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BIO 107 > Midterm 2 (CH. 4,5,6,7) > Flashcards

Midterm 2 (CH. 4,5,6,7) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which person might have a high basal metabolic rate?

A

A 35-year old male fitness trainer

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2
Q

What type of chemical energy powers your brain cells?

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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3
Q

How does ATP provide energy to a cell?

A

It loses a phosphate group, releasing energy in the process

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4
Q

Which molecule powers the chemical work within cells?

A

ATP

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5
Q

Which process provides the carbon dioxide you exhale?

A

aerobic respiration

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6
Q

What type of metabolic pathway requires oxygen?

A

aerobic

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7
Q

River water piped through dams rushes past turbines in hydroelectric plants to create electricity. Which metabolic process relates to this analogy?

A

the passage of hydrogen ions through ATP synthase to make ADP into ATP

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8
Q

Which molecules are required by the body but are not metabolized to produce ATP?

A

minerals

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9
Q

If necessary, our muscles can rely on an anaerobic (fermentative) pathway to metabolize glucose, but this can only last a short period of time. Why can’t our cells survive very long under such anaerobic conditions?

A

Fermentation doesn’t extract enough ATP from glucose to sustain our energy-craving cells

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10
Q

What happens to an ATP molecule after it has released a phosphate?

A

It is phosphorylated and becomes ADP

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11
Q

How do cancer cells differ from normal cells?

A

Cancer cells invade surrounding tissues

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12
Q

During which phase in the cell cycle is DNA duplicated?

A

Interphase

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13
Q

What outcome may result if a gene encoding a protein that regulates at the G1 checkpoint is mutated?

A

Tumors will develop

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14
Q

Why does chemotherapy cause hair loss?

A

Because hair follicles divide rapidly, like cancer cells

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15
Q

Consider a strand of DNA with the sequence AGTTCGATT. What is the sequence of the complementary strand?

A

TCAAGCTAA

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16
Q

Which description is characteristic of DNA?

A

Complementary nucleotides are held together by hydrogen bonds.

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17
Q

What is the correct order of events in the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis

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18
Q

During which process would a cell plate form?

A

cytokinesis in a plant cell

19
Q

During which phase of mitosis are the replicated chromosome aligned in the middle of the cell?

A

metaphase

20
Q

What are the members of a pair of nonsex chromosomes?

A

homologous chromosomes

21
Q

What are the different versions of the same gene?

A

alleles

22
Q

Which statement describes human sperm or egg cells?

A

They have one copy of each chromosome

23
Q

What type of normal human cell contains 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome?

A

Sperm cell

24
Q

How does crossing over increase genetic diversity?

A

Crossing over exchanges genes between homologous pairs

25
Q

Which is a ‘metabolic taxicab’ that shuttles electrons?

A

NADH, FADH2, NADP

26
Q

Which process will follow glycolysis if oxygen is not available?

A

Fermentation

27
Q

What are the largest reservoirs of CO2 on earth?

A

the oceans

28
Q

Which chloroplast structure increases the amount of surface area that is available for photosynthesis?

A

Thylakoids

29
Q

What is the first step of photosynthesis

A

Light reactions

30
Q

What energy molecule is produced during the light reactions and helps to power the Calvin cycle?

A

ATP

31
Q

Which process provides the carbon dioxide you exhale?

A

aerobic respiration

32
Q

What is the region in the middle of a replicated chromosome that connects sister chromatids?

A

centromere

33
Q

During which part of mitosis does the nuclear envelope break down?

A

prophase

34
Q

During which process would a cell plate form?

A

cytokinesis in a plant cell

35
Q

In which phase of the cell cycle are cells most often found?

A

interphase

36
Q

What is the relationship between proto-oncogens and oncogenes?

A
  • proto-oncogens may develop in cancer causing oncogenes as a result of a mutation
37
Q

When do sister chromatids separate?

A

Mitosis and meiosis II

38
Q

What are CAM plants?

A

plants specialized to capture CO2 at night when temperatures are cooler

39
Q

Which is found both in cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

A

Electron Transport Chain

40
Q

During the first step of the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide combines with __________ to form a 6-carbon sugar.

A

RuBP

41
Q

What secretes progesterone after the egg cell is released?

A

Corpus luteum

42
Q

What is pleiotropy?

A

The ability of a single gene to cause multiple effects on an individual’s phenotype

43
Q

In cattle, coat color is an example of codominance, with red color (R1R1), white color (R2R2), and roan color (R1R2). A cross between a white cow and a red bull will result in?

A

all roan cattle (mix of red and white)

44
Q
A

BIO 107 (3 decks)

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