Final 1 - new content Flashcards
1
Q
the Palestine Israel situation
A
- The most enduring post-WWII conflict
- Major regional and global implications
- Palestinian statehood has been supported by the states of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
- UN membership vetoed by the US in the United Nations Security Council
2
Q
factors of armed conflict in the Global South
A
I. State weakness
II. Identity
III. Economic underdevelopment
IV. Resource competition
V. External factors
VI. Colonial legacies
3
Q
Humanitarian crises:
A
vents resulting in threats to peoples’ well-being on a mass scale
4
Q
Armed Conflicts
A
- Armed conflicts have been lined to mass human rights abuses, forced displacement, war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, etc.
5
Q
OCHA
A
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
6
Q
Conflict in the pre-colonial period
A
- War is the oldest form of interaction among political units
- = Pre-modern warfare
- Examples:
- 10th century civil wars in Bunyoro (Uganda)
- Conquests of the Inca empire in mid 15th century in South America
- Late 16th century conflicts between the Ottoman empire and Ethiopia
7
Q
Violence of colonial conquest and resistance
A
- Samori Ture (present-day Guinea)
- One of the most successful cases of Indigenous resistance; fought the French for 2 decades before losing in 1898
- Ethiopia: successfully fought off the Italian incursion
- Later re-invaded by Italy in later 1930s and occupied until the end of WWII
- The Kenya Land and Freedom Army
8
Q
Wars of National Liberation in the Global South
A
- Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)
- Slave uprising that brought about Haiti’s independence from France
- Indonesia against the Dutch (1945-1949)
- Algeria against the French (1954-1962)
- Use of guerilla warfare tactics
- African National Congress (ANC) against the Apartheid regime in South Africa
9
Q
Conflict in the Post-Colonial Period: The Cold War Era
A
- Conflicts reflected
i) locally -rooted class conflict,
ii) superpower intervention,
iii) proxy wars - Both superpowers supported military regimes and dictators during internal struggles
10
Q
Proxy conflict: Zimbabwe
A
The settler colony of Southern Rhodesia under white minority rule faced resistance from the leftist Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) and theZimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU) militant movements in 1970s
11
Q
Proxy Conflict: Angola
A
US supported right-wing opposition armed group National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) against the Soviet supported People’s Movement from the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)
12
Q
Proxy Conflict: Mozambique
A
US supported the right-wing insurgency National Resistance (RENAMO) to overthrow the Soviet-supported party the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) in a civil war from 1977-1992.
13
Q
great powers fighting in the global south
A
- Vietnam (1955-1975)
- US, Chinese, Russian involvement
- Became a regional conflict
- Soviet Afghan War (1979-1989)
14
Q
Armed conflict in the post Cold War global south
A
- New patterns of ethnic conflicts
- Resource curse: refers to ‘rentier states’
- 3 consequences:
- 1) Undermines accountable gov’t;
- 2) fuels conflict to capture rents (profits);
- 3)Dutch Disease
- State weakness/failure
15
Q
The Post 9/11 Era of Armed Conflict in the Global South
A
- Increasing role of religion in conflict
- Syria (since 2011): Civil war erupts, following the Arab Spring protests, by Sunni insurgents against President Bashar al-Assad
- Iran, Russia and Lebanon’s Hezbollah support the Syrian gov’t fighting US-backed rebel groups and non-US backed rebel groups including ISIS and al-Nusra Front
- The rise of ISIS in Iraq/Syria
- Yemen (since 2015): civil war between Houthi forces and President Hadi’s gov’t forces backed by the US and Saudi Arabia
- ISIS and al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) have carried out attacks
16
Q
Profiling armed conflict in the DRC
A
- The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) became independent in 1960 from Belgium First independence Prime Minister was assassinated and replaced by the US supported Mobutu Sese Seko (renamed the country Zaire)
- A kleptocracy under Mobutu
- First Congo War (1996–1997)
- Second Congo War (1998–2003)–’The Great War of Africa’
- 2024/2025: M23 rebels and Rwanda make advances in eastern DRC
17
Q
Freedom in the World:
A
- measures political rights and civil liberties
- Report produced by Freedom House
- Categorizes countries as ‘free, partly free and not free’
- Found 19th consecutive year of democratic decline
- Largest declines in 2024: El Salvador, Haiti, Kuwait and Tunisia
- Regionally, the Middle East has the most non-democracies
- Latin America and the Caribbean have the highest rates of democracies in the Global South
18
Q
Political Regimes in the Global South
A
- Regime: a system of governance
1. Democratic regimes
2. Authoritarian regimes (non-democracies)- Lack accountability, political competition and individual rights/freedoms
- 5 types: i) Totalitarian, ii) Dictatorships, iii) Monarchies, iv) Military rule and v) One-party rule
- Double-turnover test: the way of turning over the power to a different party/individual
19
Q
Procedural definition of democracy
A
emphasis on regular elections with some political/civil rights/freedoms
20
Q
substantive definition of democracy
A
- focuses on the outcomes (or goods) of democracy
- I.e. engagement, transparency, accountability, etc.*
21
Q
‘Illiberal democracy’ or ‘hybrid democracy’:
A
countries with democratic and non-democratic characteristics
22
Q
Democratization
A
- democratic transition + consolidation
- Double-turnover test
- There are no definitive conclusions regarding the relationship between democracy and economic growth
23
Q
double turnover test
A
refers to the idea that for a democracy to be truly stable, political power must be able to change hands through regular, free, and fair elections at least twice.
