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FUN206 > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

from the 10th to 18th century, this type of burial became a nuisance:

A

intramural

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2
Q

this person was responsible for making the funeral arrangements for a member of the burial club:

A

steward of the guild

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3
Q

this was a “life-sized, waxen recreation of the deceased”:

A

effigy

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4
Q

in Colonial America, a special occupation evolved that had a person going to the homes of those who were expected to attend a funeral. the title given to this person was:

A

inviter

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5
Q

List two duties that members of the “burial clubs” were expected to perform (NOT THE STEWARD OF THE GUILD)

A
  • they were expected to pay a “quarterage”, which was a small regular contribution to help defray the costs of funerals at the time of their death
  • attend all funerals
  • regularly pray for the souls of those who passed in the club
  • act as pallbearers
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6
Q

in the ancient tradition of this culture, a coin (obol) was placed in the decedent’s mouth to pay the fare for “Charon”:

A

Greeks

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7
Q

this ancient culture would bind up the decedent in the position of an unborn child:

A

Hebrews

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8
Q

this practice involved dismembering the dead and creating multiple burial sites:

A

independent heart burial

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9
Q

by the late 17th century and throughout the 18th century, mourning took on a “social character” in Colonial America. this was demonstrated by:

A

the family giving gifts of rings, scarves, gloves, etc. to the living

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10
Q

in this American Indian tribe, the “Spirit Keeping Ceremony” is very elaborate and lasts 1 year:

A

Lakota

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11
Q

this ancient culture would cremate their dead on the battlefield and bring their bones back to their homeland to be entombed:

A

Greeks

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12
Q

the practice of uncoffined burial by the church in the Middle Ages was precipitated by the:

A

Black Death

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13
Q

list 3 common beliefs in American Society:

A
  • life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
  • equality before the law
  • freedom of selection
  • common school education
  • decent disposition
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14
Q

the shape of the early American coffin was:

A

octagonal

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15
Q

at all English funerals in the Middle Ages, a sprig of this plant was thrown into the grave by all who attended the burial:

A

rosemary

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16
Q

the study of death and death-related phenomena is known as:

A

Thanatology

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17
Q

this device was created to prevent “resurrectionists” from tampering with the coffin

A

coffin torpedo

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18
Q

by 1880, coffin makers in America decided to improve the function, style, and composition of the the coffin. List two goals that they set for their product:

A
  • provide protection from decomposition
  • protection from grave robbers
  • harmonize with aesthetics of the funeral
  • mass production
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19
Q

the economic revolution in the 19th century resulted in the development of two basic types of associations. they were:

A

professional and trade

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20
Q

in early America, the following were the first to assume a more formal responsibility for the preparation of the dead for burial:

A

nurses / midwives

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21
Q

around 700 BC, cremation became the primary method of disposition for this ancient civilization because it was believed that they power of the flame would set the soul free:

A

Greeks

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22
Q

this was the mortuary fee that was paid to ensure entrance of the decedent’s soul into heaven:

A

soul shot

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23
Q

“ship burial” was reserved for those of the highest station in this ancient culture:

A

Scandinavian

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24
Q

this person provided coffins and funeral paraphernalia to those who chose to serve the bereaved:

A

furnishing undertaker

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25
Q

what were the “Steward of the Guild” and the “Death Crier”?

A

Steward of the Guild - this was the person that made the funeral arrangements which included a Requiem Mass, solemn burial, collecting the payment of the “soul shot”, and distributed alms to the poor

Death Crier - the person who dressed in a black cloak with a skull and crossbones painted on his garment. They walked through the town ringing a bell and announcing the name of the decedent and the time of their death

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26
Q

this American colony was founded in 1630 by the Puritans:

A

Massachusetts Bay Colony

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27
Q

the “Burial in Woolen Act of 1666” required that woolen cloth be substituted for _______ in the shroud and lining of the coffin

A

linen

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28
Q

the “Circle of Necessity” was believed to be the 3000 year journey of the soul back to the decedent in this ancient culture:

A

Egyptians

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29
Q

a long pleated arrangement of fine linen worn by wealthy widows in the middle ages was called a:

A

barbe

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30
Q

the Counter Reformation of the Catholic Church had the following effect on funeral ritual:

A

funerals became quite elaborate with decoration and ceremony

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31
Q

the dead in this ancient tradition enter into “Valhalla”, the realm of the gods

A

Scandinavians

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32
Q

this raised platform was used for a decedent to “lie in state”:

A

catafalque

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33
Q

this was a forerunner to today’s hearses:

A

bier

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34
Q

the Edict of Toleration in 313 AD:

A

permitted Christians to practice freely outside of the catacombs, allowing them to bury within city limits

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35
Q

“mound burial” was occasionally used by this ancient people:

A

Scandinavians

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36
Q

the “Elysian Fields” were a place where the soul would be reunited with the god Dionysus, according to this ancient civilization:

A

Greeks

37
Q

in the mid 18th century, decedents were often wrapped in this covering that was soaked with alum, pitch, or wax:

A

cerecloth

38
Q

the earliest American coffins were made of:

A

wood

39
Q

the people of this ancient culture were the first to refer to death as sleep:

