
Q

(vb 7) pork barrel politics

A

where representatives use their political office to bring federal money to their districts through projects and jobs

69
Q

(vb 7) proportional representation

A

a system in which there is representation of all parties in a legislature in proportion to their popular vote

70
Q

(vb 7) shadow government

A

a type of oversight or checking performed in a parliamentary system by those members of the minority party who would take the office if that party were to capture the majority

71
Q

(vb 7) trustee

A

a country or government charged with the oversight of a trust territory

72
Q

(vb 7) two-party system

A

a system that favors moderate political parties that can create coalitions to gain sizeable amounts of voters

73
Q

(vb 7) unicameral legislature

A

a legislature with one house

74
Q

(vb 7) unity government

A

when the two major parties, though in opposition, work together to achieve a higher national purpose

75
Q

(vb 7) vote of no confidence

A

a parliamentary device by which the government can be dissolved by a simple majority vote of legislature

76
Q

(pw 9) catchall parties

A

parties that make broad electoral appeals

77
Q

(pw 9) center-periphery cleavage

A

Some areas or regions are more politically, economically, or socially influential in a country

78
Q

(pw 9) church state cleavage

A

conflict between church followers and secular interests; usually emerged in Catholic countries

79
Q

(pw 9) conditional party government

A

the degree of authority delegated to and exercised by congressional leaders; varies with and is conditioned by the extent of election-driven ideological consensus among members

80
Q

(pw 9) critical realigment

A

periods when a major, lasting shift occurs in the popular coalition supporting one or both parties

81
Q

(pw 9) cross-pressured

A

pulled between opposing political forces

82
Q

(pw 9) cleavage

A

divisions within society that can lead to at least a degree of polarization between the groups

83
Q

(pw 9) dominant-party systems

A

systems where a single party dominates elections in governance

84
Q

(pw 9) duverger’s law

A

refers to the reasons that America has a two-party system: first, only one party’s candidate can win (and all other candidates end up as losers regardless of how close the vote was); second, third parties end up undersupported because people do not want to support a loser

85
Q

(pw 9) effective number of parties

A

a way to gauge the relative number and size of the parties that compete, which is measured by the share of the vote each party receives; it represents how many parties have any real competitive strength in a democracy

86
Q

(pw 9) far-right parties

A

parties with nationalistic leanings and some fascist tendencies

87
Q

(pw 9) fascism

A

a form of radical authoritarian nationalism that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe

88
Q

(pw 9) materialist values

A

values about things such as wages, employment, and social order

89
Q

(pw 9) multiple-party systems

A

systems that have numerous parties regularly competing in elections

90
Q

(pw 9) owner-worker cleavage

A

the split that developed between the owner class and the working class in new industrialized cities

91
Q

(pw 9) party government

A

when parties have an extremely significant role in driving the political agenda and affecting the behavior of political leaders

92
Q

(pw 9) postmaterialist values

A

values about things such as civil rights, social equality, and having more say in democracy

93
Q

(pw 9) scarcity

A

in this context, the economic difficulties and threat to survival from war

94
Q

(pw 9) silent revolution

A

a revolution that occurred in advanced industrial democracies that introduced a new social division that would lead to weakening of these cleavage-based parties and likely lead to the development of new parties

95
Q

(pw 9) two-party systems

A

like the United States would provide more democratic voice to citizens than dominant party systems. Only 2 parties are lead contenders for presidential elections.

96
Q

(pw 9) urban-rural cleavage

A

political divisions that arise out of livelihood and lifestyle differences

97
Q

(pw 9) xenophobic

A

anti-immigrant

98
Q

(pw 9) political parties

A

groups that organize people with at least roughly similar political aims and opinions to elect candidates to public office

99
Q

(pw 10) absolute majority

A

fifty percent plus one

100
Q

(pw 10) alternative vote system

A

strive to elect candidates with more than 50 percent of the vote

101
Q

(pw 10) ballot structure

A

refers to the way parties/candidates are listed on a ballot and the sequence and number of elections in which voters can participate

102
Q

(pw 10) closed primary

A

primaries where only registered members of a particular party can vote in that party’s primary election

103
Q

(pw 10) coalition

A

where parties band together to obtain more seats in a parliament with the hope of gathering a majority of the seats or at least enough that no other group could call a vote of no confidence

104
Q

(pw 10) confidence and supply

A

agreement where groups will back each other in certain votes

105
Q

(pw 10) descriptive representation

A

the idea that an elected body should mirror demographically the population it represents

106
Q

(pw 10) disproportionality

A

occurs when the relative number of governing seats a party receives is not nearly in proportion to the percentage of votes the party earned

107
Q

(pw 10) district magnitude

A

distinguishes the number of representatives elected from a constituency, or voting district

108
Q

(pw 10) electoral college

A

the body that elects the president and vice president of the United States based on the results of the popular election in each state

109
Q

(pw 10) electoral formula

A

a formula used for translating the number of votes a party receives into the number of seats the party gets in government

110
Q

(pw 10) first past the post (FPTP)

A

elections where whether a candidate wins by a little or a lot does not matter; what matters is winning more votes than any other candidate

111
Q

(pw 10) gender quota

A

the mandate that women must constitute a certain number of percentage of the members of a body, whether it is a candidate list, a parliamentary assembly, a committee, or a government

112
Q

(pw 10) general election

A

the main election

113
Q

(pw 10) grand coalition

A

a group containing two major parties

114
Q

(pw 10) instant run-off-voting

A

In this system, voters rank order all candidates on a ballot, from first to last choice. If the voter’s number one candidate does not have enough votes to be elected, the voter’s vote can be “transferred” to the voter’s second choice. Because computation can be difficult, special counting software is most often used.

