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BIOL 133 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood

A

a fluid connective tissue

transports nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the body

defends the body against infection and other threats

regulates pH, temp, and other internal conditions (transports hormones)

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2
Q

Formed elements

A

erythrocytes (red blood cells)
leukocytes (white blood cells)
platelets (cell fragments
plasma (fluid extracellular matrix)

blood is composed of these formed elements

are relatively short lived

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3
Q

Plasma

A

90% is water
remaining 10% is mostly plasma proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen) and other solutes (glucose, lipids, electrolytes, dissolved gases)

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4
Q

Properties of blood

A

it is sticky and more viscous than water

slightly alkaline

temp is slightly higher than normal body temp

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5
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

the production of blood cells and platelets in bone marrow

ensure that formed elements are continually produced

begins in the red bone marrow with hematopoietic stem cells

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6
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells

A

differentiate into myeloid and lymphoid lineages

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7
Q

Myeloid stem cells

A

give rise to most of the formed elements -> platelets, eosinophil, basophil, erythrocytes, monocyte, neutrophil

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8
Q

Lymphoid stem cells

A

give rise to lymphocytes -> B and T cells and NK cells

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9
Q

Erythrocytes

A

most abundant formed element in blood

red, biconcave disks packed with an oxygen carrying compound called hemoglobin

only live for 120 days

worn-out erythrocytes are phagocytized by macrophages and their hemoglobin is broken down

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10
Q

Breakdown products of erythrocytes

A

breakdown products are recycles or removed as wastes

globin is broken down into amino acids for synthesis of new proteins

iron is stored in the liver, spleen, or used by the bone marrow for the production of new erythrocytes

heme is converted into bilirubin or other waste products -> they are taken up by the liver and excreted in the bile or removed by kidneys

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11
Q

leukocytes

A

function in body defences

squeeze out of the walls of blood vessels through emigration or diapedesis -> then may move through tissue fluid or attach to various organs where they will fight pathogenic organisms/diseased cells

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12
Q

granular leukocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

originate from myeloid stem cells -> so do the agranular monocytes

most abundant are the neutrophils -> first responders to infections, especially with bacteria

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13
Q

Agranular leukocytes

A

arise from the lymphoid stem cell line -> so do NK cells, B cells, and T cells

20-30% of all leukocytes are lymphocytes -> critical to the body’s defence against threats

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14
Q

Platelets

A

platelets are fragments of cells known as megakaryocytes in the bone marrow

many platelets are stored in the spleen, and others enter the circulation and essential for hemostasis (stopping the flow of blood, clotting)

also produce several growth factors important for repair and healing

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15
Q

movement of blood through vessels

A

heart -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillary beds -> venules -> veins -> heart -> lungs -> heart

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16
Q

arterial system

A

a relatively high-pressure system -> arteries have thick walls that appear round in cross sections

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17
Q

venous system

A

a low pressure system -> veins have larger lumens and thinner walls, will often appear flattened in cross sections

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18
Q

Vessels that have three tunics

A

Arteries, arterioles, venules, and veins

all have tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

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19
Q

Vessels that have one tunic

A

capillaries only have a tunica intima layer

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20
Q

valves in veins

A

many veins have valves that assist the unidirectional flow -> the valves are in innermost layer of the vein

when the muscles are relaxed the valves are closed, when muscles contract the valve above the muscle contraction open

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21
Q

Tunica intima

A

simple squamous epithelium = endothelium and a small amount of connective tissue

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22
Q

Tunica media

A

a thicker area composed of variable amounts of smooth muscle and connective tissue

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23
Q

Tunica externa

A

connective tissue

in veins it will also contain some smooth muscle

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24
Q

blood flow

A

the movement of blood through a vessel, tissue, or organ

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25
Q

resistance

A

the slowing or blocking of blood flow

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26
Q

pulse

A

the expansion and recoiling of an artery, reflects the heartbeat

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27
Q

blood pressure

A

is the force that blood exerts upon the walls of the blood vessels or chambers of the heart

systolic pressure = ventricular contraction

diastolic pressure = ventricular relaxation

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28
Q

mean arterial pressure

A

the average arterial pressure throughout one cardiac cycle, systole, and diastole

