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Midterm Flashcards

lectures 7 - 10

1
Q

define public health research

A

a process where researchers systematically collect data that is intended to inform public health practice. this is the cornerstone of intervention policies and practices applied to public health

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2
Q

why is public health research important to population health (4)

A
  1. investigates health issues at the population level
  2. its primary goal is to understand the factors that influence health, disease, and injury to improve the wellbeing of communities as well as promote healthy behaviours and policies
  3. PHR is used to guide policies, practices, and interventions to improve population health and reduce inequalities
  4. PHR is critical for preventing diseases, promoting health equity, and enhancing the quality of life for both individuals and communities
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3
Q

describe the circular model of PH research

A

conduct a lit review to find gaps in knowledge
frame your PHR question
identify the study design
choose your methodology
conduct your data collection and analysis
disseminate research findings
(repeat)

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4
Q

what are the three primary strategies used to shape public health practice re

A
  1. research used to shape practies
  2. testing intervention programs to see if they can become evidence-based practices
  3. testing policy level changes designed for widespread dissemination
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5
Q

what are the four steps for developing a tightly focused research question

A
  1. include several words that name the research design
  2. include a succinct phrase that implies the study hypothesis
  3. include a few words that name the study population

4, include a statementment regarding the overall goal of the study

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6
Q

what is evidence based public health practice

A

the process of turning RCTs real practice programs that function effectively in real world settings

evidence based public health practice uses effectiveness trials instead of RCTs

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7
Q

how does an effectiveness trial differ from an RCT

A

did not use a control group and is most often done in real world settings

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8
Q

define public health ethics

A

the process used to select and justify possible public health actions or decisions based on ethical principles, values, consultation with stakeholders, and scientific evidence

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9
Q

why is public health ethics important to population health

A

because you are dealing with the health of a population, what is best for an individual or subgroup may not be best for the whole population, so you must make decisions carefully and consider all implications

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10
Q

why might we encounter problems in public health ethics

A

research must protect the partcipants - including their confidentiality

trust - cooperation between many public and non governmental stakeholders

respect individual rights including liberty, privacy, protection from harm

transparency

taking precautionary measures but not limiting liberties unnecessarily

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11
Q

what is the reality of applying ethics in practicing essential public health services (4)

A

familiarizing oneself with ethics via training tools and resources

having departments establish a formal process for sudden conflicts of ethics

adopting a public health ethics in all policies approach

being able to deal with a variety of different ethical problems

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12
Q

describe virtue ethics, deontology, and utilitarian ethics

A

virtue ethics is like common ethics such as honesty and reliability

deontology is more professional, concerning ethical or legal rules such as the hippocratic oath - do no harm and do good

utilitarian ethics concerns quantifiable measures - like costs or the prevalence of disease, number of lives saved

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13
Q

three steps in addressing an ethical problem

A

analyze the problem

design and evaluate the differing courses of PH action

provide justification for the select course of action

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14
Q

six public health ethical principles

A
  1. interdependence and solidarity
  2. health and safety
  3. professionalism and trust
  4. health, justice, and equity
  5. human rights and civil liberties
  6. inclusivity and engagement
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15
Q

public health research is characterized by its ____ approach

A

multidisciplinary

  • integrates fields like epidemiology, biostats, biology, genetics, toxicology
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16
Q

list a few of the big topics in contemporary public health research

A

1) universal health coverage - issues being financial feasibility for the country, ensuring equitable and equal access

2) the social impact of drug abuse and addiction - ex, suicide, the justice system

3) the health and social care of the elderly population

4) emerging infectious diseases

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17
Q

describe the difference between research methods and research design

A

methods are the actual procedures whereas design is the structure

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18
Q

t/f case control studies are experimental

A

false theyre observational

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19
Q

what are uncontrolled trials

A

trials without a control group

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20
Q

Analytic studies use the ____ (abbreviation) framework

A

PICO or PECO
population, intervention/exposure, comparison, outcome

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21
Q

descriptive studies use the ___ (abbreviation) framework

A

population outcome (PO)

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22
Q

reports, executive summaries, policy briefs, presentations, social media, publications are all examples of

A

channels of dissemination

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23
Q

key principle of community based research

A

community consultation

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24
Q

the goal of community based research is to ensure….

