final exam Flashcards
1
Q
State fragility
A
Fragile State Index Armed conflict I.e. ACLED Conflict Index
2
Q
rule of law
A
WJP Rule of Law Index
3
Q
Relatively higher levels of corruption
A
Corruption Perception Index
4
Q
Colonialism
A
formalized political control over another pre-existing political state
5
Q
Neo-colonialism
A
the continuation of economic control over former colonies despite the cessation of political colonization
6
Q
Post-colonial theory
A
- refers to theories regarding the legacies of colonialism in the post-colonial period
- Referred to as ‘subaltern studies’ from perspectives critical of capitalism
7
Q
Modernization theory
A
Understands Northern ‘modernization’ a guide (or evaluative measure) for theGlobal South
8
Q
Dependency theory
A
Underdevelopment is based on the structural dependence of the ‘periphery’ (Global South)on the ‘core’ (Global North) (aka neo-colonialism)
9
Q
Globalization theory
A
Role of various globalization processes as they related to Global South politics
10
Q
New institutionalism theories
A
Institutions explain outcomes
11
Q
Stages of development:
A
industrialization -> urbanization -> education -> growth of middle class -> pressure to change political system (i.e. democracy) = from a ‘traditional’ to ‘modern’ societies
- there is no definitive conclusion on economic growth and democratization -THERE IS NO CLEAR CONNECTION
12
Q
modernization theorists
A
walt rostow
Seymour lipset
inglehart and welzel
huntingtons critique
13
Q
Walt Rostow’s
A
Stages of Economic Growth - also theorized photo above, og modernization theorist
14
Q
Seymour Lipset (1963)
A
- argued that economic development leads to democracy
- -followers argued that economic development instigates social changes (i.e. middle class growth)
15
Q
Inglehart & Welzel (2005)
A
Argued that economic development leads to cultural changes conducive to democracy
16
Q
Huntington’s Critique
A
- Samuel Huntington’s (1968) Political Order in Changing Societies:
- argued rapid economic growth could destabilize political institutions
- Emphasized the importance of order (the degree, not the type of gov’t) such as strong institutions
17
Q
dependency theory - elaborated
A
> the determining role of processes of economic production and/or exchange and the social class relationships embedded in them”
- underdevelopment is associated with intergration into the international capitalist economy and the exploitation by foreign economic and political interests = underdevelopment is based on economic dependence
- influenced by Marxist/neo-marxist theories
- Emerged in late 1960s in opposition to modernization theory
- -Argued modernization theory reflects the interests of the capitalist elites and neglects the external dynamics of development (i.e. colonialism)*
18
Q
dependency theorists
A
raul presbisch
andre gunder frank
samir amin
Walter Rodney
cardosso and faletto
19
Q
Raul Prebisch (1950s)
A
criticized the idea of ‘comparative advantage’ in trade theory-emphasis on unequal terms of trade
20
Q
Andre Gunder Frank’s (1966)
A
- The Development of Under development
- Conceptualized the dependent relationship of the global ‘periphery’ or ‘satellite economies’(Global South) on the ‘core’ or ‘metropolis’ (Global North)
- “[…] underdevelopment is in large part the historical product of the past and continuing economic and other relations between the Satellite underdeveloped and the now-developed Metropolitan countries” (Fran
21
Q
Samir Amin’s (1972)
A
Under development and Dependence in Black Africa applied dependency to Africa, placing emphasis on int’l trade and investment
22
Q
Walter Rodney’s (1972)
A
how European colonialism underdeveloped Africa through (continued) economic exploitation
23
Q
Cardoso & Faletto (1979):
A
Attention to the internal dynamics of developing countries (i.e. the ‘compradore class’) and considered ‘dependent development’
24
Q
world systems theory
A
- Grew out of dependency theory
- Emmanuel Wallerstein’s (1979) The Capitalist World Economy
- Focused on a ‘world system’ as a whole and not just dependence relations between states, comprised of ‘periphery’, ‘semi-periphery’ and ‘core’
- World system: “interregional and transnational division of labor which divides the world into core, semi-periphery and peripheral countries” (Wallerstein, 1979)
25
globalization theory elaborate
- Diverse theories focusing on dynamics of globalization in relation to Global South politics
- globalization reaches every part of the world just in uneven terms
- Place emphasis on transboundary issues, globalization’s challenges to the state and relation to development
- Emerged in the 1990s
- globalization first emerged with colonialism
- Tend to focus on economic issues (i.e. trade, FDI and finance) and/or the social/cultural dimension of globalization ( i.e. cultural diffusion and hybridization)
26
post colonial theorist
Edward saids
27
world system theorist
Emmanuel wallerstein
28
post colonial theories elaborate
dependency theory and globalization theory is technically a post-colonial theory
- “Examines the continuing impact that colonialism has on post-colonial development” (textbook,p. 30)
- Emphasizes current ‘post-colonial’ forms of colonialism or neo-colonialism
29
Edward Said’s (1978)
- Orientalism
- Argued that the Western developmental perspective ‘essentialized’ developing societies as an ‘exotic’ other
