midterm 2 Flashcards
1
Q
International relations (IR):
A
- the study of how states, and other non-state actors, with a focus on politics
- There is a high degree of institutionalization and order in the international system
2
Q
International political economy (IPE)
A
an approach to IR that considers the intersection of global politics with global economics
3
Q
The Global South in the Study of IR
A
- The study of IR has neglected the Global South
- Traditionally Western/Eurocentric
- Major theories of IR are derived from the Global North experience and perspective
- Chinese IR has begun to challenge the centricity ofWestern IR thought
- See Acharya & Buzan (2009)Non-Western International Relations Theory: Perspectives onand Beyond Asia. New York:Routledge
4
Q
The Global South’s Relevance for IR
A
- The enduring Global North/South divide
- Patterns of conflict
- Transnational issues
- Source of allies or adversaries
- Foreign policy
- Regionalism
- Emerging powers
5
Q
NAM and Group 77
A
- Non-Alignment Movement- 120 countries
- (NAM) and the Group of 77 (G77) (nam= non-alignment movement within context of the cold war, did not want to be apart of the western or soviet world which is why the third world was developed)
- the group 77 (77 states) was apart of the non-aligment - only operate within the un general assembly - tend to driver the assembly agenda
6
Q
Bandung Conference (1955)
A
- around the time of the first wave of decolnization
- first major post WWII conferecne of global south states, primarily Asia and African states
- it was initially organized by Indonesia who has played a large role in global south solidarity
- was attended by 29 newly decolonized countries
- first precursor to the BRICS and NAM
7
Q
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) (1961)
A
- it was an association and powerblock of primarily global south states to counter global polarity of Russia and America
- driving forces in the anti-apartheid movement
- originally led by Yugoslavia
- since the cold war it still continues and focuses on global south solidarity
- largest grouping of states outside the United Nations
- meets every 3 years
8
Q
Group of 77 (G77) and the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (1964)
A
- group of 77 countries originally - now at 134
- sets the international agenda
- from 1945-1960s when the Un was created the US was able to manipulate a voting block within the general assembly
- the UNCTAD - domination within the ECOSOC
9
Q
what did China and BRICS ask for ?
A
- NIEO (new international economic order)
- essentialy asking for 2 things from the international system
- increased international development aid
- renegotiation between trade relations between the global north and south
- also calling for a legally binding framework between multinational corporations
10
Q
Global South Regionalism
A
- Africa: ECOWAS, SADC,CEN-SAD, EASF, CEPGL,UMA, SACU, etc.*
- Asia: APEC, ASEAN, SCO
- Latin America: AndeanCommunity, Pacific Alliance, CARICOM, CLACS,ALBA, Mercosur, etc.*
- The Middle East: Arab League, GCC
11
Q
Case: The African Union
A
- African Union (AU): replaced the 1963 Organization of African Unity (OAU) in2002
- 55 member states
- Goals include African unity, accelerating integration, promoting peace/security and promoting human rights & democracy
- Facilitated the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) (2002)
- Has a close relationship with China-China-Africa Cooperation Forum (FOCAC)
- Has included peacekeeping, humanitarian and enforcement (i.e.suspensions) activities
- increase all economic and political corporation
12
Q
The Role of the United Nations
A
- The UN has been a forum of empowerment
- UN roles in decolonization, development assistance,peacekeeping and enforcement of international law
- Global South has influenced key UN bodies
- General Assembly: G77
- Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
- Includes regional economic commissions (i.e. ECA,ECLAC, etc.)
- Relevant UN bodies include UNCTAD, UNDP, UNHCR,UNHRC, FAO, WFP, WHO, etc.
13
Q
International law
A
- the international rules and principles of state (and non-state actor)interactions and conduct
- Has been more consistently enforced against the GlobalSouth
14
Q
Relevant areas of international law
A
int’l economic law, int’lcriminal law, human rights law,int’l environmental law, refugeelaw, etc.