MAP falls within the range of 70-110 mm Hg

MAP = diastolic BP + (systolic - diastolic BP) / 3

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29
Q

Ischemia

A

insufficient blood flow to tissues

if the mean arterial pressure falls below 60 mm Hg for an extended period of time, the blood pressure won’t be high enough to make sure blood is circulated to and through the tissues

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30
Q

Variables impacting BP and blood flow (systemic circulation)

A
  • cardiac output (L/min)
  • compliance (the degree to which a container experiences pressure or force without disruption)
  • blood volume
  • blood viscosity
  • length and diameter of blood vessels
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31
Q

Variables impacting BP and blood flow (arterial system)

A

vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the arterioles is a significant factor in systemic blood pressure

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32
Q

slight vasodilation in arteries

A

greatly decreased resistance and increases flow

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33
Q

slight vasoconstriction in arteries

A

greatly increases resistance and decreases flow

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34
Q

vasoconstriction in the venous system

A

assists in helping propel blood towards the heart

unlike arteries, constriction in veins doesn’t significantly increase blood pressure

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35
Q

capillary

A

a microscopic channel that supplies blood to the tissues
-> a process called perfusion

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36
Q

Perfusion

A

blood supply to tissues

moves through capillaries

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37
Q

microcirculation

A

description of the flow of blood through the capillaries

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38
Q

filtration

A

the movement of fluid out of the capillaries

is driven by the capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

occurs on the arterial end of the capillary

39
Q

reabsorption

A

the influx of tissue fluid into the capillaries

is driven by the blood colloidal osmotic pressure (BCOP)

occurs on the venous end of the capillary

40
Q

neural mechanisms

A

-> the cardiovascular centres in the medulla oblongata (brain stem )
-> baroreceptors in the aorta, carotid arteries, and right atrium
-> associated chemoreceptors that monitor blood levels of oxygen, CO2, and hydrogen ions

41
Q

endocrine mechanisms

A

-> epinephrine and norepinephrine
-> ADH
-> the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
-> atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) secreted by the cardiac atria
-> erythropoietin (EPO)

42
Q

atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)

A

causes a reduction in expanded extracellular fluid (ECF) volume by increasing renal sodium excretion

43
Q

the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

A

drop in blood pressure and fluid volume -> kidney releases renin -> renin acts on angiotensinogen from the liver -> forms angiotensin I -> ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) is released from the lungs -> ACE acts on angiotensin I to form angiotensin II -> angiotensin II acts on the adrenal gland to stimulate the release of aldosterone -> aldosterone acts on the kidneys to stimulate reabsorption of salt and water

angiotensin II also acts on the blood vessels, stimulating vasoconstriction

44
Q

Pathway for blood from heart to lungs

A

right ventricle -> pumps oxygen-depleted blood into pulmonary trunk -> divides into right and left pulmonary arteries -> carry blood to the left and right lungs for gas exchange

45
Q

Pathway for blood from lungs to heart

A

oxygen rich blood -> transported from pulmonary veins -> blood enters left atrium -> pumped into the left ventricle -> ventricle pumps blood into the aorta

46
Q

Regions of the aorta

A

ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta

descending aorta is then divided into the thoracic and abdominal aorta

47
Q

coronary arteries

A

branch from the ascending aorta

right coronary artery -> right marginal branch,

left main coronary artery -> left main circumflex branch (goes across) and left anterior descending branch (goes down)

48
Q

systemic blood return

A

deoxygenated blood from the systemic system is returned to the right atrium from the venous system via the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

49
Q

superior vena cava

A

drains most of the veins superior to the diaphragm into the right atrium

50
Q

inferior vena cava

A

drains most of the veins inferior to the diaphragm and the coronary veins via the coronary sinus

51
Q

hepatic portal system

A

carries blood to the liver from the peritoneal area for processing before it is returned to the heart

52
Q

common carotid arteries

A

right and left common carotid arteries-> go up either side of the neck to the brain

53
Q

subclavian arteries

A

right and left subclavian arteries -> lie below the clavicles supply the upper extremities and neck

