midterm 1.2 Flashcards
from the 10th to 18th century, this type of burial became a nuisance:
intramural
this person was responsible for making the funeral arrangements for a member of the burial club:
steward of the guild
this was a “life-sized, waxen recreation of the deceased”:
effigy
in Colonial America, a special occupation evolved that had a person going to the homes of those who were expected to attend a funeral. the title given to this person was:
inviter
List two duties that members of the “burial clubs” were expected to perform (NOT THE STEWARD OF THE GUILD)
- they were expected to pay a “quarterage”, which was a small regular contribution to help defray the costs of funerals at the time of their death
- attend all funerals
- regularly pray for the souls of those who passed in the club
- act as pallbearers
in the ancient tradition of this culture, a coin (obol) was placed in the decedent’s mouth to pay the fare for “Charon”:
Greeks
this ancient culture would bind up the decedent in the position of an unborn child:
Hebrews
this practice involved dismembering the dead and creating multiple burial sites:
independent heart burial
by the late 17th century and throughout the 18th century, mourning took on a “social character” in Colonial America. this was demonstrated by:
the family giving gifts of rings, scarves, gloves, etc. to the living
in this American Indian tribe, the “Spirit Keeping Ceremony” is very elaborate and lasts 1 year:
Lakota
this ancient culture would cremate their dead on the battlefield and bring their bones back to their homeland to be entombed:
Greeks
the practice of uncoffined burial by the church in the Middle Ages was precipitated by the:
Black Death
list 3 common beliefs in American Society:
- life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
- equality before the law
- freedom of selection
- common school education
- decent disposition
the shape of the early American coffin was:
octagonal
at all English funerals in the Middle Ages, a sprig of this plant was thrown into the grave by all who attended the burial:
rosemary
the study of death and death-related phenomena is known as:
Thanatology
this device was created to prevent “resurrectionists” from tampering with the coffin
coffin torpedo
by 1880, coffin makers in America decided to improve the function, style, and composition of the the coffin. List two goals that they set for their product:
- provide protection from decomposition
- protection from grave robbers
- harmonize with aesthetics of the funeral
- mass production
the economic revolution in the 19th century resulted in the development of two basic types of associations. they were:
professional and trade
in early America, the following were the first to assume a more formal responsibility for the preparation of the dead for burial:
nurses / midwives
around 700 BC, cremation became the primary method of disposition for this ancient civilization because it was believed that they power of the flame would set the soul free:
Greeks
this was the mortuary fee that was paid to ensure entrance of the decedent’s soul into heaven:
soul shot
“ship burial” was reserved for those of the highest station in this ancient culture:
Scandinavian
this person provided coffins and funeral paraphernalia to those who chose to serve the bereaved:
furnishing undertaker
what were the “Steward of the Guild” and the “Death Crier”?
Steward of the Guild - this was the person that made the funeral arrangements which included a Requiem Mass, solemn burial, collecting the payment of the “soul shot”, and distributed alms to the poor
Death Crier - the person who dressed in a black cloak with a skull and crossbones painted on his garment. They walked through the town ringing a bell and announcing the name of the decedent and the time of their death
this American colony was founded in 1630 by the Puritans:
Massachusetts Bay Colony
the “Burial in Woolen Act of 1666” required that woolen cloth be substituted for _______ in the shroud and lining of the coffin
linen
the “Circle of Necessity” was believed to be the 3000 year journey of the soul back to the decedent in this ancient culture:
Egyptians
a long pleated arrangement of fine linen worn by wealthy widows in the middle ages was called a:
barbe
the Counter Reformation of the Catholic Church had the following effect on funeral ritual:
funerals became quite elaborate with decoration and ceremony
the dead in this ancient tradition enter into “Valhalla”, the realm of the gods
Scandinavians
this raised platform was used for a decedent to “lie in state”:
catafalque
this was a forerunner to today’s hearses:
bier
the Edict of Toleration in 313 AD:
permitted Christians to practice freely outside of the catacombs, allowing them to bury within city limits
“mound burial” was occasionally used by this ancient people:
Scandinavians
the “Elysian Fields” were a place where the soul would be reunited with the god Dionysus, according to this ancient civilization:
Greeks
in the mid 18th century, decedents were often wrapped in this covering that was soaked with alum, pitch, or wax:
