Final Exam Review Part 2

Question 1

What is Social Stratification?

Answer 1

System whereby members of a society are ranked higher or lower relative to other members

Question 2

Social Stratification

Degree of stratification is measured by:

Answer 2

Wealth, power and prestige

Question 3

Social Inequality

Max Weber’s three criteria for measuring social inequality:

Answer 3

• Wealth: The extent to which one has accumulated economic resources
• Power: The ability to achieve one’s goals and objectives even against the will of others
• Prestige: Social esteem, respect, or admiration that a society confers on people

Question 4

Social Inequality

What is Stratified society? Class (open-class) or Caste (closed-class)

Answer 4

• Differences in wealth, power, prestige
• Open-class shows mobility; closed-class no mobility

Question 5

Social Inequality

What is Rank Society?

Answer 5

Prestige positions closed by birthright

Question 6

Social Inequality

What is Egalitarian society?

Answer 6

• No differences in wealth, power, prestige
• Differences based on age and sex ONLY

Question 7

What are the two theories of Stratification?

Answer 7

1. Functionalist theory
2. Conflict theory

Question 8

Theories of Stratification

What is the functionalist theory?

Answer 8

Theory suggests that inequality is necessary to maintain complex societies

Question 9

Theories of Stratification

What is the Conflict theory?

Answer 9

Theory suggests that a power struggle takes place between the upper and lower levels of society

Question 10

What are the 3 ways social class is manifested in?

Answer 10

1. Verbal evaluation
2. Patterns of association
3. Symbolic indicators

Question 11

What are the two types of status in social inequality?

Answer 11

1. Ascribed status
2. Achieved status

Question 12

Types of social inequality status

What is ascribed status?

Answer 12

Status that people are born into

Question 13

Types of social inequality status

What is achieved status?

Answer 13

Status that an individual earns

Question 14

What is social mobility?

Answer 14

Ability to change one’s class position

Question 15

What is a closed-class society?

Answer 15

no social mobility along wealth, power, prestige
* fixed position by birth

e.g. Caste society

Question 16

What is an open-class society?

Answer 16

Associated with independent nuclear familiars and neolocal residence
* Social mobility along wealth, power, prestige

e.g. Canada

Question 17

What are the four basic kinds of political systems?

Answer 17

1. Bands
2. Tribes
3. Cheifdoms
4. States

Question 18

What are the two kinds of political systems that are uncentralized?

Answer 18

1. Band organization - small group of related families in a region
2. Tribal organization - group of communities in a region sharing common culture integrated by a unifying factor

Question 19

What are the two kinds of political systems that are Centralized?

Answer 19

1. Cheifdoms - usually unstable , a region ruled from a ranked hierarchy of people
2. State Society - power centralized in a government

Question 20

What is a centralized political system?

Answer 20

Where trade networks and labour specialization produces goods
* political authority and power concentrated in a centralized entity

Question 21

What is the difference between nation and state?

Answer 21

Nation: communities of people who see themselves as “one people”
State: power centralized in a governent , usually comprised on many nations

Question 22

What is a cultural control?

Answer 22

Internalized Control: Control due to internalized beliefs and values
* Effective deterrents to antisocial behaviour
- fear of disease, death, ghosts, hell

Question 23

What is Social (society’s) Controls?

Answer 23

Externalized Control: open coercion

Question 24

Chapter 11: Political Organization and Social Control

What are sanctions?

Answer 24

Conformity to social norms
* formal
* Informal

Question 25

What is social control through law?

Answer 25

* The definition of law is contentious: generally the use of over coercion * Need to consider each case in its cultural context * Laws are formal negative sanctions

Question 26

What are Functions of Law?

Answer 26

Defines relationships among society members * Allocates the authority to use coercion in the enforcement of sanctions * Redefines social relations and ensures social flexibility

Question 27

What are the settlements of disputes?

Answer 27

Negotiation : between 2 Mediation: between 2 with a mediator Adjudication: indepdendent judge decides

Question 28

# Mechanisms of Change **The ultimate source of all change in innovation - what are the two types of innovation?**

Answer 28

**Primary innovations** or inventions **Secondary innovations** or deliberate applications

Question 29

What is diffusion?

Answer 29

Spread of customs or practices between cultures ## Footnote Large part of cultural inventory due to diffusion Borrowed elements Usually compatible Undergo modification Sometimes local traits adapt

Question 30

What is Cultural Loss?

Answer 30

Change due to disappearance of a cultural trait

Question 31

What is an example of Cultural Loss?

Answer 31

West Asia : * Chariots and carts widely used before 6th century * Disappeared; replaced by camels * Camels used as pack animals; worked better

Question 32

What is Forcible change ?

Answer 32

Acculturation : major cultural changes forced through contact ## Footnote Acculturation and diffusion are not equivalent Merger or fusion Extinction

Question 33

# **TRUE OR FALSE** Cultures are "for" and "against" people

Answer 33

True

Question 34

** What is Cultural Plualism? **

Answer 34

More than one culture exists in a society

Question 35

What is Ethnocentrism?

Answer 35

Major barrier to adoption and spread of cultural pluralism ## Footnote Persistent Inequalities Increased structural violence expected Increased migration and refugees to Canada

Question 36

# **TRUE OR FALSE** While cultures appear stable, culture change is characteristic of all cultures to a greater or lesser degree.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

# **TRUE OR FALSE** Change can ONLY be forced NOT voluntary

Answer 37

False - Change can be forced OR voluntary

Question 38

What is modernization?

Answer 38

The global process of change in which traditional cultures acquire the characteristics of industrially “advanced” societies

Question 39

# **TRUE OR FALSE** Solving problems of humanity will require a shift in values in Western societies and development of social responsibility.

Answer 39

True | luv u bub teehee