Cummaltive midterm 2 Flashcards
1
Q
3 elements of the global south
A
- formerly colonized
- lacking/late industrialization
- sustain high levels of poverty
2
Q
regions in the global south
A
africa
latin america - including the carriben
asia
middle east
3
Q
government
A
the formal, centralized and hierarchically structured actors/ institutions of a state in charge of governance
4
Q
governance
A
the informal and formal actors, institutions, and processes that govern
- actors include civil society and market based actors as well
5
Q
govern
A
to produce a degree of order and collective order
6
Q
colonialism
A
formalized political control over another pre-existing political state - practice of imperialism
7
Q
neo-colonialism
A
the continuation of economic control over former colonies despite the cessation of political colonization
8
Q
positionally
A
refers to understanding one’s own social, political and economic position relative to others and how such a position impacts how one thinks
9
Q
theory
A
a simplification of the world in order to help understand it
10
Q
modernization theory
A
the process of modernization experienced in the west provides a guides to what to expect in the developing world
11
Q
stages of development
A
industrialization
urbanization
education
growth of the middle class
pressure to change
political system (i.e., democracy)
12
Q
walt rostow 1960
A
stages of economic growth
13
Q
Seymour lipset 1963
A
argued that economic development leads to democracy
14
Q
inglehart and welzel 2005
A
economic development leads to cultural changes conducive to democracy
15
Q
huntingtons critique
A
argued rapid economic growth destabilizes political institutions
16
Q
dependency theory
A
influenced by marxist and Neo-marxist theory
looks at the economic dependency periphery countries have on the core countries
17
Q
raul prebisch 1950
A
comparative advantage -unequal terms of trade
18
Q
andre gunder franks 1966
A
looks at the economic dependency periphery countries have on the core countries
19
Q
Samir amins 1972
A
how Europe underdeveloped Africa for economic exploitation
20
Q
Cardoso and faletto 1979
A
attention to internal dynamics of developing countries - the compradore class
21
Q
world systems theory
A
focused on the world system as a whole and not just the dependent relations between states
22
Q
Emmanuel wallerstein 1979
A
world systems theory
23
Q
globalization theory
A
the interconnectedness of states
emerged in the 1990s
24
Q
post colonial theories
A
the lasting effects of colonialism
25
new institutionalism theory
institutions explain political outcomes
emphasis on informal institutions
26
rational choice institutionalism
focuses on rules and incentives that guide behaviour
27
logic of consequence
self serving rational actors that act strategically to maximize ones self interest
28
Douglas north 1999
the global south creates a set of incentives to political economic elites that do not encourage productive activity
29
historical institutionalism
critical junctures and path dependence - lasting legacies
30
Robert Putnam 1993
informal institutions create high levels of cooperation which leads to economic development
31
sociological institutionalism
emphasis onboard social and cultural practices
- actors act according to a logic of appropriateness
32
logic of appropriateness
meaning they will act according to what is socially appropriate
33
what are the three historical periods
pre colonial
colonial
post colonial
34
James chiriyankandath 2017
the varying patterns of state formation influenced how states were colonized and their post-colonial development
35
Christopher clapham 2000
pre-colonial statehood is a good predictor of the resilience of post-colonial states
36
pierre engelbert 2000
differences in state capacity in Africa is related to the congruence and incongruence of pre colonial institutions
37
the buganda kingdom
dual social and administrative structures
traditional and modern (kings and prime ministers)
38
imperialism
controlling formally or indirectly using force or threat of force
39
mandates
newly free/ independent territories unable to self-govern
40
protectorates
weaker states with a degree of autonomy that relies on colonial powers to plat a guardian role - bilateral agreement
41
dominions
former colonies who still acknowledge former colonial powers supremacy
42
colonies
formally politically and economically controlled by the colonizer
43
early 16th century colonizers
spain
44
later 16th and 17th century colonizers
the dutch
england
france
45
19th century colonizers
belgium- germany - italy
46
the scramble for Africa
late 19th century division and colonization of Africa by European colonizers (1881-1914)
47
berlin conference
1884-1885 divided Africa into 40 colonies
by the end over 90% of the continent had been colonized
48
characteristics of colonialism
extractive
autocratic
coercive
cheap
development
entrenched ideologies and systems
49
king Leopold II
king of Belgium
colonized the DRC and used it as his personal estate and extracted a fortune from the country
10 million people died from his 25 year old rule
50
direct rule
colonizers ruling directly in a country
51
indirect rule
use of pre-existing, pre-colonial local political structures to govern; local rulers allied and supervised by colonial powers
52
settler colonies
where colonizers sought to be the primary settling population in the colonial territory
53
settler colony of Africa
pre-colonial territory populated by the Bantu ethnic groups
first colonized by the dutch
anglo-zulu war
54
native location act of 1879
formalized a pass system designed to segregate black South Africans