15
Q
China & International Law
A
- Signed (but not ratified)the Int’l Covenant on Civil and Political Rights(ICCPR) in 1998
- Signed and ratified the Int’l Covenant on. Economic, Social andCultural Rights (ICESCR) in 2001
- joined the World Trade Organization in 2001
- An emerging role in int’l arbitration
- South China Sea dispute
16
Q
Remittances:
A
- individual financial transfers from diaspora communities to home countries
- A large source of income for many Global South states
17
Q
Foreign aid:
A
aka ‘inducements’ or ‘negative sanctions’
18
Q
Official development assistance (ODA):
A
- transfer ofeconomic and material support for development efforts
- Largely driven by Cold War political considerations
- Criticized for interfering with state sovereignty(earmarked aid, aid conditionalities)
19
Q
The Global South in International Trade
A
- Int’l trade has been a driver of economic growth
- Colonialism set the stage for contemporary int’l trade relations
20
Q
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (1947)
A
- Post-WWII multilateral trade rules
- Emphasis on free trade (’most favored nation ’and ‘national treatment’ principles)
-Special and differential treatment principle
21
Q
Special and differential treatment principle
A
Set of proivsions set out to the GATT relaxing trade rules for developing states
22
Q
World Trade Organization (WTO) (1995)
A
- Decisions by consensus
- Includes a Dispute Settlement Body
23
Q
General Agreement on Trade in Services(GATS) (1995)
A
Extended int’l trade rules to the service sector
24
Q
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) (1995)
A
- Growth in Global South regional trade agreements
- Import substitution industrialization (ISI) and Export-oriented industrialization (EOI)
25
Import substitution industrialization (ISI)
focuses on domestic production to replace imports,
26
Export-oriented industrialization (EOI)
prioritizes manufacturing for export markets, aiming for economic growth through international trade and specialization.
27
Offshoring:
- MNCs locating production processes to another country
- Often to reduce labor costs and seek lower regulations
- Sweatshops as a common outcome
28
Foreign direct investment (FDI)
- investment in, or purchasing of, an economic asset in another country
- Often involves a degree of ownership/control
- Tends to be concentrated in certain Global South states
29
Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS) (1995)
- Rules regarding domestic regulations
- Aims to create investment-conducive environments
30
Bilateral investment treaties (BITs)
- Legally binding contracts regarding investments
- OECD’s proposed Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI)
31
International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
Argued to be biased toward North-based companies
32
international Monetary Fund (IMF)
loans for balance-of-payment shortfalls
33
World Bank Group
- loans for development initiatives
- Int’l Bank for Reconstruction and Development(IBRD)
- int’l Development Association (IDA)
- Int’l Finance Corporation (IFC)-Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
- Int’l Centre of the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
34
Decision-making based on weighted voting system
Results in Global North states controlling macro economic policy
35
Debt In the Global South
- Debates around debt relief and forgiveness
- 1970s lending ‘mania’ and 1980s debt crisis
- 1990s Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPCI) & 2000s Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI)
- China accused of 'debt trap diplomacy'
36
what is the organizing principle of the United Nations
- Anarchy is the organizing principle of international relations
37
what is there a high degree of in the international system
There is a high degree of institutionalization and order in the international system
38
what are odious debts
"Odious debts," also known as illegitimate debts, are debts incurred by a despotic regime that a successor government may refuse to honor, arguing the previous government misappropriated the funds and the new government shouldn't be held responsible.
39
what has been a major impediment to development in the global south
international debts
40
what was the Bandung Declaration
Bandung declaration is a 10 piece declaration concerning human rights, anti aggression, peaceful dispute resolution, etc.
41
direct military interventions
unilateral
42
indirect military interventions
iran contra affair
43
Indirect interventions
sanctions, aid (aka inducements)
44
Global North control over
macroeconomic processes
45
northern interventions post 9/11
the war on terror
46
declining terms of trade
a decrease in the ratio of a country's export prices to its import prices
47
1980/1990s trade liberalization
countries, especially developing ones, reducing trade barriers and embracing market-oriented policies
