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FALL TERM CLASSES > Midterm #1 > Flashcards

Midterm #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Synesthesia

A

one sense involuntarily triggers another sense (numbers associated with colours)

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2
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

to respond to a stimuli it needs to be determined if the sensory activation is real or fake

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3
Q

Responses To Signal Detection Theory

A

Hit, Miss, Correct Rejection, False Alarm

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4
Q

Channel Capacity

A

the brain can only hold in so much information

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5
Q

Stimulus

A

something that triggers a physical/behavior change

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6
Q

Signal

A

info/object that evokes a response

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7
Q

Response

A

behavior from the result of a stimulus

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8
Q

Dependent Variable

A

changes from the independent variable

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9
Q

Independent Variable

A

manipulated variable

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10
Q

Process Model (information processing theory)

A

the specific mental process that takes place during a task

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11
Q

Accuracy

A

how correct a response is

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12
Q

Reaction Time

A

the time between the stimulus and the response

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13
Q

Lexical Design Task

A

timed task where people decide if letter strings are English or not

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14
Q

sequential processing

A

mental tasks are done in an order (remembering someone’s name)

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15
Q

parallel processing

A

multiple mental processes at the same time (driving)

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16
Q

priming

A

exposure to one thing can alter behaviour about it (kid sees candy on a red bench… next time it sees a red bench they might think of candy)

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17
Q

conceptually driven processing (top-down)

A

mental processes are guided by our knowledge

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18
Q

data-driven processing (bottom-up)

A

stimuli pieced together from what is perceived in the environment

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19
Q

replication

A

testing a result to produce similar results

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20
Q

3 steps to memory

A

sensory memory (acquisition), short-term memory (storage), long-term memory (retrieval)

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21
Q

sensory memory

A

input in raw sensory form (raindrops on the skin)

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22
Q

short term memory (STM)

A

holds info that’s in use and transfers it

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23
Q

long term memory (LTM)

A

all remembered information

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24
Q

cognition

A

mental processes involved in remembering, thinking and understanding

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25
Q

memory

A

mental processes for acquiring, storing and retrieving information

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26
Q

word frequency effect

A

words that are shown more often are processed quicker

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27
Q

empiricism

A

Aristotle; behaviour influenced by the environment

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28
Q

introspection (structuralism)

A

Wundt; studying one’s own mental processes

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29
Q

structuralism

A

Titchener; studies the structure of the conscious mind

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30
Q

functionalism

A

James; studies the function of consciousness

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31
Q

verbal learning

A

Chomsky; studies verbal stimuli and responses

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32
Q

ecological validity

A

generalizability of real-world situations

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33
Q

reductionism

A

breaking down complex concepts into their components

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34
Q

implicit memory

A

unintentionally remembered information

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35
Q

explicit memory

A

long term memory (recollection)

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36
Q

encoding

A

acquisition; the first step in memory

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37
Q

capgras syndrome

A

the delusion that family/friends are replaced by an identical imposter

38
Q

episodic memory

A

recollection of personal experiences

39
Q

semantic memory

A

long-term memory about facts of the world

40
Q

dissociation

A

the pattern of abilities reveals that one mental process is damaged while the other is intact (K.C)

41
Q

double dissociation

A

two patients showing opposing disruptions

42
Q

simple dissociation

A

process A is damaged while process B has a reciprocal pattern (prosopagnosia)

43
Q

association

A

connection of two processes

44
Q

neurons

A

basic unit in the brain that receives sensory information from the environment

45
Q

3 types of neurons

A

motor, sensory, interneurons

46
Q

sensory neurons

A

receives info from the environment and sends signals to the brain from the spinal cord

47
Q

motor neurons

A

carry the signal from the brain to the muscles to produce movement

48
Q

interneurons

A

connects neurons

49
Q

axon

A

sends signals away from the nucleus

50
Q

dendrites

A

receives signals from other neurons

51
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

fast electrical impulses along the axon

52
Q

terminal buttons

A

sends signals to other neurons

53
Q

neurogenesis

A

creation of new neurons

54
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty coating on the axon that speeds up communication

55
Q

white matter

A

myelinated

56
Q

gray matter

A

unmyelinated

57
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals released in the synapse that exhibit/inhibit a neuron

58
Q

4 types of neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine, norepinephrine, glutamate, GABA

59
Q

acetylcholine

A

muscle contraction, cognitive processes and attention

60
Q

norepinephrine

A

fight or flight, mood and stress

61
Q

glutamate

A

strengthens neural connections

62
Q

GABA

A

weakens neural connections

63
Q

consolidation

A

a permanent establishment of memories

64
Q

long term potential (LTP)

A

temporary strengthening of neural connections before consolidation

65
Q

action potential

A

change in electrical charge when a neuron fires

66
Q

all or none principle

A

the stimulus either passes the threshold and the entire process goes through or it doesn’t and nothing happens

67
Q

hemisphere specialization (lateralization)

A

each hemisphere of the brain has specific functions (left = speech, right = spatial awareness)

68
Q

contralateral

A

the opposite side of the brain controls the opposite side of the body

69
Q

connectionism

A

knowledge is represented through simple interconnected units

70
Q

sensation

A

awareness of sensory information

71
Q

perception

A

interpreting that sensation

72
Q

psychophysics

A

how perceptual differs from physical

73
Q

sensory threshold

A

minimal energy needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time

74
Q

supraliminal

A

detected more than half the time

75
Q

subliminal

A

detected less than half the time

76
Q

just noticeable difference (JND)

A

how much do two stimuli differ to be noticed

77
Q

3 Calculations for JND

A

webers fraction law, fechners law, stevens power law

78
Q

webers fraction law

A

uses weight to determine a difference

79
Q

symbolic distance effect

A

response time depends on how symbolically different they are (have to think about it more)

80
Q

semantic congruity effect

A

response time is faster when the stimuli match our common knowledge

81
Q

saccades

A

eye movement; moving from one fixation point to another (can’t take in information)

82
Q

fixations

A

focusing on one point (taking in information)

83
Q

change blindness

A

miss the change because it happened during a saccade

84
Q

iconic memory

A

short term sensory memory; see the image 250-500ms after it disappears

85
Q

dynamic icons

A

icon images that move

86
Q

template theory

A

pattern stored in the memory to compare incoming stimuli

87
Q

feature theory

A

visual elements that appear in combination with other elements

88
Q

feature detection

A

identifying objects by their distinct features

89
Q

pandemonium

A

the parallel processing to identify a stimulus (feature detection, parallel processing and problem solving)

90
Q

beta movement

A

illusion of motion; images moving so fast it creates one motion

91
Q

phi phenomenon

A

the illusion that something is moving when it’s not

FALL TERM CLASSES (6 decks)

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