Interferences + Biases + Heuristics Flashcards
Interference
forgetting information from competing recent info
Associative Interference (ASSOCIATION)
poorer accuracy/speed when one idea is associated with two+ other ideas
ex. determining where your car keys are (keys - coffee table) or (keys - pocket)
Proactive Interference (PAST)
trying to remember a new memory is influenced by an old memory
ex. trying to remember your new phone number but your old one keeps coming up
Retroactive Interference (RECENT)
trying to remember an old memory is influenced by a new memory
ex. trying to remember your old phone number after you have memorized your new one
Pragmatic Interference
when reading a statement leads a person to expect something that is not stated
ex. tell participants to recall a sentence but one word is missing and you have to fill it in
the word given is not usual so people often write a more common word
Belief Bias
ignoring logical information and focusing on preexisting common worldview knowledge
ex. syllogism: all fish can swim, salmon can swim , therefore salmon are fish
this conclusion is logically sound because it fits our common knowledge however just because salmon can swim doesnt neccesarily mean they are fish
Confirmation / Typical Bias
seeking information that confirms conclusions we have already made/preexisting beliefs
ex. if your investing and the market is falling, and you form an opinion that its going to fall further: you find information that further confirms that opinion
Familiarity Bias
relying on familar information when making a decision
ex. a patient may not want to take a new mediciation and just take one they know/have taken before
Hindsight Bias
an after the fact judgment if an event was predictable when it wasnt
ex. when to a sports event and afterwards you say you knew that team was going to win this whole time
Heuristic
a guideline: strategy that works most of the time but wont always get you the right answer
‘take the best’
you decide on alternatives based on the first useful information you find
ex. choose to go to a restaurant based off the star ratings but dont look at distance or prices
Satisficing Heuristic
make a decision by taking the first solution that fits your criteria
ex. going to buy a car at a dealership and buy the first car thats blue and in your budget
Recognition Heuristic
base a decision whether you recognize it or not
ex. buying a stock with a familiar name rather than a unfamilar name
Simulation Heuristic
forecasting how an event will turn out/how it could have turned out
Undoing Heuristic
undoing the outcome by changing what led up to it