A

program success and SUSTAINABILITY by creating a functional relationship between academic investigators and community leaders

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25
common problems experienced by communities involved in public health research
** irrelevance to the community (which is why community consultation is important) communities feeling coerced into participation deception of the community insensitivity data and findings are not given back to the community
26
principles of community based participatory research
recognizes the community as a unit of identity builds on strengths and resources collaborative partnerships colearning and empowerment views healths from different perspectives long term commitment
27
promoting and protecting individuals and communities through collaborative effors to engage with decision makers and improve health promotion enriching policies
advocacy
28
___ is the process of identifying individuals, families, or groups that have the same risk factors
case finding
29
_____ refers to planned actions taken to improve or protect health status in certain populations
30
_____ refers to marketing strategies designed to improve or protect health to a target group
social marketing
31
_____ refers to a general plan of action to address a health problem
strategy
32
_____ refers to the systematic collection and analysis to inform the planning, implementation, and evaluation of HP interventions
surveillance
33
______ are the foundation of PH 3.0
partnerships - community collaboration
34
public health 1.0
revolutionary increases in knowledge surrounding medicine and public health, but not great access to care
35
public health 2.0
the systematic development of PH agencies across countries
36
design thinking refers to
the analytic and creative process that helps you to understand a community's needs, trial different solutions, and create prototype intervention
37
five stages of design thinking
1. empathize - gain a deep understanding of the community and their health issues 2. define - articulate the priority issue 3. ideate - brainstorm possible solutions, consult the literature 4. prototype - select a potential solution and pilot it 5. test - further test your intervention and work with the community to refine it
38
criteria to "adopt" a previous intervention method
proof of efficacy, especially in a community similar to the one you are dealing with. Availability of similar resources.
39
examples of health promotion interventions
health communications health education policy and enforcement environmental change advocacy and community mobilization
40
health communication interventions have high ....
penetration rates
41
the goal of health education is to improve...
health literacy
42
____ has a significant role in advocacy and community mobilization
social media
43
two community mobilization strategies
community organization - help a community identify shared issues and utilize resources to implement strategies to mitigate goals community building - focuses on building the capacity rather than addressing the problem directly
44
five best practices in HP interventions
1. ensure the focus of the intervention is on the health of a population 2. address the determinants of health 3. intervention is evidence based 4. integrates multiple strategies 5. has intersectoral collaborations
45
aim or mission of public health (three, technically four)
promote health protect the population prevent disease and injury
46
what actions are involved in the public health mission
health promotion health protection and disease prevention
47
list the four essential aspects of health protection and give an example of where they apply
1 - planning and preparedness - Communities which live in an area that are at risk for environmental catastrophes will have planned emergency plans detailing how to respond (ex - evacuate if a fire is imminent) 2 - prevention and early detection - prevention will also go into fires - controlled burnings, clearing of dead trees 3 - investigation and control - surveillance (park rangers) watch for signs of smoke to ensure potential forest fires are identified quickly and can be extinguished before they burn out of control, 4 - wider public health management and leadership - communication of the threat a fire may pose to a community (air quality, evacuation notices)
48
primordial prevention primary prevention secondary prevention tertiary prevention quaternary prevention
avoid the development of risk factors before the onset of disease - reduce risk factors, the occocurence and spread of disease after onset but prior to symptoms -early detection to reduce incidence limiting progression and damage from disease reducing the risk of damage from over-medication
49
psychosocial health
an individuals health, experiences, perceptions, psychological and social conditions which contribute to their health
50
health promotion vs health protection vs disease prevention
health promotion refers to activities or initiatives which improve population health and wellbeing health protection = protecting the population from threats to their health (epidemic control, emergency preparedness) disease prevention - assessment of threats and interventions to halt disease progression (cancer screening and treatment)
51
t/f - host can be infected with a disease but not develop it
correct - proper immune response
52
what is a formite
an inanimate object which transmits a disease
53
t/f - breaking any link in the chain of infection can control pathogen transmission
true
54
what is IPC
infection prevention control - protecting healthcare workers or people in general from the spread of infections, as well as limiting antimicrobial resistance
55
IPC do what two things
surveillance and auditing of actions taken to limit infection spread
56
what is the link between oral health and overall health
causal link between peridontal disease and cardiovascular disease - bacteria from your mouth enter the bloodstream through your gums and cause inflammation and damage to CV system periodontal disease linked to diabetes - those with diabetes have 3x risk of periodontal disease, as well as those who have periodontal disease have an increased risk of diabetes complications
57
health policy
laws, regulations, actions, and decisions made in the health sector and beyond to improve and protect health
58
objective of Canada's health care policy as defined by the canada health act
promote, protect, and restore physical and mental wellbeing of Canadian residents and facilitate reasonable access to health services without financial or other barriers
59
describe HIV epi in northern indigenous communities
Indigenous peoples in Northern Saskatchewan are dispropriatently impacted by HIV and AIDS males more commonly infected
60
why are indigenous peoples more at risk for HIV
less access to health services structural/instutional racism leading to distrust of healthcare services stigma and descrimination creates a barrier to determining infection status lack of infrastructure to diagnose and treat HIV
61
summarize the determinants of health for indigenous peoples
Colonization globalization migration access to healthcare territory poverty self-determination
62
discuss the PH approach to HIV and Hep C prevention in the north
multisectoral approach with two main streams: 1) prevention and harm reduction 2) surveillance and clinical management
63
____ is the rate limiting step to HIV intervention
testing

804 (9 decks)

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