55
native location act 1910
South African independence; existing patterns of racial segregation became more avert and formalized
56
1913 natives land act
restricted black land ownership
57
apartheid
system of legalized racial segregation in South Africa
- began in 1949, ended in 1991
58
prohibition of mixed marriages act 1949
prohibition of mixed races marrying
59
population registration act 1950
register as one of four racial categories
60
Bantu Education act 1853
separate education system designed to promote physical labour positions for black South Africans
61
4 reasons why apartheid ended
1. increasing militancy of internal opposition
2. official condemnation from the UN
3. the global BDS movement - boycott, divest, sanction
4. international sanctions against the regime
62
samori Toure
one of the most successful cases of indegenous resistance; fought the French for 2 decades before losing in 1898
63
haile Selassie
the single case of a European empire defeated in Africa; made a successful stand against Italy in 1896, Italy defeated by the Kenya land and freedom army
64
decolonization
mass wave of decolonization in 1960s due to weakening European powers from the Cold War
65
resolution 1514 (1960)
the UN general assembly officially condemning colonialism
66
what colonies gained independence earlier
1. Egypt
2. iraq
3. india
4. pakistan
5. Haiti - Haitian revolution
67
decolonization
rapid decolonization process
states left with unstable political, economic, and administrative structures
some colonial powers would sabotage infrastructures, public buildings, and government documents
68
Mahmood Mamdani
citizen and subject: contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism
69
development
idea began post WWII period to progress human well being
UNDP (un development programme 1994)
70
types of development
institutional development
economic development
human development
sustainable development
71
human development index
combines
1. total income by residents
2. life expectancy
3. education
72
4 elements of a state
1. population
2. territory
3. government
4. sovereignty
73
states provide
public goods that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous
74
strong states in the global south
China
South Korea
Botswana
Taiwan
Malaysia
75
weak states in the global south
85% of the worlds population live in a weak state
76
fragile state index
created by Fund for Peace
indicators of a fragile state
1. cohesion
2.economic
3.political and social indicators
77
state capacity dimensions
1. extractive capacity
2. coercive capacity
3. administrative capacity
78
the case of Haiti
1. first colonized by Spain then France
2. 1791 Haiti revolution
3. current crisis erupted in 2018
4. 2023 UN Security Council approves the multinational security support mission in Haiti
79
organizing Principle in IR
anarchy
80
international political economy
intersection of global politics and global economics
81
study of IR in the global south
traditionally western/ Eurocentric
82
global south relevance in IR
1. enduring global north/ south divide
2. patterns of conflict
3. transnational issues
4. source of allies and adversaries
5. foreign policy
6. regionalism
7. emerging powers
83
post 9/11
war on terror
84
global north has
control over macroeconomic processes
85
bandung conference
attended by 29 newly colonized states in 1955
86
bandung declaration
10 piece declaration concerning
1. human rights
2. anti aggression
3. peaceful dispute resolution
first precursor of BRICS and NAM
87
non-alignment movement 1961
group of primarily global south states that didn't align with Russia or America during the Cold War
meets every 3 years
Biggest grouping of states outside of the United Nations - 120 members
88
G77
sets the international agenda within the general assembly
group of 77 countries - now at 134
89
China and BRICS and the new international economic order
asking for 2 things
1. increased international development aid
2. renegotiation of trade relations between the global north and south
also calling for a legally binding framework between multinational corporations
90
the African union
replaced the 1963 organization of African unity in 2002
consists of 55 member states
goals are
1. African unity
2. accelerating integration promoting peace and security
3. promoting human rights and democracy
4. facilitated the new partnership for African development
91
countries in BRICS
Brazil
russia
india
china
92
role of the united nations
forum of empowerment
un roles in decolonization, development assistance, peacekeeping and enforcement of international law
93
relevant UN bodies
UNCTAD
UNDP
UNHRC
FAO
WFP
WHO
94
areas of international law
1. international economic law
2. international criminal law
3. human rights law
4. international environmental law
5. refugee law
95
China and International law
signed - but not ratified the
- international covenant on economic social and cultural rights (ICESCR) in 2001
- in 2001 joined the WTO
96
remittances
having to pay taxes to ur home countries
- a lot of global south rely on remittances for their GDP
97
foreign aid
aka inducements or negative sanctions
98
Official development assistance (ODA)
transfer of economic and material support for developing efforts
- criticized for interfering with state sovereignty
99
the global south in international trade
driver of economic growth
100
declining terms of trade
a decrease in the ratio of a country's export prices to import prices
101
1980s/1990s trade liberalization
developing countries cutting tariffs, reducing non-tariff barriers, and adopting more market-oriented policies
102
GATT 1947
