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BIOL 133 > Lab Midterm #1 > Flashcards

Lab Midterm #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood

A
  • a unique type of connective tissue
  • blood cells are supported in a fluid matrix of blood plasma
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2
Q

Blood plasma

A

makes up 55% of the blood volume and is mostly water

also contains electrolytes, plasma proteins, nitrogenous waste products, nutrients, gases, and hormones

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3
Q

Formed elements of blood

A

makes up 45% of blood volume

there are 3 types
- erythrocytes (45%)
- leukocytes (<1%)
platelets(<1%)

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4
Q

Erythrocytes

A

carry oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body

red blood cell

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4
Q

Leukocytes

A

protect our body against infections and diseases

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5
Q

Platelets

A

responsible for blood clotting

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6
Q

Hematology

A

the study of blood

tests include -> blood counts, hemoglobin, clotting time determinations, sedimentation rates

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7
Q

Hematocrit (packed cell volume (PCV))

A

one of the most useful measures of the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

determined by comparing the height of red blood cells with the height of plasma and other cells

dividing the value 3 times will give the approximate hemoglobin value

measures the % of red blood cells in your blood

the value of hematocrit = the % of erythrocytes

average for men = 47% (range is 40%-54%)

average for women = 42% (range is 37%-47%)

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8
Q

Hemoglobin

A

protein contained in red blood cells that is responsible for delivery of oxygen

measures of hematocrit is approximately 3x greater then hemoglobin (gHb/dl)

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9
Q

Buffy coat

A

white blood cells and platelets that are on top of the red blood cells after being spun in a centrifuge

the plasma is on top of the buffy coat

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10
Q

Hemocytometer

A

a counting chamber to count red blood cells

has a grid pattern -> 5 squares = 1mm

can also be used to count white blood cells

large squares are used

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11
Q

red blood cell count equation

A

RBC count = number of cells counted x 200 / 0.02mm3

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12
Q

Anemia

A

a condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is low because of a deficiency of hemoglobin

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13
Q

RBC count

A

living in higher altitudes will result in a higher than normal rbc count for all individuals

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14
Q

Polycythemia

A

a condition in which there are higher than normal rbc counts, due to living at high altitudes, chronic lung disorders, heart defects

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15
Q

Antigens

A

specialized molecules on the surface of cells to determine whether the cell they are attached to belongs to the body or is foreign

generate an immune response when they bind to a anitbody

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16
Q

Antibody

A

produced by the immune system to bind to foreign antigens

can only bind to a specific antigen, and do not usually bind to our own antigens

when an antibody binds to an antigen it generates an immune response that removes or destroys the foreign material

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17
Q

Agglutination

A

reacted anitbodies and antigens clump together and destroys foreign material

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18
Q

Blood type groups

A

determined by the presence or absence of specific subtypes of antigens on red blood cells

genetically determined

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19
Q

Antisera

A

contains specific antibodies against one type of antigen

add a few drops to an individuals sample of blood and watch for agglutination

determines blood type

anti-A antiserum = antibodies against type a antigens

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20
Q

Rh (D)

A

Rh+ individuals carry antigen D on their red blood cells and do not form antibodies against the antigen

Rh- individuals don’t carry antigen D on their red blood cells and don’t form antibodies against the antigen naturally
- they will only form anitbodies after being exposed to Rh+ blood -> there will be no agglutination after the first exposure, but there will be after the first time

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21
Q

Transfusion rule

A

make sure the antigens of the donor do not match the antibodies of the recipients -> will result in agglutination

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22
Q

Universal recipients

A

blood type AB can receive blood types A, B, AB, and O

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23
Q

Universal donors

A

blood type O can be given to anyone with blood types A, B, AB, O

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24
Q

5 different types of leukocytes (white blood cells)

A

granulocytes
- neutrophils (50-70%)
- eosinophils (2-4%)
- basophils (<1%)

agranulocytes
- lymphocytes (20-40%)
- monocytes (2-8%)

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25
Q

Granulocytes

A

white blood cells with cytoplasmic granules

  • neutrophils -> multi-lobed nucleus and pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules. Phagocytize bacteria
  • eosinophils -> bi-lobed nucleus and red cytoplasmic granules. Defend body against parasitic worms and plays a role in allergy responses
  • basophils -> bi-lobed nucleus and purplish-black cytoplasmic granules. Produces histamine to initiate inflammation responses
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26
Q

Agranulocytes

A

white blood cells lacking cytoplasmic granules

  • lymphocytes -> large spherical nucleus. functions in the lymphatic system to produce antibodies or recognize virus infected cells
  • monocytes-> kidney or U-shaped nucleus. Becomes macrophages to phagocytize foreign objects
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27
Q