115
Q

(pw 10) junior coalition partner

A

the party with fewer seats

116
Q

(pw 10) (gender) legislative quotas

A

the most common type of gender quota; mandatory provisions that apply to all political groupings that require a certain proportion of female candidates to address party selection

117
Q

(pw 10) list pr systems

A

where parties place as many candidates on their party lists as the district magnitude; then whatever percent of votes that party receives, the same percent of the top candidates on that list enter the legislature

118
Q

(pw 10) majority systems

A

the name for both two-round and alternative voting systems because they strive to elect candidates with more than fifty percent of the vote

119
Q

(pw 10) mixed-member electoral systems

A

systems that combine elements of SMP and PR systems

120
Q

(pw 10) open primary elections

A

primaries where any registered voter can vote

121
Q

(pw 10) parity

A

equality

122
Q

(pw 10) (gender) party quota

A

pledges by parties to aim for a particular proportion of women among their candidates to political office

123
Q

(pw 10) portfolio assignments

A

the policy areas to which politicians are assigned

124
Q

(pw 10) primary system

A

where primary elections occur among members of the same party to choose the candidate who will stand for office

125
Q

(pw 10) proportional representation (pr)

A

systems where parties receive seats in the legislature in relative proportion to the vote they received from the public

126
Q

(pw 10) ranked choice voting

A

In Maine, a voter ranks gubernatorial candidates from one to six. If no candidate gets an absolute majority of first-choice votes, the last-placed candidate is dropped. Ballots for the dropped candidate move to the next-ranked person on each ballot. The process repeats

127
Q

(pw 10) (gender) reserved seats quota

A

establishes seats for which only women are eligible to compete

128
Q

(pw 10) single-member plurality (SMP)

A

an electoral system in which candidates run for a single seat from a specific geographic district; the winner is the person who receives the most votes, whether or not they amount to a majority; these systems, unlike systems of proportional representation, increase the likelihood that two national coalition parties will form

129
Q

(pw 10) single transferable vote (STV)

A

also called the alternative vote system, preferential voting, ranked choice voting, or instant run-off voting; a structure where voters rank order all candidates on a ballot, and then if the voter’s number one candidate does not have enough votes to be elected, the voter’s vote can be “transferred” to the voter’s second choice

130
Q

(pw 10) stability

A

refers to a single-party government that will be strong enough to control policy, have stable leadership, and will serve for an established period

131
Q

(pw 10) substantive representation

A

when a member of Congress represents constituents’ interests and policy concerns despite demographic differences

132
Q

(pw 10) threshold

A

a minimum percentage a party must achieve to gain any seats in the legislature

133
Q

(pw 10) two round ballot

A

structure where voters first choose the candidate they prefer and then the top two vote-getters face off in a second election later; they are designed to bring more representation to a stability-designed system

134
Q

(pw 11) australian ballot

A

a secret ballot. kept parties from handing out preprinted party ballots to voters, and laws disallowing party appointments to bureaucratic positions also weakened American parties’ ability to mobilize voters.

135
Q

(pw 11) electoral hevaior

A

how electoral institutions, coupled with political culture and a country’s electoral environment, influence whether and how citizens vote for their electoral preferences

136
Q

(pw 11) electoral context

A

an environment that includes electoral laws, rules, strategies, and acceptable practices that affect how voters think about and participate in elections

137
Q

(pw 11) electoral mandates

A

how closely policy follows election results. the perception that an election victory signals broad support for the winner’s proposed policies

138
Q

(pw 11) electoral volatility

A

how much governing control swings among parties, as well as citizens’ overall satisfaction with democracy following election results

139
Q

(pw 11) gerrymandering

A

the process of drawing district lines in such a way as to create noncompetitive seats

140
Q

(pw 11) instrumental political evaluations

A

short-term factor that affects voting more in multiparty democracies

141
Q

(pw 11) midterm elections

A

congressional elections that do not coincide with a presidential election; also called off-year elections

142
Q

(pw 11) negative partisanship

A

the idea that voters are mobilized to vote against the opposing party more than they actually vote for their own party

143
Q

(pw 11) political effiacy

A

a feeling that voters can influence the political system and that it will be receptive to them

144
Q

(pw 11) social-psychological model

A

a model that explains that individuals identify with political parties in ways similar to how they identify with their nationality or religious denomination; this model better explains American voting behavior

145
Q

(pw 11) sociological model

A

a model that explains that citizens join parties and vote based on social group identity

146
Q

(pw 11) swing states

A

states that are not clearly pro-Republican or pro-Democrat and therefore are of vital interest to presidential candidates, as they can determine election outcomes

poli sci 101 (15 decks)

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