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FALL TERM CLASSES > Final Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

transcience

A

lose information across time (forgetting )

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2
Q

absentmindedness

A

everyday memory failures for remembering info/intended activities from insufficient attention (ex. you needed to get groceries but you drove past the grocery store)

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3
Q

blocking

A

temporary retrieval failure of episodic/semantic memory (ex. tip of the tongue)

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4
Q

misattribution

A

remembering a past experience correctly but connecting it to the wrong context (ex. remembering your baby taking their first steps at your house but it was actually at a friend’s house)

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5
Q

suggestibility

A

outside information that incorporates into our own recollection (ex. someone saying ‘That guy had an earring remember?’ and then you remember him with having an earring)

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6
Q

bias

A

our current beliefs influence our memory of past events (ex. remembering you did better on an exam than you did)

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7
Q

persistence

A

remembering facts/events including traumatic memories (failure to forget from intrusive recollection)

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8
Q

algorithm

A

specific rule that’s guaranteed to get the right answer if followed correctly

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9
Q

analogies

A

relationship between two similar concepts

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10
Q

capgras syndrome

A

the delusion that a friend/parent is replaced with an identical imposter

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11
Q

inattentional blindess

A

missing visual stimuli during a fixation

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12
Q

change blindness

A

failure to notice changes during a saccade (ex. magic trick)

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13
Q

cognition

A

mental processes involved in understanding, remembering and thinking

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14
Q

conditional reasoning

A

determination if the evidence supports/refutes or is irrelevant to the stated ‘if-then’ relationship (ex. if today is Sunday, then today is meal prep day)

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15
Q

gamblers fallacy

A

cant recognize the independence of chance events, leading to the belief that you can predict the outcome from the previous outcomes (ex. heads or tails in flipping a coin)

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16
Q

conjunction fallacy/rule

A

where we believe two events happening together is more probable than one event happening alone (ex. he and his son rode a rollercoaster. Is cliff more likely a man? or a man who is an adrenaline junkie?)

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17
Q

feature search

A

searching for a single feature

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18
Q

serial search

A

searching for stimuli one at a time

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19
Q

parallel search

A

searching for several stimuli at a time

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20
Q

consolidation

A

permanent establishment of memories (during sleep)

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21
Q

context-dependent learning

A

recall is better when you are in the same environment where you learned the information

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22
Q

state-dependent learning

A

recall better when your physiological state matches when encoded

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23
Q

decay

A

loss of information due to fading

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24
Q

distributed practice

A

studying in multiple shorter sessions

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25
Q

massed practice

A

studying in one long session (cramming)

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26
Q

dual coding

A

using different types of stimuli to encode more effectively (visual and verbal)

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27
Q

encoding specificity

A

better retrieval when the encoding context matches the retrieval context (ex. underwater/land study)

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28
Q

facilitation of return

A

returning to a previously fixated area (ex. going down a grocery aisle twice)

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29
Q

inhibition of return

A

mentally marking a fixated area so you do not return

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30
Q

filtering

A

ignoring specific information

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31
Q

forgetting curve

A

how learned info slips our mind over time if not rehearsed

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32
Q

free recall

A

recalling in any order

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33
Q

serial recall

A

recalling in the original order

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34
Q

functional fixedness

A

unable to use an object outside the ways it is meant to be used

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35
Q

Gestalt grouping principles (pattern recognition)

A

figure-ground: hidden images in the foreground and background

proximity: grouping objects together because they are close together

similarity: grouping objects together because they are similar in shape/colour

closure: look at closed figures rather than incomplete ones

good continuation: see a continuous image rather than separate pieces

common fate: grouping objects because they are moving together

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36
Q

prototypes

A

one member that possesses all characteristic features

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37
Q

graded membership

A

some objects are closer to the prototype than others

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38
Q

fuzzy boundaries

A

a member of a category is not clearly defined (ex. is a tomato a fruit or vegetable)

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39
Q

hemineglect

A

unable to focus your attention to one side (ex. when asked to draw a clock you only draw numbers on the right side of the circle)

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40
Q

visual sensory memory (iconic)

A

recall visual images for 250-500ms after it disappears

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41
Q

insight

A

the solution to a problem presents itself without warning (‘aha’ moment)

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42
Q

insight problem

A

change your perception of the problem and view it in a different way to get the solution