White blood cell count equation

A

white blood cell count = number of cells counted x 200 / 0.4mm3

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28
Q

Normal range of leukocytes

A

5000 to 10000 cells per mm3

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29
Q

Leukocytosis

A

when an individuals count of WBC exceeds 11000 per mm3

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30
Q

Leukopenia

A

when an individuals count of WBC is lower than 4800 per mm3

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31
Q

Differential white blood cell count

A

blood is stained with Wright’s stain, white blood cells can be easily differentiated by nuclei and cytoplasmic granules

the 5 different types of cells are recorded as a percentage

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32
Q

Neutrophilia

A

high counts of neutrophils

may signal localized infections

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33
Q

Neutropenia

A

decreased numbers of neutrophils

occurs in typhoid fever, influenza

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34
Q

Eosinophilia

A

high counts of eosinophils

indicates allergic conditions or parasitic invasions

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35
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

high counts of lymphocytes

viral infections

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36
Q

Absolute differential white blood cell count

A

calculated by multiplying the differential count percentages by the total white blood cells per mm3

used because the differential white blood cell count can be misleading -> the percentage of one type may appear to be abnormal if the proportion of the other types is elevated of decreased but it is actually in normal ranges and the other cells are abnormal

37
Q

5 major functions of the cardiovascular system

A
  • transport nutrients/wastes (erythrocytes - red blood cells)
  • transport of hormones (plasma)
  • regulation (plasma)

-protection against foreign objects (leukocytes)

  • prevention from loss of fluids (platelets)
38
Q

Flow of blood through the heart

A

deoxygenated blood from the body enters the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava -> enters the right atrium -> passes through the tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve) -> enters the right ventricle -> passes through the semilunar valve -> enters the pulmonary trunk -> splits into the right and left pulmonary arteries -> enters the lungs -> oxygenated blood from the lungs enter the left and right pulmonary veins -> enters the left atrium -> passes through the bicuspid valve (mitral or left atrioventricular valve) -> enter the left ventricle -> passes through the semilunar valve -> enters the aorta to be circulated through the body

39
Q

Chordae tendinae

A

strong fibrous strings in the bicuspid and tricuspid valves that are attached to small mounds of muscle tissue of the ventricular walls called papillary muscles

the papillary muscles prevent the cusps from opening back into the atria when the ventricles contract

40
Q

Left vs right ventricle

A

right ventricle has thinner walls than the left ventricle -> right only has to pump blood to the lungs whereas left has to pump blood to the body

41
Q

Flow of the hearts blood supply

A

the first branches of the aorta are the left and right coronary arteries -> blood flows to the heart and passes through the capillaries of the myocardium (muscle tissue of heart) -> blood is drained by cardiac veins -> joins the coronary sinus-> is emptied into the right atrium

42
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart

have thicker, more muscular and elastic walls, and smaller lumens than veins

43
Q

Veins

A

carry blood toward the heart

rely on skeletal muscle contractions and valves in their lumens to return blood to the heart

44
Q

capillaries

A

tiny vessels where gas, nutrients, and waste exchange occurs

red blood cells must pass through one cell at a time

45
Q

brachiocephalic trunk

A

right common carotid and right subclavian arteries leave the aorta as one vessel and then branch off

46
Q

aortic arch

A

the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid, and the left subclavian arteries leave from the aortic arch (anterior portion of the aorta)

47
Q

descending aorta

A

passes though the thoracic cavity and diaphragm into the abdominal cavity

48
Q

abdominal aorta

A

most arteries branch off in pairs -> right and left renal arteries

some leading to the viscera are unpaired -> celiac trunk and the superior(supplies pancreas and intestines) /inferior (supplies the colon) mesenteric arteries

the abdominal aorta ends in the pelvis when it splits into the left and right common iliac arteries

49
Q

Tunica interna

A

endothelial cells that are attached to a layer of elastic fibres

found in both arteries and veins

50
Q

tunica media

A

the thickest layer of the wall -> consists of elastic fibres, connective tissues, and smooth muscle

found in both arteries and veins

51
Q

tunica externa

A

mainly fibrous connective tissue that prevents the artery from collapsing

found in both arteries and veins

52
Q

Mediastinum

A

area of the thoracic cavity where the heart is

found between the lungs

53
Q

cardiac cycle

A

all events associated with the flow of blood through the heart during a single heartbeat

54
Q

Atrial and ventricular distole

A

walls of both the atria and ventricles are relaxed

blood flows through the atria directly into the ventricles

55
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

known as the pacemaker of the heart

initiates an action potential (depolarization) in the atria that causes it to contract

begins atrial systole

56
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A

the action potential from the SV node stimulates the AV node which in turn excites the AV bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers which stimulates the ventricles to contract

begins ventricular systole -> the rising pressure in the ventricles will cause the AV valves to close

