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BIO 107 > Midterm 1 (CH. 2,3) > Flashcards

Midterm 1 (CH. 2,3) Flashcards

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1
Q

Which chemical condition describes the electrons in a water molecule being shared unequally between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms?

A

Polar

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2
Q

Which monomer units combine to form nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

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3
Q

What protein fibers help form the framework of structural support for cells?

A

Cytoskeletal Elements

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4
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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5
Q

What is the ability of living things to maintain a relatively constant internal environment?

A

Homeostasis

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6
Q

What is Pinocytosis?

A

Bulk transport of liquids

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7
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

Bulk transport of solids

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8
Q

Which macromolecule has a sugar-phosphate backbone?

A

Nucleic acid

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9
Q

Why is carbon often involved in chemical bonding?

A

It can form ionic bonds with 4 other elements

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10
Q

What does “hydrophobic” mean?

A

Repelled by water

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11
Q

What term describes the interior of a phospholipid bilayer?

A

Hydrophobic

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12
Q

Although viruses are extremely small, they are too large to enter a cell by passive transport. Which process brings viruses into a host cell?

A

Endocytosis

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13
Q

What is the main purpose of the smooth ER?

A

Makes lipids, detoxifies substances, makes membrane (through lipids made)

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14
Q

Which organelle is a network of membranes involved in the production of proteins?

A

Rough ER

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15
Q

Assume that a plant is suffering from drought and is beginning to wilt. Which cell component is most likely being affected, and what type of molecule is being lost from this structure?

A

Vacuole, water

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16
Q

What is an example of a micronutrient?

A

Potassium

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17
Q

What are the main macronutrients?

A

Carbs, fats, proteins, water

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18
Q

How would the permeability of the phospholipid bilayer of plasma membranes be described?

A

Differentially/semi-permeable

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19
Q

Which organelle is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?

A

Chloroplasts

20
Q

In which eukaryotic cell structure are ribosomes made?

A

Nucleolus

21
Q

How would amino acids and calcium ions from the bloodstream move across a plasma membrane?

A

Facilitated diffusion

22
Q

Which organelle performs cellular respiration?

A

Mitochondrion

23
Q

What monomers combine to form nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

24
Q

What kind of bonds connect complementary DNA strands at the nitrogen bases?

A

Hydrogen bonds

25
Q

Which organelle is a stack of membranous sacs that modifies and sends proteins to proper destinations?

A

Golgi apparatus

26
Q

What is the liquid interior of the chloroplast called?

A

Stroma

27
Q

Which process does not involve molecules moving across cell membranes?

A

Hydrogenation

28
Q

Which molecule requires the most ATP to be used for moving across a plasma membrane?

A

An ion moving against its concentration gradient

29
Q

Which substance uses a transport protein to pass through a plasma membrane?

A

Calcium ions

30
Q

Imagine a balloon is made from a membrane that’s permeable to water but not sugar molecules. How would the balloon be affected if it is filled with a 50% sugar solution and then placed in a beaker of water?

A

The balloon would get larger as it gains water.

31
Q

What type of electric charge do protons carry?

A

Positive

32
Q

Why is oxygen considered highly electronegative?

A

It pulls electrons towards itself

33
Q

Which type of lipid includes sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen?

A

Steroids

34
Q

Why is fiber important for a healthy diet?

A

Fiber helps maintain healthy cholesterol levels

35
Q

What happens to excess protein in the body?

A

It is stored as fat

36
Q

What is the double membrane that encloses the nucleus?

A

Nuclear envelope

37
Q

The _____ is composed of DNA and protein.

A

Chromatin

38
Q

What manufactures cellular membranes by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane?

A

Rough ER

39
Q

Where is calcium stored?

A

Smooth ER

40
Q

What bonds connect strands of DNA to each other?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

41
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

A

Stabilization of phospholipids

42
Q

Where is a bacteria cell’s DNA found?

A

Nucleoid region

43
Q

Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion?

A

Lysosome

44
Q

Why are non-covalent interactions crucial for enzyme function?

A

They allow reversible binding and stabilization of the substrate for catalysis

45
Q

A hydroxyl functional group is represented by:

A

-OH

BIO 107 (3 decks)

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