24
Q
Democracy: the case of Iran
A
- Quasi-democratic features overseen by a religious council (theocracy)
- Elected President, legislature, Assembly of Experts and local councils
- Unelected Supreme Leader
- Unelected Guardian Council - the guardian council can remove the supreme leader if deemed unfit
25
Measures of democracy
- Freedom in the World
- Economist’s Democracy Index
- Measures political pluralism, civil rights, government functioning, political participation and political culture
- Varieties of Democracy (V-DEM)
- Considers electoral, liberal,participatory, deliberative and egalitarian variants of democracy
- Democracy Perception Index
- Most democracy indices reflect Western liberal approaches to democracy
26
Electoral irregularities
- issues with free and fair elections
- Determined by international elections monitoring
27
High levels of corruption
- Undermines democratic practices and public trust in democracy
- Corruption Perception Index (CPI)
28
Challenges to the rule of law
- Rule of law: legally regulated law that equally subjects all people and institution to the law in a fair and consistent manner
- Rule of Law Index
29
Human rights
- democratic rights are part of the modern liberal human rights framework
- Common issues: political/civil rights violations, women’s rights, LGTBQ+ and gender rights, Indigenous rights, minority rights and rights of the forcibly displaced
30
The role of the military in democracy
- Armed conflict
- Less likely between democracies
- Less likely in consolidated democracies
- External influences: by IGOs and GlobalNorth states
- Direct (i.e. military) and indirect (i.e.foreign aid) interventions
- The ‘cruel choice’ of development
31
Military coup
- an illegal overthrow of government undertaken by the military
- I.e. 2020s ‘coup belt’ in west & central Africa
32
Military rule
- authoritarian rule by military personnel
- I.e. Coup belt states, Myanmar
33
Military involvement
- military influence over the government
- I.e. Pakistan
34
The ‘Three Waves’ of Democratization (Huntington, 1991)
1. First wave (1828–1926): largely a European/Western wave
- Reverse wave (1922–1942)
2. Second wave (1943–1962): decolonization
- Second reverse wave (1958–1975): most dramatic in Latin
America
3. Third wave (1974–early 2000s): the ‘global turn to democracy’
- Most dramatic in Latin America
35
The Arab Spring: The‘ Fourth Wave’?
- Began early 2011 in Tunisa
- Spread across the Arab region
- Most notably Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Syria and Yemen
- Only Tunisia has maintained a semblance of democratization
36
Imposing Democracy
- There have been various efforts to impose democracy by external forces
- Have largely not worked
- Criticized for ‘democratic imperialism’ and misunderstanding local political/social contests
- Many argue about the social, economic and/or institutional prerequisites for democracy
- **Iraq:** democracy instituted following the US military invasion and occupation
- US spent billions towards democratization
- impacted by armed conflict, corruption and ethnic cleavages
37
Examples of Democracies in the Global South
- Botswana
- Ghana
- South Korea
- Mongolia
- Chile
- Argentina
38
Factors Related to Democratization & Democratic Backsliding
- Modernization theory: relevance of economic, cultural and social factors
- Lipset (1959): social requisites of democracy
- Almod & Verba (1965) and Inglehart & Welzel
- (2005): cultural factors
- Institutional legacies:(historical institutionalism)
- **Leaders as change agents**
39
Identity
- any social category in which an indiviual is eligible to be a member
- identity has a meaning
- Kanchan Chandra (2006) *What is Ethnic Identity and Does it Matter*
40
Social Constructivism
argues that identities are not natural but are constructed by societies/groups
41
Intersectionality
cross-cutting (dis)advantages associated with different identity categories
42
politicization
the process of making a private, social, economic or ideational issue political
43
political salience
- the degree of prominence/ importance of something in politics
- identity politicization is a two-way street: via power relations and challenges.
44
global south identity politics differ due to
historical context, economic conditions and political cultures
45
nationalism
the idea that nations constitute the basic units of social/political life and the corresponding desire for sovereignty
46
nation
a population that identifies itself as a sovereign common group
47
nation state
- Where the boundaries of a nation and state align
- National identities are inherently political
48
nationalism played a large role in
anti-colonial struggles
49
strong nationalism is in what global south states
North Korea,Turkey, Iran,
50
ethnicity
based on i) perceived common descent & ii) shared cultural attributes (i.e. values, norms, goals, beliefs, language) (Chandra, 2012)
51
Ethnopolitical identities
those ethnic identities that have been politicized - taken on clear political salience
52
- Women and development (WAD)
- Gender and development (GAD)
focus on underlying partiacrchal structures
largely been institutionalized by the united nations