54
Q

brachial arteries

A

in the arm, is an extension of the axillary artery

think of the artery for blood pressure

55
Q

radial arteries

A

artery on the lateral side of the arm

is an extension of the brachial artery

56
Q

ulnar arteries

A

artery on the medial side of the arm

an extension of the brachial artery

57
Q

femoral arteries

A

provides blood to the lower extremities and to part of the lower anterior abdominal wall

large artery in the thigh

58
Q

popliteal arteries

A

supplies blood to the knee and lower leg

continuation of the femoral artery

59
Q

posterior tibial arteries

A

branch of the popliteal artery the supplies blood to the posterior part of the leg and sole of the foot

60
Q

mesenteric vein

A

drains blood from the distal portion of the gastrointestinal tract -> small intestine, ascending and transverse parts of the colon, distal parts of the stomach

carries blood from your intestines to your liver

61
Q

portal vein (role in the liver only)

A

main vessel of the portal venous system drains blood from the GI tract, gall bladder, pancreas, and spleen to the liver

the mesenteric vein drains into the portal vein

62
Q

internal jugular veins

A

paired venous structure

collects blood from the brain and superficial regions of the face and neck

connect to the superior vena cava

63
Q

external jugular veins

A

connects to the subclavian veins

formed by the union of 2 veins and drains blood from the scalp from behind the ear

64
Q

subclavian veins

A

deep vein that drains blood from the upper extremities

connects to the brachiocephalic vein which further connect to the superior vena cava

65
Q

brachial veins

A

is a deep vein, drains blood from the arm between the elbow and the shoulder

drains into the axillary vein

66
Q

radial veins

A

deep vein in the forearm

connects to the brachial vein

67
Q

ulnar veins

A

deep veins in the forearm

connects to the brachial vein

68
Q

femoral veins

A

large blood vessel in each of your legs

collects blood from the tissues of your lower legs and return it back to your heart

69
Q

great saphenous veins

A

a superficial vein of the leg

the longest vein in the body, runs along the length of the lower limb -> returns the blood from the foot, leg, and thigh to the deep femoral vein

70
Q

popliteal veins

A

back of the leg

drains into the femoral vein

71
Q

pericardium

A

where the heart is located

72
Q

mediastinal space

A

where the pericardium is located within the thoracic cavity

73
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

one of two layers of the pericardium

tough, outermost layer

is made of connective tissue that prevents the heart from expanding too much

74
Q

serous pericardium

A

one of two layers of the pericardium

the inner layer -> is actually made of two layers the parietal and visceral - covers the heart directly

produces pericardial fluid the lubricates the heart as it beats

75
Q

anterior limit of the heart

A

sternum

76
Q

posterior limit of the heart

A

thoracic vertebrae -> T5 to T8

77
Q

lateral limits of the heart

A

lungs -> primarily the left lung

78
Q

superior limit of the heart

A

the base of the heart -> beneath the second rib, and aorta, pulmonary trunk, superior and inferior vena cava

79
Q

inferior limit of the heart

A

diaphragm

80
Q

walls of the heart

A

composed of an outer epicardium (also known as the visceral layer of the serous pericardium) , a thick myocardium, and an inner lining of endocardium

81
Q

atrial musculature

A

makes a w shape, going in towards the centre of the heart

82
Q

ventricular musculature

A

makes a figure 8 shape

83
Q

Septa

A

separate the chambers of the heart

interatrial septum
interventricular septum
atrioventricular septum

84
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

right tricuspid valve and left mitral valve prevent backflow of blood

85
Q

chordae tendineae

A

each heart valve is attached to it

and it is attached to papillary muscles

86
Q

papillary muscles

A

extensions of the myocardium that prevent the valves from being blown back into the atria

87
Q

right and left coronary arteries

A

the first arteries to branch off the base of the aorta

88
Q

cardiac veins

A

are parallel to the cardiac arteries and generally drain into the coronary sinus

89
Q

conductive cells

A

are within the heart and establish the heart rate and transmit it through the myocardium

90
Q

contractile cells

A

contract and propel the blood

91
Q

path of transmission for conductive cells

A

SA node in the right atria (pacemaker) -> internodal pathways/ Bachman’s bundle -> AV node -> AV bundle of His -> bundle branches -> Purjkinje fibres

92
Q

prepotential phase

A

the first part of the action potential for conductive cells -> a slow influx of Na+ cells

93
Q

action potential for conductive cells

A

a slow influx of Na+ followed by a rapid influx of Ca2+ and outflux of K+

94
Q
A

BIOL 133 (5 decks)

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