57
Q

“lubb”

A

occurs when the AV valves are closed during ventricular systole

58
Q

“dubb”

A

occurs when the semilunar valves are closed as the pressure in the ventricles drop during diastole

59
Q

Incompetence

A

abnormal sounds heard during auscultation when valves close incompletely

60
Q

Stenosis

A

abnormal sounds heard during auscultation when there is scarring that prevents valves from opening properly

61
Q

P wave

A

shows the voltage changes cause be the depolarization of the atria prior to contraction

62
Q

QRS waves

A

shows the voltage changes caused by depolarization of the ventricles prior to contraction

63
Q

T wave

A

results from the repolarization of the ventricles

64
Q

pulse pressure

A

the difference between systolic and diastolic values in a BP reading

an increase in pulse pressure is an indication of increased inelasticity of arteries

65
Q

Compare/contrast of the cardio vascular system and the respiratory system

A

similarities

  • both have a branching system
  • both have very thin walls to allow gas exchange -> capillaries and alveoli

differences
- in and out -> respiratory
- continuous, uni-directional -> cardiac
- gas can be compressed and needs cartilage in the respiratory system to prevent collapsing of the trachea
- liquid cant be compressed and the cardiac system doesn’t need cartilage in the arteries/veins because the liquid will keep them open

66
Q

Lobes in the lung

A

there are 3 in the right and 2 in the left

67
Q

Spirometer

A

measures the volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs during ventilation

collects information to make a spirogram

68
Q

tidal volume (TV)

A

the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal respiratory cycle

average volume = 200-600mL

69
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

the amount of air that one can expire beyond the tidal volume

average in adults = 1200ml

70
Q

residual volume

A

air that remains in the alveoli and airways are the ERV

assume RV is 1200ml

71
Q

vital capacity (VC)

A

add together the IRV, TV, ERV

72
Q

predicted vital capacity equation

A

VC (male)= height(cm) x (27.63 - 0.112 x age(years))

VC (female) = height(cm) x (21.78 - 0.101 x age(years))

measured VC should be within 20% of the predicted VC

73
Q

IRV equation

A

IRV = VC - (TV+ERV)

74
Q

minute ventilation

A

the amount of tidal volume air that passes in and out of the lungs in one min

minute ventilation = # respirations / 1 min x TV

expressed as ml/min

75
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

determines the amount of air the reaches the alveoli for gas exchange

alveolar ventilation = # respirations / 1min x (TV - weight (lbs))

76
Q

anatomical dead space

A

air that does not reach the alveoli for gas exchange

the amount of dead air in a normal individual is numerically equal to their weight in pounds

145lbs = 145ml

77
Q

Forced Expiratory Volume test

A

measures the amount of air expelled in one second

should be around 75%

FEV1 = volume air expelled (1 sec) / volume air expelled (total) x 100%

78
Q

Catabolic

A

the breakdown of molecules, releases energy

79
Q

Salivary glands

A

parotid gland, sublingual gland, submandibular gland

80
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

the sphincter connecting the esophagus to the stomach

81
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

stomach contents leave through the sphincter and enter the intestines

82
Q

liver

A

secretes bile salts that aids in the digestion of fats

83
Q

gall bladders

A

in humans they store bile

rats dont have gall bladders, the bile travels directly from the liver to a tiny bile duct which joins the small intestine near the stomach

84
Q

pancreas

A

secretes acinar cells

enters the duodenum through small pancreatic ducts

is an exocrine and endocrine organ

85
Q

Amylase

A

helps digest carbohydrates

is found in saliva

86
Q

Pepsin

A

helps digest proteins

found in the stomach

87
Q

pancreatic lipase

A

helps digest lipids

found in the small intestine

88
Q

digestion of carbs

A

uses hydrolysis (uses water to break bonds) to break down starches

amylase is an enzyme that hydrolyses

starches -> dextrins -> maltose

iodine -> starch turns blue
-> dextrins turns purple/red
-> maltose stays clear

89
Q

digestion of proteins

A

is digested by pepsin

pepsin breaks down protein into smaller units of amino acids called peptides

90
Q

Digestion of lipids

A

most of the fats in our diet are triglycerides -> consists of a glycerol molecule with three fatty acids

pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides into monoglycerides (water soluble, easier to absorb than triglycerides) -> one glycerol molecule with one fatty acid

these smaller molecules can be absorbed

the fatty acid heads made the solution more acidic making it turn white

91
Q

bile salts

A

aid in the digestion of lipids by breaking down large droplets of insoluble fats

BIOL 133 (5 decks)

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