final review

Question 1

this ancient culture originally believed that everyone was equal in death. later on the funeral became a place to displace the wealth and importance of an individual

Answer 1

Christians

Question 2

define urbanization and provide one example of how it has affected the relationship between family members and the funeral director

Answer 2

• change from rural to urban in character
• created a greater need for a meaningful tribute to the decedent

Question 3

the people of this ancient culture were the first to refer to death as “sleep”

Answer 3

Christians

Question 4

burial of the dead was seen as one of the “seven great works of mercy” that was shared by this ancient community

Answer 4

Christians

Question 5

by 1800, coffin makers in America decided to improve the function, style, and composition of the coffin. what were 3 out of the 5 goals set for improvement

Answer 5

1. increased utility
2. better indicate of social status of decedent
3. protection from decomposition
4. protection from grave robbers
5. more artistic, harmonize with aesthetics of the funeral

Question 6

a “must” behavior that dictates the individual must abstain from certain acts dealing with death is called a:

Answer 6

more

Question 7

during the middle ages, Protestants would sprinkle _____ on the deceased as the graveside

Answer 7

dirt

Question 8

what was the purpose of the “burial clubs”?

Answer 8

to help defray funeral expenses because by 15th century, religious funeral ceremonies became very important, even for the working class

Question 9

according to Canine, there are 5 basic elements that create the contemporary American funeral. List 2 of those elements

Answer 9

1. visitation of the deceased
2. rite of passage
3. funeral procession
4. disposal of the body
5. commitment to death

Question 10

give 3 examples of BOTH the early Christian and early Hebrew spiritual beliefs for funeral practices

Answer 10

Hebrew
1. Sheol was believed to be the shadowy after-life where the soul dwelt
2. when a death occurred, the relatives of the decedents would tear their garments
3. important that burial take place on the evening of the day of the death

Christian
1. believed in the “resurrection of the body”
2. believed that all people were equal in death
3. saw death as “sleep”. death was simply the transition from their earthly life to an eternal existence

Question 11

the economic revolution in the 19th century, resulted in the development of two basic types of associations. they were:

Answer 11

professional & trade

Question 12

the belief held that the soul of the deceased would make a 3000 year journey and return to the body:

Answer 12

circle of necessity

Question 13

“ship burial” was reserved for those of the highest station in this ancient culture:

Answer 13

Scandinavians

Question 14

list 2 reasons who an undertaker in Lath 19th Century America would want to be part of a Funeral Service Organization or Association

Answer 14

1. associations brought a sense of professionalism to the work that had previously been conducted as a trade or sideline
2. to protect themselves from unscrupulous funeral directors

Question 15

the emotional attitude that one’s own race, nation, group or culture is superior to all others is called

Answer 15

ethnocentrism

Question 16

this practice was known as a the “vigil for the dead”:

Answer 16

wake

Question 17

a common mourning custom for this ancient people was to “rent their garments”:

Answer 17

Hebrew

Question 18

the “Elysian Fields” were a place where the soul would be reunited with the god Dionysius, according to this ancient civilization:

Answer 18

Greeks

Question 19

the family that discourages individual differences is:

Answer 19

enmeshed

Question 20

what were the duties of the “Steward of the Guild” and the “Death Crier”?

Answer 20

Steward of the Guild - made the funeral arrangements which included a Requiem Mass, solemn burial, payment of the “soul shot” and distribution of alms to the poor.

Death Crier - person dressed in black with a skull and crossbones painted on his garment
- walked through the town ringing a bell and announcing the name of the decedent and time of death

Question 21

sarcophagi were massive coffins used by this civilization

Answer 21

Egyptians

Question 22

death was seen as bad, evil, and possibly terrifying in this ancient culture

Answer 22

Greeks

Question 23

the counter reformation of the Catholic church had the following effect on funeral ritual

Answer 23

funerals became quite elaborate with decoration and ceremony

Question 24

list two significant events that took place at the first national convention for undertakers:

Answer 24

• decided that all undertakers that were present were entitled to vote
• decision was made to name of the convention: The Funeral Directors National Association of the United States

Question 25

this ancient culture would bind up the decedent in the position of an unborn child

Answer 25

Hebrew

Question 26

list 3 common beliefs in American society.

Answer 26

• life liberty, pursuit of happiness
• equality before the law
• freedom of selection
• common school education
• decent disposition

Question 27

the study of death and death-related phenomena is known as

Answer 27

Thanatology

Question 28

the first formal organization of American Undertakers occurred in:

Answer 28

Philadelphia

Question 29

this ancient civilization was the first to record a morality of group life based on internal conscience rather than external authority

Answer 29

Egyptians

Question 30

pretend you are at the funeral in England in the Middle Ages. You do not know the deceased, but you know that the deceased was wealthy. what are 2 indications that tell you the deceased was wealthy?

Answer 30

1. the decedent was wrapped in a sheet of fine linen
2. wax was extremely expensive and so the number of torches/candles used was an indicator of the wealth and important of the decedent

Question 31

a _______ is an “employee” and a member of the church who takes care of the grounds and graveyard amongst other duties is the

Answer 31

sexton

Question 32

categorizing people according to their money, prestige, and power is called

Answer 32

social stratification

Question 33

the concept of holding certain information in trust and not disclosing it without proper authorization or authority is called

Answer 33

confidentiality

Question 34

the word sarcophagi is composed of the words “sarco” and “phagus”. these words respectively mean:

Answer 34

flesh eater

Question 35

at all English funerals in the Middle Ages, a sprig of this plant was thrown into the grave by all who attended the burial

Answer 35

rosemary

Question 36

in Colonial America, these clergy did not take part in the funeral ceremony

Answer 36

Puritan

Question 37

the vehicle was used by undertakers to transport mortuary paraphernalia to the homes where funerals were typically held

Answer 37

undertaker’s buggy

Question 38

the “Burial in Woolen Act of 1666” required that woolen cloth be substituted for _______ in the shroud and lining of the coffin

Answer 38

linen