- The ‘Orient’ or the ‘Global South’ isa Western invention
30
Rational Choice Institutionalism
- Focuses on the rules and incentives that constrain and direct rational individual behavior and choice
- Actors behave according to a ‘logic of consequence’ (self-serving rational actors that act strategically to maximize the attainment of their interests)
31
rational choice theorist
Douglass north
32
Douglass North (1999)
Argues particular institutional configurations in the Global South create a set of incentives (payoffs) to political/economic elites that do NOT encourage productive activity
33
Historical Institutionalism
Emphasis on ‘path dependence’ (institutional legacies that are long lasting and difficult to change) and ‘critical junctures’ (critical moments with lasting consequences)
34
Historical Institutionalism theorist
Robert Putnam (1993)
35
Robert Putnam (1993)
Argues that informal institutions of reciprocity norms and civic engagement create ‘virtuous cycles’ of high levels of cooperation, trust and civic engagement, thereby contributing to economic development
36
Sociological Institutionalism
- Emphasis on social and cultural institutions and practices
- “Stress the role of norms and values in constituting institutions and in socializing individuals to conform to behavior” (textbook, p. 46)
- Actors act according to a ‘logic of appropriateness’, meaning they will act according to what is socially appropriate
37
pre colonial theorists
james Chiriyankandath (2017)
Christopher Clapham (2000)
Pierre Englebert (2000)
38
James Chiriyankandath (2017)
“Varying patters of state formation in pre-colonial Africa, Asia, the Americas and Australasia influenced both the kind of colonization and their post-colonial development” (Textbook p. 31)
39
Christopher Clapham (2000)
Degree of pre-colonial statehood is a good predictor of the resilience of post-colonial states
40
Pierre Englebert (2000)
Argues that differences instate capacity and economic growth in Africa are largely a result of the congruence or in congruence of pre-colonial institutions with those of the colonial and post-colonial periods
41
Fragile State Index
- Created by the **Fund for Peace**
- Measures state strength/fragility
- Indicators include: cohesion, economic, political and social indicators
- cohesion indicators: internal security
- economic indicators: economic development, equitable distribution
- political indicators: state legitimacy, rule of law, human rights
- social indicators: external intervention, displacement
- Divides states into very sustainable, sustainable, very stable, more stable, stable, warning, elevating warning, high warning, alert, high alert and very high alert **categories**
42
State Capacity Index
- Produced by **Our World in Data**
- Measures state capacity
- Uses 21 indicators along **3 dimensions:** extractive capacity, coercive capacity and administrative capacity
- coercive capacity: can you pay off cops?
- administrative capacity: can they provide proper education?
43
International relations (IR):
- the study of how states, and other non-state actors, with a focus on politics
- There is a high degree of institutionalization and order in the international system
44
International political economy (IPE)
an approach to IR that considers the intersection of global politics with global economics
45
The Global South in the Study of IR
- The study of IR has neglected the Global South
- Traditionally Western/Eurocentric
- Major theories of IR are derived from the Global North experience and perspective
- Chinese IR has begun to challenge the centricity ofWestern IR thought
46
The Global South’s Relevance for IR
- The enduring Global North/South divide
- Patterns of conflict
- Transnational issues
- Source of allies or adversaries
- Foreign policy
- Regionalism
- Emerging powers
47
NAM and Group 77
- Non-Alignment Movement- 120 countries
- (NAM) and the Group of 77 (G77) (nam= non-alignment movement within context of the cold war, did not want to be apart of the western or soviet world which is why the third world was developed)
- the group 77 (77 states) was apart of the non-aligment - only operate within the un
48
Bandung Conference (1955)
- around the time of the first wave of decolnization
- first major post WWII conferecne of global south states, primarily Asia and African states
- it was initially organized by Indonesia who has played a large role in global south solidarity
- was attended by 29 newly decolonized countries
- first precursor to the BRICS and NAM
49
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) (1961)
it was an association and powerblock of primarily global south states to counter global polarity of Russia and America
- driving forces in the anti-apartheid movement
- originally led by Yugoslavia
- since the cold war it still continues and focuses on global south solidarity
- **largest grouping of states outside the United Nations**
- meets every 3 years
50
Group of 77 (G77) and the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
- group of 77 countries originally - now at 134
- sets the international agenda
- from 1945-1960s when the Un was created the US was able to manipulate a voting block within the general assembly
- the UNCTAD - domination within the ECOSOC
51
what did China and BRICS ask for ?
