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midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 elements that makes a country apart of the global south

A
  1. formerly colonized
  2. lacking/late industrialization
  3. sustain high levels of poverty
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2
Q

what’s regions are apart of the global south

A

africa
latin america - carribean
asia
Middle East

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3
Q

what is colonialism

A

formalized political control over another pre existing political state

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4
Q

what is Neo-colonialism

A

the continuation of economic control over former colonies despite the cessation of political colonization

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5
Q

what is positionally

A

refers to understanding ones own social, political and economic position relative to others and how such a position impacts how one thinks

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6
Q

what is modernization theory

A

a theory that societies progress through stages from traditional to modern, with technological change and economic growth being key drivers.

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7
Q

what are the stages of development

A

industrialization - urbanization - education - growth in the middle class - pressure to change - political system (i.e democracy)

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8
Q

Walt Rostow

A

1960 - stages of economic growth

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9
Q

Seymour lipset

A

1963- argues that economic development leads to democracy - followers argued that economic development instigates social changes (i.e middle class)

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10
Q

inglehart and welzel

A

2005 - argues that economic development leads to cultural changes conducive to democracy

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11
Q

what is Huntingtons critique

A

1968- argues rapid economic growth could destabilize political institutions - emphasized the importance of order (the degree not the type of government) such as strong institutions

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12
Q

what is dependency theory

A

underdevelopement is associated with integration into the international capitalist economy and the exploitation by foreign economic and political interests

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13
Q

what other theories influence dependency theory

A

marxist and Neo-marxist theories - emerged in the 1960

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14
Q

Raul Presbisch

A

1950s - criticized the idea of comparative advantage in trade theory - emphasis on unequal terms of trade

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15
Q

Andre Gunder Franks

A

1966 - the development of underdevelopment - conceptualized the dependent relationship of the global “periphery” or “satellite economies” (global south) on the ‘core’ or ‘metropolis’ (global north)

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16
Q

Samir Amin

A

1972- how Europe underdeveloped Africa - applied to Africa to argue how European colonialism under-developed Africa through (continued) economic exploitation

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17
Q

Cardoso and Faletto

A

1979- attention to internal dynamics of developing countries (i.e, the compradore class) and considered ‘dependent development’

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18
Q

world systems theory

A

Emmanuel wallerstein 1979 - the capitalist world economy - focused on a ‘world system’ as a whole and not just dependence relations between states compromised of ‘periphery’ or ‘semi-periphery’ and ‘core’

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19
Q

what is Globalization Theory

A

place emphasis on transboundary issues, globalizations challenges to the state and relation to development

emerged into the 1990s

focused on economic issues (i.e trade, FDI and Finance) and/ or social/cultural dimension of globalization (i.e cultural diffusion and hybridization)

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20
Q

what is post colonial theories

A

examines the continuing impact that colonialism has on post-colonial development

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21
Q

Edward Saids

A

1978- orientalism - argues that western development perspective ‘essentialized’ developing societies as exotic

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22
Q

what is new institutionalism theory

A

institutions explain polticisl outcomes, a lot of emphasis on informal institutions: “socially shared rules” usually unwritten, that are created, communicated and enforced outside of officially sanctioned channels

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23
Q

what are the 3 main strands of new institutionalism theory

A

rational choice
historical
sociological

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24
Q

what is rational choice institutionalism

A

focuses on rules and incentives that constrain and direct rational individual behaviour and voice actors behave according to a “logic of consequence”

