Midterm 2 Flashcards
Which of the following statements is LEAST CONSISTENT with the views of humanistic personality theories?
a. Understanding the wholeness of personality is more important than searching for the basic units out of which personality is
constructed.
b. We should not allow subjective perceptions of what is relevant guide objective research in personality.
c. The search for meaning and meaningfulness is at the heart of personality development.
d. The development of full potential is each individual’s most important motive.
e. all of the above are CONSISTENT with the humanistic approach.
B
Maslow, along with Rogers and others, founded the association of Humanistic Psychology 1962. The association was based on
several principles, including that:
a. The primary study of psychology should be the experiencing person.
b. Choice, creativity, and self-realization, rather than mechanistic reductionism, are the concern of the humanistic psychologist.
c. Only personally and socially significant problems should be studied - significance, not objectivity is the watchword.
d. The major concern of psychology should be the dignity and enhancement of people.
e. all of the above
E
Which of the following comparisons concerning Maslow’s views on human motivation is NOT TRUE?
a. Like Freud and Jung, Maslow believed that all human motives are innate.
b. Like Freud, Jung, and Rogers, Maslow believed that there are only a limited number of basic human motives.
c. Like Jung and Rogers, Maslow believed that different motives govern behavior at different ages, or stages of life.
d. Like Jung, but unlike Rogers, Maslow believed that self actualization was not achieved by most people.
e. All of the above ARE TRUE.
C
When Maslow said that human needs are ‘instinctoid’, he meant that they:
a. had evolved over time, and were shared with many other species.
b. were built-in from birth, and resistant to social or environmental manipulation or modification.
c. were derived from the transduction (or sublimation) of more primitive instincts or drives.
d. involve not a single biological drive, but a mixture or combination of basic drives.
e. could be repressed, overlain, or modified by experience - unlike animal instincts.
E
According to Maslow, which of the following would NOT be true:
a. esteem needs are more psychological than are needs for belongingness.
b. physiological needs emerged earlier in evolution than did safety needs.
c. in a few individuals, needs for love and belongingness appear after needs for esteem.
d. cognitive needs are present to some degree in each individual, probably from birth, but certainly from very early in life.
e. all of the above are TRUE
E
When Maslow said that our behaviors are overdetermined, he meant that:
a. they had a strong instinctive basis.
b. they tend to fulfill several need or motives simultaneously.
c. we tend to continue our behavior even after the motive that prompted the behavior has been satisfied.
d. our behavior is determined both by innate needs, and by social pressures.
e. none of the above.
B
Maslow recognized several exceptions to the rule that the D-motives always occur in a fixed hierarchy. Which of the following
is an example of one such exception?
a. John moved from the lowest to the highest level in the need hierarchy without any intervening motives ever appearing.
b. Sue had never experienced hunger in her life. When she finally went hungry while working at a medical clinic in Uganda,
she was able to ignore this low-level need to satisfy higher-level values.
c. Born into the middle of a lengthy civil war, Hakim had never known safety and security. When they finally came at war’s
end, they were not enough - new needs began to emerge.
d. all of the above
e. b and c only
B
"I think that it is important for me to trust my feelings about what is right and best for me.” This statement illustrates which aspect of Maslow's Eight-Fold Way? a. Self development b. honesty c. growth choices. d. judgment e. none of the above.
D
“I think that it is important that I devote all my skills and abilities to achieving the important goals in my life.” This statement
illustrates which aspect of Maslow’s Eight-Fold Way?
a. Self development
b. honesty
c. growth choices.
d. judgment
e. none of the above.
A
If we compare the Maslow’s ideas about self-actualizing with Rogers’ ideas about the actualizing tendency we find that:
a. Rogers believes that actualization is an innate tendency; Maslow believes that it is acquired.
b. both agree that actualization does not begin until more fundamental human motives are satisfied.
c. both agree that there are several other human motives, and that actualization is qualitatively different from these others.
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
A
Which of the following is NOT true of Maslow’ D-perception (D-cognition)?
a. It is rarely characteristic of individuals who are self-actualized.
b. It narrows our focus of attention to stimuli that are most relevant to our current needs.
c. It leads us to be very active in searching for objects, people and activities that will meet our current needs.
d. It makes us more acutely aware of everything that is going on around us.
e. All of the above ARE TRUE of D-perception
D
In describing the self-actualized individual, Maslow noted that:
a. She has the capacity for self-extension, and the formation of many interpersonal relationships.
b. She is less concerned with problems in the outside world than with ideas in her inner consciousness.
c. He is creative, filling his life with new ideas, actions and images.
d. She feels little need for privacy, but prefers to spend as much of her life as possible in the company of others.
