Final - Review Questions

Question 1

What is the basic structure of most lipids?

Answer 1

glycerol head and up to three fatty acid tails

Question 2

Which monomer units combine to form nucleic acids?

Answer 2

Nucleotides

Question 3

Which organelle functions to break down and recycle large molecules?

Answer 3

Golgi apparatus

Question 4

Which feature is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 4

DNA

Question 5

What term describes the interior of a phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 5

Hydrophobic

Question 6

How does ATP provide energy to a cell?

Answer 6

It looses a phosphate group, releasing energy in the process

Question 7

What is a photosystem?

Answer 7

Clusters of pigments and proteins that capture light energy

Question 8

What is the role of light in photosynthesis?

Answer 8

It energizes electrons

Question 9

Which chloroplast structure increases the amount of surface area that is available for photosynthesis?

Answer 9

Thylakoid

Question 10

During which part of mitosis does the nuclear envelope break down?

Answer 10

Prophase

Question 11

When do sister chromatids separate?

Answer 11

meiosis II and mitosis

Question 12

How many different kinds of gametes can be made by an individual with the genotype AaBb?

Answer 12

4

Question 13

In Labradors, the allele for black coat(B) is dominant to the allele for chocolate coat (b). In multiple crosses between the same (2) black and brown Labs, all 57 of the puppies were black. What must the genotype of the parents have been?

Answer 13

BBxbb

Question 14

What term describes a trait that is controlled by many genes?

Answer 14

Polygenic

Question 15

Which characteristic applies to a normal individual who is a carrier for an X-linked trait such as hemophilia?

Answer 15

The carriers are always female

Question 16

Which molecule serves as the template during translation?

Answer 16

mRNA

Question 17

Which structure always contains three nucleotides?

Answer 17

An anticodon

Question 18

True or false: Both first- and second-line defenses are specific defense mechanisms that can distinguish one pathogen from another.

Answer 18

False

Question 19

In which gland do T cells undergo further maturation?

Answer 19

Thymus

Question 20

Which is a part of the body’s nonspecific defense mechanism?

Answer 20

Skin

Question 21

Of the general categories of neurons, which carry information from the CNS?

Answer 21

Motor

Question 22

What is the function of glial cells?

Answer 22

They support neurons by supplying nutrients

Question 23

Which structure is directly associated with synaptic transmission?

Answer 23

Vesicles

Question 24

What type of neuron carries information toward the central nervous system

Answer 24

Sensory neurons

Question 25

What are interneurons?

Answer 25

Integrating information and forming a response, located between sensory and motor neurons

Question 26

What is the purpose of the myelin sheath?

Answer 26

increases the speed of electrochemical impulses

Question 27

In a chemical synapse, what is the name of the gap between the transmitting and receiving neurons?

Answer 27

Synaptic cleft

Question 28

If the recieving cell were a muscle cell, what neurotransmitter would you expect to find in the synaptic cleft?

Answer 28

ACh (acetylcholine)

Question 29

Which sense is a general sense?

Answer 29

Pressure

Question 30

What is the sudden withdrawal of one's hand from a hot stove?

Answer 30

A reflex

Question 31

What is a nerve?

Answer 31

a bundle of neurons

Question 32

The expression "knee-jerk reaction" refers to someone doing something automatically without thinking. What does this expression mean in biological terms?

Answer 32

In the nervous system, this implies the lack of brain input when executing a spinal reflex

Question 33

How would the speed at which the electrochemical impulse travels down the axon be affected by decreased myelination of an axon?

Answer 33

It would decrease

Question 34

An individual has been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS), which is a disease that leads to deterioration of the myelin sheath that covers some neurons. What is a likely physical symptom of this disease?

Answer 34

Inability to control muscle movement

Question 35

What would a drug that caused sodium to leak into a neuron do?

Answer 35

It would trigger an action potential

Question 36

A drug called ouabain specifically inhibits the sodium-potassium pump. The pump is present in neuron cells and is responsible for repolarization of the neuron. Over time, what would this action of ouabain cause?

Answer 36

Elimination of a concentration gradient