Final

Question 1

Health Promotion definition and examples

Answer 1

processes and activities which help to create the right social and physical conditions that can facilitate better healthy living and improve determinants of health

examples:
- health education campaigns
- activity campaigns

Question 2

Health Protection definition and examples

Answer 2

actions taken to safeguard a population from threats to their health and wellbeing

examples:
- surveillance for the development of epidemics
- emergency preparedness

Question 3

Disease Prevention definitions and examples

Answer 3

risk assessment and interventions to lessen the likelihood of disease or halt its progression

Question 4

Two fundamental assumptions of epidemiology

Answer 4

1 - human disease does not occur at random, there are factors/determinants which influence the likelihood of disease development

2 - these factors/determinants can be identified through systematic investigation of populations and their subgroups

Question 5

epidemiology subdisciplines can be subdivided by which three factors

Answer 5

disease
population
exposure

Question 6

process of an epi investigation

Answer 6

do a literature review to identify possible exposures or disease outbreaks

form a hypothesis

conduct epi studies to measure the relationship between exposure and disease

judge if an association is present (consider your study design, bias and confounders, strengths and weaknesses)

evaluate possible preventions and treatments

Question 7

bernardino ramazzini

Answer 7

father of occupational medicine

Question 8

john graunt

Answer 8

birth and death data - seasonal variations, infant mortality, Columbus of statistics

Question 9

three factors influencing disease transmission

Answer 9

host, agent, environment

Question 10

formite vs vector vs vehicle

Answer 10

vehicle is like infected water or blood

vector is a living organism which transmits disease (rat, mosquito)

formite is an inanimate object ladden with disease

Question 11

active immunity

Answer 11

when a disease agent stimulates the production of antibodies. this is long-lasting but takes time to develop.

can be natural (previous exposures) or artificial (vaccines)

Question 12

public health research process

Answer 12

literature review to identify gaps in knowledge
frame your research question
pick your study design AND get ethical approval
pick your methods
collect your data and do your analyses
disseminate your findings

Question 13

steps in making a good research question

Answer 13

1) goal of the study
2) design
3) hypothesis
4) Population

Question 14

evidence based practice is the practice of

Answer 14

turning scientific findings from RCTs into real life practices applied in the real world. In public health, effectiveness trials are more often used than RCTs (effectiveness trials lack a control group).

Question 15

virtue ethics

Answer 15

common use ethics - right vs wrong - useful for training professionals

Question 16

deontology

Answer 16

ethical and legal rules - “do no harm” - set the grounds for professional misconduct

Question 17

utilitarian ethics

Answer 17

cost-benefit analyses

Question 18

process for dealing with PH ethical issues

Answer 18

1. assess the problem
2. design and evaluate potential courses of action
3. select and justify your chosen course of action

Question 19

key public health ethical principles

Answer 19

interdependence and solidarity
health and safety
professionalism and trust
health justice and equity
human rights and civil liberties
inclusivity and engagement

Question 20

cohort. case-control, and cross-sectional studies are all examples of

Answer 20

observational research designs

Question 21

the main goal of community based research is to ensure the ____ of interventions

Answer 21

sustainability

Question 22

common issues in community based research

Answer 22

main - irrelevance to the community
coercion
results/findings/data not returned to the community
taken advantage of

Question 23

positivism

Answer 23

aims to confirm or predict behaviour, used to test hypotheses and theories

Question 24

interpretivism

Answer 24

understands that reality is subjective and that we must understand multiple povs

Question 25

health promotion campaigns may be ___, ____, or _____

Answer 25

created, adopted, or adapted

Question 26

five stages of design thinking

Answer 26

empathize - listen and begin to understand the problem define - articulate exactly what the problem is ideate - brainstorm possible solutions prototype - pick an intervention and develop then pilot it test - continuously monitor and refine the intervention

Question 27

five best practices for Health Promotion

Answer 27

focus on the health of populations use evidence based intervention intersectoral approach use more than one intervention strategy address the determinants of health

Question 28

The ____ _____ is the basis of health promotion

Answer 28

ottawa charter

Question 29

primordial prevention

Answer 29

avoid the development of risk factors

Question 30

primary prevention

Answer 30

reduce risk factors to lessen the likelihood of disease

Question 31

secondary prevention

Answer 31

early detection (no symptoms yet)

Question 32

tertiary prevention

Answer 32

chronic disease management, mitigate harm

Question 33

quaternary prevention

Answer 33

monitor to ensure patient is not overmedicated

Question 34

health promotion, protection, and disease prevention in terms of level of prevention

Answer 34

health promo = primordial and primary health protection = primary disease prevention = secondary

Question 35

canadian health policy as defined by the canada health act

Answer 35

to protect, promote and restore the health and well-being of Canadians by facilitating reasonable access to health services without financial or other barriers

Question 36

PHEPR stands for

Answer 36

public health emergency preparedness and response

Question 37

describe public health emergency preparedness and response from the systems, individual, and organizational levels

Answer 37

systems - technology, systems, and policies - for example weather surveillance and emergency alert communication systems organizational - public health agencies, partner organizations - example - data and information sharing individual level - dispensing medications, skill training

Question 38

public health emergency preparedness requires which three types of activities

Answer 38

prevention mitigation recovery

Question 39

four aspects of the emergency management cycle

Answer 39

preparedness mitigation response recovery

Question 40

three elements necessary to proper PHEPR

Answer 40

pre-planned and coordinated responses and capacity adequate staff accountability and quality improvement

Question 41

CHIP stands for

Answer 41

community health improvement plan

Question 42

four types of quantitative performance measures

Answer 42

1. input - number staff or dollars 2. output - number of services or products provided 3. outcome - change in result (health indicator, behaviour, knowledge change) 4. efficiency - cost per attendee of some intervention program

Question 43

social policy

Answer 43

how societies meet basic human needs (security, education, work, health and well-being) across the lifespan

Question 44

intermediate goals of assessing a health system

Answer 44

access, quality, efficiency

Question 45

final outcomes for assessing a health system

Answer 45

health status, financial protection, consumer satisfaction