e. all of the above
C
Maslow believed that the environment in which an individual lives is important in determining whether or not she can become
self-actualized. Which of the following statements is one Maslow would DISAGREE with?
a. Women today are better able to self-actualize than women 100 years ago, because the former are under less pressure to
conform to sexual stereotypes.
b. People in democratic societies are better able to become self-actualized than those in totalitarian societies because the former
have more freedom to inquire, learn, and take action on that information.
c. People in developed countries are better able to self-actualize than people in poor countries, because the former are less
concerned about satisfying basic D-motives.
d. People are better able to self-actualize if their life does not contain too much or too little stimulation and challenge.
e. Maslow would AGREE with all of the above
E
For Rogers, the importance of the phenomenal field is that:
a. only events and feelings that are part of the phenomenal field can contribute to the growth or enhancement of the individual.
b. material in the phenomenal field is unavailable to consciousness, and therefore cannot be evaluated by the organismic
valuing process.
c. it is the enlargement of the phenomenal field, especially its enlargement to include the feelings of others, that is the central
process of self-actualization.
d. it is that part of an individual’s conscious and unconscious awareness that is shared by all the individuals involved in a single
social interchange.
e. none of the above.
A
Rogers argues that the actualizing tendency:
a. acts to keep the individual in contact with experiences that are consistent with the conditions of worth.
b. is a source of energy and motivation that is totally separate and different from the biological drives.
c. is that built-in source of energy that motivates each individual to maintain and enhance himself or herself.
d. is a motivation toward self-enhancement that emerges once the individual has succeeded in satisfying the biological drives.
e. none of the above.
C
According to Rogers, the organismic valuing process:
a. does not begin to function until the individual has established conditions of worth.
b. leads us to approach and maintain experiences and feelings that will lead to fuller enhancement and development of the Self.
c. only develops if the individual receives unconditional positive regard from others.
d. is the source of psychic energy for the actualizing tendency.
e. more than one of the above
B
According to Rogers, if the individual experiences only unconditional positive regard:
a. the Ideal Self will come to guide the individual’s behavior and life choices.
b. the organismic valuing process will not develop.
c. the actualizing tendency will not be able to function.
d. the development of the Self will be distorted.
e. none of the above.
E
Rogers believes that the Self:
a. is not present at birth, but develops after birth as a special part or subset of the phenomenal field.
b. cannot develop fully unless it receives unconditional positive regard from others.
c. contains within itself the actualizing tendency and the organismic valuing process.
d. all of the above
e. a and b only
E
According to Rogers, the conditions of worth:
a. do not exist until the ideal Self develops.
b. are necessary if the Self is to develop in a way that is consistent with the organismic valuing process.
c. are the conditions we must meet in order to received positive regard from others.
d. begin to develop as the individual experiences incongruence between the Self and ideal Self.
e. none of the above.
C
According to Rogers, the relationship between positive regard, the Self, and conditions of worth is that:
a. if the Self receives only conditional positive regard, then the conditions of worth cannot develop.
b. the Self develops only if the individual’s conditions of worth receive unconditional positive regard.
c. if the Self receives only conditional positive regard, then conditions of worth are established.
d. the Self is the internalized version of the conditions of worth, which are established through unconditional positive regard.
e. none of the above.
C
According to Rogers, an individual experiences incongruence when:
a. she has a feeling or emotion that is inconsistent with the ideal self.
b. he is repelled from a particular course of action because it is inconsistent with the organismic valuing process.
c. she discovers during therapy that her real and ideal selves are inconsistent with each other.
d. he first discovers as a child that love and positive regard are not unconditional.
e. in none of the above situations.
A
If we compare the self-actualizing individual of Maslow, and the fully-functioning individual of Rogers we find that there are
many similarities. Which of the following characteristics is NOT shared by both?
a. She is invariably creative.
b. She has many emotionally intimate relationships.
c. She perceives herself accurately, and without defensiveness.
d. She trusts her inner sense of what is right and appropriate for her.
e. all of the above are shared by both
B
Which of the following is NOT one of the criticisms of Rogers that we mentioned?
a. He ignores almost completely the important role of the unconscious conscious in behavior and personality development.
b. He has a view of human nature that is simplistic and overly moral.
c. He tends to ignore completely the importance of sexual and aggressive motives.
d. He relies heavily on objective measures, and too little on subjective self-report, to determine the effectiveness of therapy.
e. all of the above ARE criticisms we mentioned.
D
John B. Watson’s radical behaviorism held that:
a. psychology must focus on objective, repeatable data.
b. all references to internal processes (consciousness, feeling, etc.) should be banished for objective statements about
observables.
c. psychology should search for relationships between environmental variables and observable behavior.
d. almost all behavior derived from the environment through learning of one sort or another.
e. all of the above.
E
