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Anthropology > Final Exam Review Part 2 > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Social Stratification?

A

System whereby members of a society are ranked higher or lower relative to other members

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2
Q

Social Stratification

Degree of stratification is measured by:

A

Wealth, power and prestige

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3
Q

Social Inequality

Max Weber’s three criteria for measuring social inequality:

A
  • Wealth: The extent to which one has accumulated economic resources
  • Power: The ability to achieve one’s goals and objectives even against the will of others
  • Prestige: Social esteem, respect, or admiration that a society confers on people
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4
Q

Social Inequality

What is Stratified society? Class (open-class) or Caste (closed-class)

A
  • Differences in wealth, power, prestige
  • Open-class shows mobility; closed-class no mobility
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5
Q

Social Inequality

What is Rank Society?

A

Prestige positions closed by birthright

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6
Q

Social Inequality

What is Egalitarian society?

A
  • No differences in wealth, power, prestige
  • Differences based on age and sex ONLY
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7
Q

What are the two theories of Stratification?

A
  1. Functionalist theory
  2. Conflict theory
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8
Q

Theories of Stratification

What is the functionalist theory?

A

Theory suggests that inequality is necessary to maintain complex societies

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9
Q

Theories of Stratification

What is the Conflict theory?

A

Theory suggests that a power struggle takes place between the upper and lower levels of society

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10
Q

What are the 3 ways social class is manifested in?

A
  1. Verbal evaluation
  2. Patterns of association
  3. Symbolic indicators
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11
Q

What are the two types of status in social inequality?

A
  1. Ascribed status
  2. Achieved status
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12
Q

Types of social inequality status

What is ascribed status?

A

Status that people are born into

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13
Q

Types of social inequality status

What is achieved status?

A

Status that an individual earns

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14
Q

What is social mobility?

A

Ability to change one’s class position

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15
Q

What is a closed-class society?

A

no social mobility along wealth, power, prestige
* fixed position by birth

e.g. Caste society

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16
Q

What is an open-class society?

A

Associated with independent nuclear familiars and neolocal residence
* Social mobility along wealth, power, prestige

e.g. Canada

17
Q

What are the four basic kinds of political systems?

A
  1. Bands
  2. Tribes
  3. Cheifdoms
  4. States
18
Q

What are the two kinds of political systems that are uncentralized?

A
  1. Band organization - small group of related families in a region
  2. Tribal organization - group of communities in a region sharing common culture integrated by a unifying factor
19
Q

What are the two kinds of political systems that are Centralized?

A
  1. Cheifdoms - usually unstable , a region ruled from a ranked hierarchy of people
  2. State Society - power centralized in a government
20
Q

What is a centralized political system?

A

Where trade networks and labour specialization produces goods
* political authority and power concentrated in a centralized entity

21
Q

What is the difference between nation and state?

A

Nation: communities of people who see themselves as “one people”
State: power centralized in a governent , usually comprised on many nations

22
Q

What is a cultural control?

A

Internalized Control: Control due to internalized beliefs and values
* Effective deterrents to antisocial behaviour
- fear of disease, death, ghosts, hell

23
Q

What is Social (society’s) Controls?

A

Externalized Control: open coercion

24
Q

Chapter 11: Political Organization and Social Control

What are sanctions?

A

Conformity to social norms
* formal
* Informal

25
Q

What is social control through law?

A
  • The definition of law is contentious: generally the use of over coercion
  • Need to consider each case in its cultural context
  • Laws are formal negative sanctions
26
Q

What are Functions of Law?

A

Defines relationships among society members
* Allocates the authority to use coercion in the enforcement of sanctions
* Redefines social relations and ensures social flexibility

27
Q

What are the settlements of disputes?

A

Negotiation : between 2
Mediation: between 2 with a mediator
Adjudication: indepdendent judge decides

28
Q

Mechanisms of Change

The ultimate source of all change in innovation - what are the two types of innovation?

A

Primary innovations or inventions
Secondary innovations or deliberate applications

29
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Spread of customs or practices between cultures

Large part of cultural inventory due to diffusion
Borrowed elements
Usually compatible
Undergo modification
Sometimes local traits adapt

30
Q

What is Cultural Loss?

A

Change due to disappearance of a cultural trait

31
Q

What is an example of Cultural Loss?

A

West Asia :
* Chariots and carts widely used before 6th century
* Disappeared; replaced by camels
* Camels used as pack animals; worked better

32
Q

What is Forcible change ?

A

Acculturation : major cultural changes forced through contact

Acculturation and diffusion are not equivalent
Merger or fusion
Extinction

33
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Cultures are “for” and “against” people

A

True

34
Q

** What is Cultural Plualism? **

A

More than one culture exists in a society

35
Q

What is Ethnocentrism?

A

Major barrier to adoption and spread of cultural pluralism

Persistent Inequalities
Increased structural violence expected
Increased migration and refugees to Canada

36
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

While cultures appear stable, culture change is characteristic of all cultures to a greater or lesser degree.

A

True

37
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Change can ONLY be forced NOT voluntary

A

False - Change can be forced OR voluntary

38
Q

What is modernization?

A

The global process of change in which traditional cultures acquire the characteristics of industrially “advanced” societies

39
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Solving problems of humanity will require a shift in values in Western societies and development of social responsibility.

A

True

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Anthropology (8 decks)

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