cerecloth
the earliest American coffins were made of:
wood
the people of this ancient culture were the first to refer to death as sleep:
Christians
when a wealthy Anglo-Saxon died in the 5th century:
the book of gospels was laid upon them
funerals in the Middle Ages were greatly influenced by:
the emergence of the Christian Church from persecution
this ancient civilization was the first to record a morality of group life based on internal conscience rather than external authority:
Egyptians
when this ancient culture prepared its dead, a honey cake was included for the dog “Cerberus”
Greeks
this man had a dispute with the Roman Catholic Church in which he rejected the doctrine of purgatory, the Mass, and the mediation of the priesthood:
Martin Luther
the following are seen as innovators with respect to the development of the hearse:
- James Cunningham
- Hudson Samson
- Crane and Breed
this practice was known as the “vigil for the dead”:
wake
what is the definition of “cultural universal”
abstract patterns of and for living and dying that are identifiable in all cultures. such as a respect for honoring the dead
by 1880, most funerals were held in the:
home
during the Middle Ages , the ________ side of death became more important than the ________ side of death
physical, spiritual
when the Christians were persecuted for their faith, this served as a place for “secret” worship:
catacombs
Greeks, Dionysus
mystery cults
grave pit for the poor and slaves
commune sepulchrum
funeral procession
cortege
calling out of the dead
conclamatio mortis
fee to enter into heaven
soul shot
underofficer of the church who cared for the church property
sexton
flesh
basar
Roman ancestor of the modern funeral director and embalmer
libitinarius
used to ease fear of being buried alive
life signals
Greeks, this was a place where the soul would be reunited with the god Dionysus:
Elysian Fields
master of ceremonies and director and of the ancient Roman funeral procession
designator
the Eucharist, strengthens those who are dying
viaticum
Scandinavians believed after cremation, the spirit entered the realm of the Gods
Valhalla
the soul will make a 3000 year long journey and then return to the body
Circle of Necessity
during the Colonial period in America, undertaking was often combined with:
cabinet making
the common “death belief” of all American Indian tribes is:
there is no real death
during the Middle Ages, Protestants would sprinkle ______ on the deceased at the graveside:
dirt
this mourning garment of the Middle Ages was a long black cloak:
weed
this coffin was patented in 1848 and advertised as “an air-tight coffin of cast or raised metal”
fisk
the first __ months after the death was known as the period of “deep mourning” in the late 19th century:
6
in early America, this person would often require funeral undertakers to itemize their bills for service and merchandise:
city registrar
the word “sarcophagi” is composed of the words “sarco” and “phagus”. these words respectively mean:
flesh eater
in Colonial America, these clergy did not take part in the funeral ceremony:
Puritan
a common mourning custom for the ancient people was the “rent (rend) their garments”
Hebrews
strained commercial relations with England had the following impact on the American Colonies:
shortage of imported goods (mourning paraphernalia)
following the War of 1812, funerals began to emphasize the coffin. What portion of the funeral bill was generally the cost of the coffin?
2/3
the economic revolution in 18th century Colonial America had the following effect on mortuary behavior:
- a “class system” was created in the towns
- Puritans had greater control on “town behavior:
- funerals in town were an opportunity to display “status”
this vehicle was used by undertakers to transport mortuary paraphernalia to the homes where the funerals were typically being held:
undertakers buggy
in this culture, death was seen as something bad, evil, and possibly terrifying:
Greeks
this person is the “ancient ancestor” of the modern funeral director and embalmer:
libitinarius
in the late 19th century, the widow was expected to wear mourning clothes for ___ year(s)
2
after the Civil War (1861), the style of hearses would change every ___ years
15
this type of coffin was constructed using mass production methods:
metal
list two things that an “undertaker” would do on his “first call” to a home in 1880 America:
- a crepe was placed on the door
- a coffin was ordered
- clergy, family and employer were notified
burial of the dead was seen as one of the “seven great works of mercy” that was shared by this ancient community:
Christians
the “animistic” view which held that the soul was the vital principle, was the doctrine of this ancient civilization:
Romans
during the Middle Ages, clergy would often be buried with their feet toward the:
east
a common arrangement for a funeral procession in 1880 would be:
- clergymen
- flower carriage
- honorary pallbearers
- active pallbearers
- hearse
- immediate family and relatives
- friends