- NIEO (new international economic order)
- essentialy asking for 2 things from the international system
1. increased international development aid
2. renegotiation between trade relations between the global north and south
- also calling for a legally binding
52
Global South Regionalism
- Africa: ECOWAS, SADC,CEN-SAD, EASF, CEPGL,UMA, SACU, etc.*
- Asia: APEC, ASEAN, SCO
- Latin America: AndeanCommunity, Pacific Alliance, CARICOM, CLACS,ALBA, Mercosur, etc.*
53
Case: The African Union
Organization of African Unity (OAU) in2002
- 55 member states
- Goals include African unity, accelerating integration, promoting peace/security and promoting human rights & democracy
- Facilitated the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) (2002)
- Has a close relationship with China-China-Africa Cooperation Forum (FOCAC)
- Has included peacekeeping, humanitarian and enforcement (i.e.suspensions) activities
- increase all economic and political corporation
54
The Role of the United Nations
- The UN has been a forum of empowerment
- UN roles in decolonization, development assistance,peacekeeping and enforcement of international law
- Global South has influenced key UN bodies
- General Assembly: G77
- Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
- Includes regional economic commissions (i.e. ECA,ECLAC, etc.)
- Relevant UN bodies include UNCTAD, UNDP, UNHCR,UNHRC, FAO, WFP, WHO, etc.
55
International law
- the international rules and principles of state (and non-state actor)interactions and conduct
- Has been more consistently enforced against the GlobalSouth
56
Relevant areas of international law
int’l economic law, int’lcriminal law, human rights law,int’l environmental law,
57
China & International Law
- Signed (but not ratified)the **Int’l Covenant on Civil and Political Rights(ICCPR)** in 1998
- Signed and ratified the **Int’l Covenant on. Economic, Social andCultural Rights (ICESCR)** in 2001
- joined the **World Trade Organization** in 2001
58
Remittances:
- individual financial transfers from diaspora communities to home countries
- A large source of income for many Global South states
59
Foreign aid:
aka ‘inducements’ or ‘negative sanctions’
60
Official development assistance (ODA):
- transfer ofeconomic and material support for development efforts
- Largely driven by Cold War political considerations
- Criticized for interfering with state sovereignty(earmarked aid, aid conditionalities)
61
The Global South in International Trade
- Int’l trade has been a driver of economic growth
- **Colonialism** set the stage for contemporary int’l trade relations
62
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (1947)
- Post-WWII multilateral trade rules
- Emphasis on free trade (’most favored nation ’and ‘national treatment’ principles)
-Special and differential treatment principle
63
Special and differential treatment principle
Set of proivsions set out to the GATT relaxing trade rules for developing states
64
World Trade Organization (WTO) (1995)
- Decisions by consensus
- Includes a Dispute Settlement Body
65
General Agreement on Trade in Services(GATS) (1995)
Extended int’l trade rules to the service sector
66
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) (1995)
- Growth in Global South regional trade agreements
- Import substitution industrialization (ISI) and Export-oriented industrialization (EOI
67
Import substitution industrialization (ISI)
focuses on domestic production to replace imports,
68
Export-oriented industrialization (EOI)
prioritizes manufacturing for export markets, aiming for economic growth through international trade and specialization.
69
Offshoring:
- MNCs locating production processes to another country
- Often to reduce labor costs and seek lower regulations
- Sweatshops as a common outcome
70
Foreign direct investment (FDI)
- investment in, or purchasing of, an economic asset in another country
- Often involves a degree of ownership/control
- Tends to be concentrated in certain Global South states
71
Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS) (1995)
- Rules regarding domestic regulations
- Aims to create investment-conducive environments
72
Bilateral investment treaties (BITs)
- Legally binding contracts regarding investments
- OECD’s proposed Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI)
73
International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
Argued to be biased toward North-based
74
international Monetary Fund (IMF)
loans for balance-of-payment shortfalls
75
World Bank Group
- loans for development initiatives
- Int’l Bank for Reconstruction and Development(IBRD)
- int’l Development Association (IDA)
- Int’l Finance Corporation (IFC)-Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
- Int’l Centre of the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
76
Decision-making based on weighted voting system
Results in Global North states controlling macro economic policy
77
what is the organizing principle of the United Nations
- Anarchy is the organizing principle of international relations
78
what is there a high degree of in the international system
There is a high degree of institutionalization and order in the international system
79
what was the Bandung Declaration
Bandung declaration is a 10 piece declaration concerning human rights, anti aggression, peaceful dispute resolution, etc.
80
direct military interventions
unilateral
81
indirect military interventions
iran contra affair
82
Indirect interventions
sanctions, aid (aka inducements)
83
United Nations Development Programme
The United Nations Development Programme is a United Nations agency tasked with helping countries eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth and human development. The UNDP emphasizes on developing local capacity towards long-term self-sufficiency and prosperity.
84
Ending of Apartheid
- Ended in 1991 due to:
1. Increasing militancy of internal opposition (primarily by the African National Congress)
2. Official condemnation from the UN
3. The global BDS movement – boycott, divest, sanction
4. international sanctions against the regime
85
Decolonization, Independence
- United Nations played key role in the decolonization process
- General Assembly passed Resolution 1514 (1960),officially condemning colonialism
86
UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
formerly known as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, is the UN's leading institution dealing with trade and development, established in 1964 to promote the interests of developing countries in world trade.