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25
what is the logic of consequence
self serving rational actors that act strategically to maximize the attainment of their interests
26
Douglas North
1999- argues particular institutional configurations in the global south create a set of incentives (payoffs) to political economic elites that do not encourage productive activity
27
Historical Institutionalism
emphasis on path dependence (institutional legacies that are long lasting and difficult to change) and critical junctures
28
what are critical junctures
moments with lasting consequences
29
Robert Putnam
1993- argues that informal institutions of reciprocity norms and civic engagement create virtuous cycles of high levels of cooperation, trust, and civic engagement, thereby contributing to economic development
30
sociological institutionalism
emphasis on social and cultural institutions and practices stress the role of norms and values constituency institutions and in socializing individuals to conform to behaviour actors act according to a logic of consequence
31
what is the logic of appropriateness
meaning they will act according to what is socially appropriate
32
what are the three historical periods
pre-colonial period, colonial period, post-colonial period
33
James chiriyankandath
2017- varying patterns of state formation in pre-colonial Africa, Asia, and the americas, Australia, and Asia influenced both the kind of colonization and their post-colonial development
34
Christopher clapham
2000- degree of pre-colonial statehood is a good predictor of the resilience of post-colonial states
35
pierre englebert
2000- argues that differenced in state capacity and economic growth in Africa are largely a result of the congruence or incongruence of pre-colonial institutions with those colonial and post-colonial periods
36
the Buganda Kingdom
a dual social and political administrations structure under the Kabaka (king) a political offices and positions established including the Katikiro (prime minister), county chiefs , parish, and village chiefs convening in a parliament - like structure dual social/administrative structure based on hierarchy of clan leaders, subclass leaders, and families, each with a representative to the chief structure. structure of tax collection, army, infrastructure, judicial system Buganda as the economic and military hegemony of the east Africa region
37
imperialism
creating an empire and controlling (either directly/ formally indirectly/informally) through force or the implicit threat of force
38
colonialism
a practice of imperialism, direct and formal political and economic control over another pre-existing political community
39
mandates
newly free/ independent territories unable to self-govern, awarded through initial agreement
40
protectorates
weaker states with a degree of autonomy that relied on colonial powers playing guardian role; are bi-lateral agreements (between 2 countries)
41
dominions
former colonies that continue to acknowledge the former colonial-powers supremacy; colonial control over foreign policy
42
colonies
formally politically and economically controlled by the colonizer
43
history of modern European colonialism
moder, europena colopnialosm from 1493-1914 began with Europes "age of exploration"
44
early 16th century Spain colonized states
beginning in central and South America, conquered the Inca and aztec empires Portuguese focused on Brazil
45
later 16th and 17th century colonized states
the dutch: South Africa, India, Ghana, Taiwan, Brazil England: carribean, india, pakistan, Burma, sudan, Kenya, Somalia, Eygpt, South Africa, Uganda, Quatar, Bahrain, iraq, Kuwait etc. France: Haiti, grenada, French Guiana, Cote d' ivoire, central African republic, guinea, niger, syria, Lebanon, combodia, Laos, vietnam, etc.
46
19th century colonized states
Belgium: DRC, Rwanda, Burundi Germany: Namibia, Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania etc. Italy: Ethiopia, eritrea, somaliland, etc.
47
what is the scramble for Africa
late 19th century division and colonization of Africa by European colonizers (1881-1914)
48
what was the Berlin conference
1884/5: agreed to ground rules and divided up territories- borders cut through and mixed numerous societies, kinship, and ethnic groups 7 European states - Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain divided up the continent into 40 colonies - by the end 90% of the continent had been colonized
49
what are the characteristics of colonialism
extractive autocratic coercive cheap development entrenched ideologies and systems
50
the DRC
King Leopold II of Belgium approached the DRC as if it was his own personal private estate - extracted a personal fortune from the country. around 10 million died during his 25 year personal rule (i.e, force labor, widespread killing, mutilations)
51
what is direct rule
colonizers rule directly in a colony
52
indirect rule
use of pre-existing, pre colonial local socio-politivsl structures to govern, local rulers allied snd supervised by colonial advisors