A

Christians

40
Q

when a wealthy Anglo-Saxon died in the 5th century:

A

the book of gospels was laid upon them

41
Q

funerals in the Middle Ages were greatly influenced by:

A

the emergence of the Christian Church from persecution

42
Q

this ancient civilization was the first to record a morality of group life based on internal conscience rather than external authority:

A

Egyptians

43
Q

when this ancient culture prepared its dead, a honey cake was included for the dog “Cerberus”

A

Greeks

44
Q

this man had a dispute with the Roman Catholic Church in which he rejected the doctrine of purgatory, the Mass, and the mediation of the priesthood:

A

Martin Luther

45
Q

the following are seen as innovators with respect to the development of the hearse:

A
  • James Cunningham
  • Hudson Samson
  • Crane and Breed
46
Q

this practice was known as the “vigil for the dead”:

A

wake

47
Q

what is the definition of “cultural universal”

A

abstract patterns of and for living and dying that are identifiable in all cultures. such as a respect for honoring the dead

48
Q

by 1880, most funerals were held in the:

A

home

49
Q

during the Middle Ages , the ________ side of death became more important than the ________ side of death

A

physical, spiritual

50
Q

when the Christians were persecuted for their faith, this served as a place for “secret” worship:

A

catacombs

51
Q

Greeks, Dionysus

A

mystery cults

52
Q

grave pit for the poor and slaves

A

commune sepulchrum

53
Q

funeral procession

A

cortege

54
Q

calling out of the dead

A

conclamatio mortis

55
Q

fee to enter into heaven

A

soul shot

56
Q

underofficer of the church who cared for the church property

A

sexton

57
Q

flesh

A

basar

58
Q

Roman ancestor of the modern funeral director and embalmer

A

libitinarius

59
Q

used to ease fear of being buried alive

A

life signals

60
Q

Greeks, this was a place where the soul would be reunited with the god Dionysus:

A

Elysian Fields

61
Q

master of ceremonies and director and of the ancient Roman funeral procession

A

designator

62
Q

the Eucharist, strengthens those who are dying

A

viaticum

63
Q

Scandinavians believed after cremation, the spirit entered the realm of the Gods

A

Valhalla

64
Q

the soul will make a 3000 year long journey and then return to the body

A

Circle of Necessity

65
Q

during the Colonial period in America, undertaking was often combined with:

A

cabinet making

66
Q

the common “death belief” of all American Indian tribes is:

A

there is no real death

67
Q

during the Middle Ages, Protestants would sprinkle ______ on the deceased at the graveside:

A

dirt

68
Q

this mourning garment of the Middle Ages was a long black cloak:

A

weed

69
Q

this coffin was patented in 1848 and advertised as “an air-tight coffin of cast or raised metal”

A

fisk

70
Q

the first __ months after the death was known as the period of “deep mourning” in the late 19th century:

A

6

71
Q

in early America, this person would often require funeral undertakers to itemize their bills for service and merchandise:

A

city registrar

72
Q

the word “sarcophagi” is composed of the words “sarco” and “phagus”. these words respectively mean:

A

flesh eater

73
Q

in Colonial America, these clergy did not take part in the funeral ceremony:

A

Puritan

74
Q

a common mourning custom for the ancient people was the “rent (rend) their garments”

A

Hebrews

75
Q

strained commercial relations with England had the following impact on the American Colonies:

A

shortage of imported goods (mourning paraphernalia)

76
Q

following the War of 1812, funerals began to emphasize the coffin. What portion of the funeral bill was generally the cost of the coffin?

A

2/3

77
Q

the economic revolution in 18th century Colonial America had the following effect on mortuary behavior:

A
  • a “class system” was created in the towns
  • Puritans had greater control on “town behavior:
  • funerals in town were an opportunity to display “status”
78
Q

this vehicle was used by undertakers to transport mortuary paraphernalia to the homes where the funerals were typically being held:

A

undertakers buggy

79
Q

in this culture, death was seen as something bad, evil, and possibly terrifying:

A

Greeks

80
Q

this person is the “ancient ancestor” of the modern funeral director and embalmer:

A

libitinarius

81
Q

in the late 19th century, the widow was expected to wear mourning clothes for ___ year(s)

A

2

82
Q

after the Civil War (1861), the style of hearses would change every ___ years

A

15

83
Q

this type of coffin was constructed using mass production methods:

A

metal

84
Q

list two things that an “undertaker” would do on his “first call” to a home in 1880 America:

A
  • a crepe was placed on the door
  • a coffin was ordered
  • clergy, family and employer were notified
85
Q

burial of the dead was seen as one of the “seven greak works of mercy” that was shared by this ancient community:

A

Christians

86
Q

the “animistic” view which held that the soul was the vital principle, was the doctrine of this ancient civilization:

A

Romans

87
Q

during the Middle Ages, clergy would often be buried with their feet toward the:

A

east

88
Q

a common arrangement for a funeral procession in 1880 would be:

A
  1. clergymen
  2. flower carriage
  3. honorary pallbearers
  4. active pallbearers
  5. hearse
  6. immediate family and relatives
  7. friends

FUN206 (7 decks)

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