Midterm 2 (Ch. 4,5)

Question 1

Theory

Answer 1

is a statement that suggests a relationship among phenomena.

Question 2

List 4 of the data gathering techniques

Answer 2

Participation-Observation, Interviewing, Census Taking, Mapping.

Question 3

List the other 3 data gathering techniques

Answer 3

Document Analysis, Collecting genealogies, Photography.

Question 4

What is the Diffusion Theory?

Answer 4

A theory that stated certain cultural features were originally invented originally in one or several parts of the world and then spread to other cultures.
Societies change as a result of cultures borrowing from one another.

Question 5

What is Neoevolutionism Theory?

Answer 5

Cultures evolve in proportion to their capacity to harness energy.
Culture is shaped by environmental conditions.
Human populations continuously adapt to techno-environmental conditions.
Individual (personality) factors are de-emphasized.

.
Theorists: Leslie White; Julian Steward

Question 6

What is Qualitative Data?

Answer 6

People’s words, actions, records, and accounts obtained from participant observation,
interviews, group interviews, and relevant documents

Question 7

What is Quantitative data?

Answer 7

Data that are counted and interpreted through statistical analysis

Question 8

What is Phonotype?

Answer 8

Early attempts at human racial classification typically used visible traits (phenotype)
E.g. skin color, hair form, eye structure

Question 9

What is Genotype?

Answer 9

These don’t reflect genetic (Genotype) material but are the result of different populations biologically adapting in similar ways to similar environmental stressors = Natural selection

Question 10

How does an unstructured interview work?

Answer 10

The interviewer asks open-ended questions and allows interviewees to respond at their own pace in their own words
Informant decides what to convey

Question 11

How does a structured interview work?

Answer 11

The interviewer asks all informants the same questions, in the same sequence, and under the same set of conditions (as a safeguard) – Set of data
Asking cultural-specific questions

Question 12

What is a Nation-State?

Answer 12

A stratified society with a formal, central government
Migration, conquest, & colonialism led most nation-states not to be ethnically homogeneous

Question 13

What is Ethnocultural?

Answer 13

A shared sense of belonging to, or identification with, a group based on an element of culture (Language, ancestry, religion, etc.)

Question 14

What is Pluralism?

Answer 14

(political theory) belief that there should be diverse and competing centres of power in society. Legal pluralism, the existence of differing legal systems in a population or area. Pluralist democracy, a political system with more than one center of power.

Question 15

What is Participant-Observation?

Answer 15

Technique of learning a people’s culture through direct participation in their everyday life for an extended time.

Question 16

What is the Emic Approach?

Answer 16

The emic approach (insider view) seeks to describe another culture in terms of the categories,concepts, and perceptions of the people being studied.

Question 17

What is the Etic Approach?

Answer 17

In the etic approach (outsider view), anthropologists use their own categories and concepts to describe the culture under analysis.

Question 18

Studying Culture in the Field

What are the 3 different types of data required?

Answer 18

1. A people’s own understanding of the way things ought to be (values) Emic (Epidemic)
2. Extent to which people feel they are following their cultural rules (norms) Informants
3. Observed behavior → Etic

Question 19

Culture, Space and Scale

Traditional ethnographic research focuses on ..

Answer 19

community or culture

Increasing

Treated as more or less isolated and unique in time and space
Increasingly multi-timed and multi-sited
Impossible to find local phenomena that are isolated from global forces

Question 20

Race in Cesus

What did Canadian census asks about?

Answer 20

“visible minorities”

“persons, other than Aboriginal peoples [aka First Nation in Canada, Native Americans in the United States], who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in color”

Question 21

What is a Ethnographic Interview?

Answer 21

The interview and the subject almost always speak different first languages
Much broader in scope because it elicits information on the entire culture
Used in conjunction with other data-gathering techniques
Documents – polygamy – tax rolls, marriage records
Genealogies – Kinships

Question 22

What are the 5 Basic Stages of Field Research

Answer 22

1. Selecting a research problem
2. Formulating a research design
3. Collecting the data
4. Analyzing the data
5. Interpreting data

Question 23

What is Ethnography

Answer 23

Description of a culture (Uses)

Question 24

What is the Holistic Perspective?

Answer 24

View of culture and the relationship between its parts

Question 25

What does PAR stand for?

Answer 25

Participating-Action Research

Question 26

Anthropology involves the careful and systematic study of humankind using
____ ____ and _____

Answer 26

Facts
Hypotheses
Theories

Question 27

What is Holism?

Answer 27

A distinguishing feature of the discipline of anthropology is its holistic approach to the study of human groups.

Anthropology involves both biological and sociocultural aspects of humanity.
The time frame goes from the earliest beginnings of humans to the present.

Question 28

How is the Ethnographic Interview unique?

Answer 28

The interview and the subject almost always speak different first languages

Used in conjunction with other data-gathering techniques:
Documents – polygamy – tax rolls, marriage records
Genealogies – Kinships

Question 29

What does HRAF Stand for?

Answer 29

Human Relations Area Files

Question 30

What is the HRAF

Answer 30

The world’s largest anthropological data retrieval system, used to test cross-cultural hypotheses.

Question 31

What is Nationalities?

Answer 31

Groups that now have, or wish to have or regain, autonomous political status
Imagined communities (E.g. Kurds – Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria