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FALL TERM CLASSES > Midterm 2: PSY 263 > Flashcards

Midterm 2: PSY 263 Flashcards

1
Q

adaptive memory

A

memory sets to help retain survival and fitness information

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2
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

cant transfer new information from short to long-term store

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3
Q

alertness and arousal (input attention)

A

being prepared to attend to incoming event and maintain attention

(right frontal/parietal cortexes and brain stem, associated with NE)

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4
Q

articulatory suppression

A

poorer memory for a set of words if they are asked to say something while trying to remember

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5
Q

attention

A

the mental energy needed for completing mental processes (limited in quantity)

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6
Q

attention capture

A

redirecting our attention to sudden stimuli (ex. slapping hand on desk randomly)

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7
Q

attentional blink

A

delay in a second response immediately after a decision

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8
Q

automaticity

A

doing a task without intention (doing without thinking)

ex. driving home (you just know the route)

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9
Q

baddeleys working memory model

A

4 components explaining working memory

involves; central executive, phonological loop, visuo-sketchpad and episodic buffer

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10
Q

bottleneck information processing

A

a bunch of information coming in that needs to be cut down into one lane; filtering happens so we perceive the important information

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11
Q

central executive

A
  • plans future actions
  • initiates retrieval/decision processes
  • integrates incoming information
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12
Q

chunk

A

chunking items into groups (repackaging info)

ex. credit card numbers chunked in groups of four

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13
Q

conjunction search

A

looking for a combination of features together

(ex. looking for a RED x in an area of BLUE x’s and RED t’s)

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14
Q

controlled attention

A

choosing where to focus your attention and what to filter out

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15
Q

context-dependent learning

A

recall is stronger when a subject is present in the same environment it was learned

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16
Q

decay

A

losing information due to fading

(ex. a childhood memory)

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17
Q

explicit memory (declarative)

A

facts/events

(ex. knowing a dog is an animal)

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18
Q

default mode network

A

brain areas that show increased activity when NOT focused on what happening around them

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19
Q

distributed practice

A

studying in small, shorter portions

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20
Q

divided attention

A

simutaneously performing multiple tasks (attention is compromised)

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21
Q

dual coding

A

using different types of stimuli to encode information more effectively (visual & verbal)

(ex. creating history timelines to remember important dates)

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22
Q

dual task method

A

two tasks performed at once so one task attempts to completely capture attention

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23
Q

early selection

A

filtering based on early phases of perception (loudness or location)

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24
Q

eleaborative rehearsal

A

uses the meaning of the information to store and remember it (complex rehearsal)

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25
Q

encoding specificity

A

improved memory retrieval when encoding context is the same as retrieval context

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26
Q

episodic buffer

A

backup ‘store’ that communicates with long term and working memory

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27
Q

explicit processing

A

conscious processing; awareness that a task is being performed and the outcome

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28
Q

faciliation of return

A

returning to a previously fixated location

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29
Q

feature search

A

searching for a single feature

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30
Q

filtering

A

ignoring distractions

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31
Q

free recall

A

recalling from a list in any order

32
Q

forgetting curve

A

shows how learned information slips our minds over time (unless we take action to remember it)

33
Q

global-local distinction

A

processing visual information and focusing on either the larger whole, or the smaller parts

34
Q

habituation

A

gradual reduction of the orienting response back to baseline (getting used to other stimuli)

35
Q

hemineglect

A

inability to direct attention voluntarily to one side so the stimulus on that side is neglected (typically left)

36
Q

implicit processing

A

processing with no conscious awareness/involvement

37
Q

inattention blindness

A

failure to notice an object that happened during a fixation

38
Q

inhibition of return

A

previously checked locations are mentally marked and not returned to

39
Q

input attention

A

getting sensory information into the cognitive system (automatic and quick)

40
Q

late selection

A

filtering based on the importance/meaning of the info

41
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

holds info without storing it permanently (once rehearsal stops it’s forgotten)

(ex. repeating a phone number in your head until you dial it)

42
Q

massed practice

A

studying in one long session (cramming)

43
Q

mental rotation

A

mentally turning or rotating objects in the visuo sketch pad

44
Q

implicit memory (non-declarative)

A

the knowledge that influences the thought/behaviour without consciousness

45
Q

orienting reflex and response (input attention)

A

selecting what stimuli to attend to (important things, objects, the unexpected, language)

(superior parietal lobe, frontal eye fields, temporal parietal junction and associated with ACh)

46
Q

parallel search

A

several stimuli attended to at the same time

47
Q

phonological loop

A

holds verbal/auditory info (relies on rehearsal)

48
Q

phonological similarity effect

A

when letters/words that sound similar get confused

49
Q

priming

A

exposure to one stimulus influences their response to subsequent stimulus

(ex. kid sees a red bench with candy.. next time he sees a red bench he will think of candy)

50
Q

primacy effect

A

tendency to remember the first piece of information better than the info presented later on

51
Q

procedural memory (implicit)

A

skills and habits

52
Q

recency effect

A

information given at the end is more likely to be remembered that what came first

53
Q

recoding

A

mentally transforming stimulus into another format

ex. grouping larger items into smaller items (a phone number into groups of 3)

54
Q

recollection

A

the retrieval of information

55
Q

savings score

A

the reduction in the number of trials for relearning compared to original learning

56
Q

self-reference effect

A

memory is better when we relate the info to ourselves

57
Q

selective exhaustive search

A

the memory set is scanned one item at a time (serial) and the entire set is scanned on every trial if the match is found or not (exhaustive)

58
Q

serial position curve

A

graph of item-by-item accuracy of a recall task

59
Q

serial positive effect

A

a positive relationship between the frequency of rehearsal and recall rate

60
Q

serial recall

A

recalling a list in order

61
Q

serial self-terminating search

A

search process where the search stops as soon as you spot the object/target

(ex. looking for Waldo in wheres Waldo)

62
Q

shadowing task

A

recorded spoken messages and played them to a person wearing headphones; say the message out loud coming from the right ear and ignore the information from the left ear

63
Q

short term memory

A

remembering pieces of information for short periods of time (up to 20 seconds)

64
Q

spotlight attention (input attention)

A

jumping our attention to stimuli

65
Q

state-dependent learning

A

better memory when the retrieval physiological state matches when encoding

66
Q

sustained attention/vigiliance

A

maintaining attention to infrequent events over a long period of time

67
Q

tip of the tongue

A

momentarily unable to recall a word that they know is in long-term memory

68
Q

trigram

A

three letters (ex. MHA)

69
Q

visuo-spatial sketch pad

A

system for visual/spatial information maintaining that info in a short-duration buffer

70
Q

interference

A

forgetting target info from the competition of recent info

71
Q

serial position

A

the original position of items in a list

72
Q

selective attention (controlled attention)

A

attending to one source of information, while ignoring others

73
Q

representational momentum

A

thinking a moving object stopped farther than it actually did

(ex. saying a ball stopped a bit further than when it actually did)

74
Q

boundary extension

A

misremembering an image from what they actually saw as if the boundaries were farther out

75
Q

word length effect

A

difficult to remember a list of long words compared to remembering a list of short words

76
Q

rehearsal

A

deliberate practicing of information in the short-term store

77
Q

serial search

A

one stimuli attended to at a time

FALL TERM CLASSES (6 decks)

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