post WWII multilateral trade rules - emphasis on free trade
103
the most favourite nation principle
principle requires countries to treat all WTO members equally in trade
104
national treatment principle
mandates that foreign and domestic goods, services, and businesses be treated equally within a country borders
105
special and differential treatment principle
states that developing countries should get special treatment and rights regarding trade to treat them more fairly
106
WTO
decisions by consensus - includes a dispute settlement body
107
GATs 1995
general agreement on trade in services - extended international trade rules to the service sector
108
TRIPS 1995
agreement on trade related aspects of intellectual property rights
109
import substitution industrialization
focuses on producing products domestically
110
export oriented industrialization
focuses on exporting goods and economic growth through trade
111
offshoring
MNC locating production processes to another country to reduce e labour costs and regulations
sweat shops
112
foreign direct investment
investing in another country
113
BITS
bilateral investment treaties
legally binding contracts regarding investments
114
TRIMS 1995
agreement on trade related investment measures regarding domestic regulations
115
MAI
multilateral agreement on investment - OECD proposed
116
ICSID
international centre for the settlement of investment disputes - argued to be biased toward north-based companies
117
IMF
international monetary fund
loans for balance of payment shortfalls
118
world bank group
loans for development initiatives
119
Bretton woods institutions
decision-making based on weighted voting system - results in global north states controlling macro economic policy
120
global south debt
major impediment to development
1970s lending mania
1980s debt crisis
121
HIPCI 1990
heavily indebted poor countries initiative
122
MDRI 2000
Multilateral debt relief initiative
123
odious debts
debts that are acquired by a formal leader
- when a new leader takes over they feel as though they shouldn't have to pay off the debt
124
debt trap diplomacy
china accused of
125
the Palestine Israel situation
the most enduring post WWII conflict
126
factors o armed conflict in the global south
1. state weakness
2. identity
3. economic underdevelopment
4. resource competition
5. external factors
6. colonial legacies
127
humanitarian crises
events resulting in threats to peoples well-being on a mass scale
128
armed conflicts
mass human rights abuses, forced displacement, war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide
129
OCHA
UN office for the coordination of Humanitarian affairs
130
conflict in pre-colonial era
war is the oldest form of interaction among political units = pre modern warfare
131
examples of pre colonial period regarding conflict
conquests of the Inca empire
132
National Liberation
haitian revolution
Indonesia against the dutch
African national congress - against the apartheid regime
133
post colonial conflict (Cold War era)
1. locally rooted class conflict
2. super power intervention
3. proxy wars
134
iran contra affair
paying Nicaragua to US - violated number of sanctions (violations in the US)
135
Proxy conflicts
a military conflict where a third party or major power supports opposing sides in a conflict, but avoids direct military confrontation with the other major power.
136
proxy conflict: Zimbabwe
The settler colony of Southern
Rhodesia under white minority rule faced
resistance from the leftist Zimbabwe
African National Union (ZANU) and the
Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU)
militant movements in 1970s
137
Proxy conflict: Angola
US supported right-wing opposition
armed group National Union for the Total
Independence of Angola (UNITA) against
the Soviet supported People’s Movement
from the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)
138
proxy conflict: Mozambique
US supported the right-wing
insurgency National Resistance (RENAMO)
to overthrow the Soviet-supported party
the Mozambique Liberation Front
(FRELIMO) in a civil war from 1977-1992.
139
great powers fighting in the global south
vietnam (1955-1975)
- US, Chines, Russian involvement - became a regional conflict
- soviet afghan war (1979-1989)
140
armed conflict in the post Cold War global south
new patterns of ethnic conflicts - state weakness / failure
141
resource curse
refers to "rentier states"
1. undermines accountable government
2. fuels conflicts to capture rents (profits)
3. Dutch disease
142
rentier states
A rentier state is characterized by a government that relies heavily on external sources of income, such as resource extraction or transit fees, rather than domestic economic activit
143
dutch disease
when we see rapid economic development in one industry (usually extractive) at the expense of other industries - negative overall growth
144
post 9/11 armed conflict in the global south
increasing role of religion in conflict
145
post 9/11 conflict : syria
civil war following the Arab spring protests
146
post 9/11 conflict: yemen
civil war between Houthi forces and President Hadi’s gov’t forces backed by the US and Saudi
Arabia
-ISIS and al-Qaeda in the Arabian
Peninsula (AQAP) have carried out
attacks
147
profiling armed conflict in the DRC
- the DRC became independent
in 1960 from Belgium
-First independence Prime Minister
was assassinated and replaced by
the US-supported Mobutu Sese Seko
(renamed the country Zaire)
-A kleptocracy under Mobutu
- First Congo War (1996 – 1997)
- Second Congo War (1998 – 2003)
–’The Great War of Africa’
2024/2025: M23 rebels and Rwanda
make advances in eastern DRC