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43
Q

non-insight problem

A

a regular problem that needs only logical thinking to get the answer (ex. sudoku puzzle)

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44
Q

inference

A

drawing conclusions from behavioural pattern observations (ex. see someone make a weird face from food, so you assume they don’t like it)

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45
Q

introspection

A

studying ones own mental processes (william wundt)

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46
Q

intrusion errors

A

our own knowledge intrudes our ability to remember an event

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47
Q

JND (just noticeable difference)

A

when two stimuli differ just enough to be noticed (from noticing to not noticing)

  1. webers law (weight difference)
  2. fechners law
  3. steven powers law
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48
Q

hill-climbing strategy

A

making decisions that create a direct route to bring you closer to the goal

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49
Q

means-end analysis

A

an end goal is identified/fulfilled by creating subgoals that overcome obstacles along the way

steps:
1. create a goal/subgoal
2. look at differences between current situation and the goal/subgoal
3. look for operator that reduces differences
4. repeat steps 2-4 until goal is reached

50
Q

sensation

A

awareness of sensory stimuli

51
Q

perception

A

the interpretation of that sensory input

52
Q

schema

A

describes whats typical in a situation
(ex. when asked to describe a car you may say it has 4 doors when all cars don’t have 4 doors)

53
Q

sensory memory

A

memory held in raw sensory form

54
Q

sensory threshold

A

minimum energy needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time

subliminal: detected less than half the time
supraliminal: detected more than half the time

55
Q

serial position curve

A

graph of item-by-item accuracy of a recall task

56
Q

situation models

A
  1. same object in 3 locations: 3 events/3 situation models causing interference and the fan effect
  2. 3 objects in the same location: 1 event/1 situation model causing no interference or fan effect
57
Q

syllogism

A

start with a major premise of a general topic and then add a minor premise of a specific topic to create a conclusion

Categorical Syllogism:
ex. major: no insects are warm-blooded, minor: wasps are insects, conclusion: no wasp is warm-blooded)

58
Q

syllogistic reasoning

A

understand how different premises can be combined to create logically true conclusions and what combinations of premises create false conclusions

59
Q

agnosia

A

unable to recognize objects/people even with knowing the features

60
Q

apperceptive agnosia

A

unable to detect the features of an object (identify through colors and texture) (cannot draw images)

61
Q

associative agnosia

A

unable to make connections between what you are seeing and your stored knowledge (can draw the object but not name it)

62
Q

prosopagnosia

A

unable to recognize faces, even their own (identify people through what they are wearing)

63
Q

word frequency effect

A

words shown more frequently are processed quicker than infrequent words

64
Q

primacy effect

A

tendency to remember the first info better compared to what is presented later on

65
Q

recency effect

A

tendency to remember the info at the end compared to what was presented first

66
Q

phonological similarity effect

A

when letters/words sound similar to where it can get confusing

67
Q

cocktail party effect

A

focusing your attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli

68
Q

semantic congruity effect

A

where the decision is faster when the stimulus matches our common knowledge

similar stimuli = slower/less accurate response
distinct stimuli = faster/more accurate response

69
Q

symbolic distance effect

A

response time depends on how different the stimuli are

70
Q

problem-solving set (Einstellung)

A

beliefs/habits or strategies used to solve a problem

71
Q

negative set

A

tendency to solve a problem in a particular way using a single approach when a different approach may be more effective

72
Q

typicality effect

A

typical items are more easily judged as members of a category than atypical items (ex. a robin is a more typical member of the bird category compared to a chicken)

73
Q

misinformation effect

A

misleading info presented after a person witnesses an event can change how the person describes that event later

74
Q

word length effect

A

difficult to remember longer words compared to short words

75
Q

generation effect

A

information you create yourself is easier to remember

76
Q

self-reference effect

A

you remember information better when you relate it to yourself

77
Q

serial positive effect

A

positive relationship between the frequency of rehearsal and the rate of recall

78
Q

serial position effect

A

tendency to remember the first and last items in a list compared to the middle

79
Q

framing effect

A

presenting an option as a loss (negative) or a gain (positive)

ex. choosing between 80% lean beef or 20% fat beef
- positive framed: 80% lean
- negative framed: 20% fat