53
what are settler colonies
where colonizers sought to be the primary settling population in the colonial territory
54
the settler colony of South Africa
pre-colonial territory populated by Bantu ethnic groups - first colonized by the dutch (the Boers) - migration of British settlers began in the early 19th century - Two Boar wars (between Dutch settlers and British) - anglo-zulu war between British and Zulu kingdom in 1879
55
what is the native location act 1879
formalized a pass system designed to segregate black South Africans
56
what happened in South Africa in 1910
South African independence, existing patterns of racial segregation became more avert and formalized
57
what is the 1913 Natives Land Act
restricted black land ownership
58
Apartheid (Separateness)
the system of legalized racial segregation in South Africa - began in 1949 (ended in 1991) with the election of African national party- Black South Africans forced to live in operate areas, use separate public facilities and systemically directed towards hard labor jobs
59
legislation in South Africa
- population registration act 1950 - Bantu Authorities act 1951 - Bantusans act 1953 -reservation of separate amenities act 1953 - Bantu education act 1953
60
why did Apartheid end
ended in 1991 due to 1. increasing militancy of internal opposition (primarily by the African national progress) 2. official condemnation from the UN 3. the Global BDS movement- Boycott, divest, sanction 4. international sanctions against the regime
61
what is Samori Toure
present day guinea - one of the most successful cases of indigenous resistance, fought the French for 2 decades before losing in 1848
62
what is Haile Selassie (Ethiopia)
the single case of a European empire defeated in Africa, made a successful stand against Italy - 1896, Italy defeated, the Kenya land and Freedom army
63
decolonization
mass wave of decolonization following ww II (1960s tide) Due to: wakening European powers, internal and external resistance to colonialism and the rise of Cold War politics - United Nations played key role in the decolonization process - general assembly passed resolution 1514 (1960) officially condemning colonialism
64
what colonies gained independence earlier to 1960
some clones had gained independence earlier - Egypt (1922) -iraq (1932) -British India partitioned into India and Pakistan (1947) -Haitian revolution (1791-1804) - slaves uprising that brought about Haitis Independence from France
65
what was the post colonial experience
-insufficent transfer og administrative responsibilities, uncertain systems of government and economic dependence continued - in some cases, exiting colonial powers would sabotage infrastructure, public buildings and government documents - some states were left fragile (Nigeria) - come states soon became relatively strong (Botswana and South Korea)
66
Mahmood Mamdani 1996
citizen and subject: contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism
67
Development
a highly contested political concept, the idea of international development began in post wwII period - revolves around progressing human beings Official Development assistance (ODA)
68
types of development
- institutional development -economic development (GDP/Capita) -human development (HDI) -sustainable development (SDGS) - post development
69
Human Development Index (HDI)
- Combines 1. GNI (total income by residents 2. long and healthy life (life expectancy) 3.knowledge (expected years of schooling and years of schooling UN development programme (UNDP) 1944
70
the state
4 elements 1. population 2. territory 3. government 4. sovereignty the modern state was universalized via modern European colonialism - states provide public goods (non-excludable and non-rivalrous) and correct for market failures
71
statehood in the global south
the global souths history of statehood is drastically different from the global norths - there are relatively strong states in the global south (china, South Korea, Botswana, Taiwan, Malaysia) - weak states: an estimated 85% of worlds population today live in weak states
72
fragile state index
created by fund for peace - measures state fragility/strength
73
what are indicators of a weak state
cohesion economic political social
74
State Capacity Index
produced by outworld in data -measures state capacity -uses 21 indicators along 3 dimensions
75
what are state capacity indicators
extractive capacity coercive capacity administrative capacity
76
the Case of Haiti
first colonized by Spain then France, 1791 Haiti revolution of self liberating slaves since independence, Haiti has faced foreign invasions, multiple military coups and authoritarianism, political instability, high rates of poverty, limited state capacity and challenges to the rule of law - current crisis erupted in 2018, culminating in the assassination of president jovenel mouse in 2021 - 2023: UN Security Council approves the multinational security support (mss) mission in Haiti

poli 279 (5 decks)

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