80
Q

fan effect

A

increase in response time when there is an increased number of associations

81
Q

counterfactual reasoning

A

imagining alternatives to past/future events in a ‘what if…’ way

82
Q

prototype theory

A

human categories made using a mental prototype

83
Q

template theory

A

a pattern stored in memory to compare incoming stimuli

84
Q

standard theory of memory (MODAL MODEL)

A
  1. sensory memory: input stage for external stimuli (encoding)
  2. short term memory: holds information that’s in use and transfers it
  3. long term memory: takes info from STM store and creates long-lasting memories
85
Q

signal detection theory

A

to respond to a stimuli a decision is made if the sensory activation is real/fake

4 responses:
1. Hit: you heard it and you know you did
2. Miss: you didn’t hear it and you know you didn’t hear it
3. Correct Rejection: your right that it was wrong
4. False Alarm: thought you saw it but you didn’t

86
Q

process model/information processing theory

A

the specific mental processes that take place during a task

87
Q

lexical design task

A

timed task where people decide if what they are presented with is a word or not

  1. stimulus is presented
  2. decides if its a word or not
  3. response
  4. accuracy/response time is recorded
88
Q

sequential/serial processing

A

mental tasks occur in orderly stages

89
Q

parallel processing

A

multiple processes occurring at the same time (ex. driving)

90
Q

conceptually driven processing (top-down)

A

mental processes are guided by existing knowledge

91
Q

exemplar theory

A

how we categorize objects

ex. apples: lots of different types of apples

92
Q

RBC theory

A

recognizing different geons leads to object recognition

93
Q

data-driven processing (bottom-up)

A

mental processes guided by what is perceived in the environment

94
Q

script

A

expected knowledge about certain events expected in a specific setting

ex. how you act on the first day of school

95
Q

memory error

A

having a recollection of an event that never happened

96
Q

high prototypicality

A

members closely resemble the prototype

97
Q

low prototypicality

A

members that don’t closely resemble the prototype

98
Q

family resemblance

A

features are shared by many of the category members but all features may not be present in all members

ex. turning non-chairs into chairs (rocks)

99
Q

exemplar

A

using each member of a group to compare

100
Q

flashbulb memory

A

a memory so powerful you remember it vividly

ex. close family member dying

101
Q

reminiscence bump

A

superior memory for life events between ages 15-25

ex. first times (kiss, driving etc)

102
Q

autobiographical diaries

A

write down memories as they occur

103
Q

depths of processing

A
  1. shallow processing: little attention given
  2. deep processing: close attention given
104
Q

judgement of learning

A

assessments people make of how well they have learned the information

105
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

can’t form new memories but remember the past

106
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

can’t recall memories before a specific date

107
Q

law of large numbers

A

a larger sample is more representative of its population than a smaller sample

108
Q

transfer appropriate retrieval

A

memory is more likely to transfer from one situation to another when encoding/retrieval situations match

109
Q

retrieval induced forgetting

A

failure to recall items from retrieval in long term memory

110
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

holds info without storing permanently

ex. repeating a phone number in your head and then forgetting it as soon as you write it down

111
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

uses the meaning of the informatin to store/remember

112
Q

savings score

A

reduction in trials for relearning information compared to originally learning the info

113
Q

boundary extension

A

misremembering an image by seeing the boundaries extended further out compared to what you actually saw

114
Q

representational momentum

A

thinking a moving object stopped further than where it actually did

115
Q

articulatory suppression

A

poorer memory for a set of words when asked to say something while trying to remember those words (interference)

116
Q

connectionism

A

knowledge is represented through simple interconnected units

117
Q

problem solving

A

setting a goal and taking the steps to acheive that goal

  1. initial state
  2. goal state
  3. operators
  4. path constraints
118
Q

well defined problems

A

clear specifications of three elements

  1. initial state (problem situation)
  2. set of operators (rules)
  3. goal state (solution)

ex. finding the shortest path between two points on a map

119
Q

ill defined problems

A

lacks information to get to the solution (multiple ways it can be done and don’t know how to approach it)

ex. tackling the opioid epidemic

120
Q

category

A

mental representation in semantic memory of a class of concepts

121
Q

concepts

A

objects, events or abstract ideas

single concepts = multiple categories
ex. wine: alcohol, spirit, beverage

FALL TERM CLASSES (6 decks)

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