final review Flashcards
this ancient culture originally believed that everyone was equal in death. later on the funeral became a place to displace the wealth and importance of an individual
Christians
define urbanization and provide one example of how it has affected the relationship between family members and the funeral director
- change from rural to urban in character
- created a greater need for a meaningful tribute to the decedent
the people of this ancient culture were the first to refer to death as “sleep”
Christians
burial of the dead was seen as one of the “seven great works of mercy” that was shared by this ancient community
Christians
by 1800, coffin makers in America decided to improve the function, style, and composition of the coffin. what were 3 out of the 5 goals set for improvement
- increased utility
- better indicate of social status of decedent
- protection from decomposition
- protection from grave robbers
- more artistic, harmonize with aesthetics of the funeral
a “must” behavior that dictates the individual must abstain from certain acts dealing with death is called a:
more
during the middle ages, Protestants would sprinkle _____ on the deceased as the graveside
dirt
what was the purpose of the “burial clubs”?
to help defray funeral expenses because by 15th century, religious funeral ceremonies became very important, even for the working class
according to Canine, there are 5 basic elements that create the contemporary American funeral. List 2 of those elements
- visitation of the deceased
- rite of passage
- funeral procession
- disposal of the body
- commitment to death
give 3 examples of BOTH the early Christian and early Hebrew spiritual beliefs for funeral practices
Hebrew
1. Sheol was believed to be the shadowy after-life where the soul dwelt
2. when a death occurred, the relatives of the decedents would tear their garments
3. important that burial take place on the evening of the day of the death
Christian
1. believed in the “resurrection of the body”
2. believed that all people were equal in death
3. saw death as “sleep”. death was simply the transition from their earthly life to an eternal existence
the economic revolution in the 19th century, resulted in the development of two basic types of associations. they were:
professional & trade
the belief held that the soul of the deceased would make a 3000 year journey and return to the body:
circle of necessity
“ship burial” was reserved for those of the highest station in this ancient culture:
Scandinavians
list 2 reasons who an undertaker in Lath 19th Century America would want to be part of a Funeral Service Organization or Association
- associations brought a sense of professionalism to the work that had previously been conducted as a trade or sideline
- to protect themselves from unscrupulous funeral directors
the emotional attitude that one’s own race, nation, group or culture is superior to all others is called
ethnocentrism
this practice was known as a the “vigil for the dead”:
wake
a common mourning custom for this ancient people was to “rent their garments”:
Hebrew
the “Elysian Fields” were a place where the soul would be reunited with the god Dionysius, according to this ancient civilization:
Greeks
the family that discourages individual differences is:
enmeshed
what were the duties of the “Steward of the Guild” and the “Death Crier”?
Steward of the Guild - made the funeral arrangements which included a Requiem Mass, solemn burial, payment of the “soul shot” and distribution of alms to the poor.
Death Crier - person dressed in black with a skull and crossbones painted on his garment
- walked through the town ringing a bell and announcing the name of the decedent and time of death
sarcophagi were massive coffins used by this civilization
Egyptians
death was seen as bad, evil, and possibly terrifying in this ancient culture
Greeks
the counter reformation of the Catholic church had the following effect on funeral ritual
funerals became quite elaborate with decoration and ceremony
list two significant events that took place at the first national convention for undertakers:
- decided that all undertakers that were present were entitled to vote
- decision was made to name of the convention: The Funeral Directors National Association of the United States
this ancient culture would bind up the decedent in the position of an unborn child
Hebrew
list 3 common beliefs in American society.
- life liberty, pursuit of happiness
- equality before the law
- freedom of selection
- common school education
- decent disposition
the study of death and death-related phenomena is known as
Thanatology
the first formal organization of American Undertakers occurred in:
Philadelphia
this ancient civilization was the first to record a morality of group life based on internal conscience rather than external authority
Egyptians
pretend you are at the funeral in England in the Middle Ages. You do not know the deceased, but you know that the deceased was wealthy. what are 2 indications that tell you the deceased was wealthy?
- the decedent was wrapped in a sheet of fine linen
- wax was extremely expensive and so the number of torches/candles used was an indicator of the wealth and important of the decedent
a _______ is an “employee” and a member of the church who takes care of the grounds and graveyard amongst other duties is the
sexton
categorizing people according to their money, prestige, and power is called
social stratification
the concept of holding certain information in trust and not disclosing it without proper authorization or authority is called
confidentiality
the word sarcophagi is composed of the words “sarco” and “phagus”. these words respectively mean:
flesh eater
at all English funerals in the Middle Ages, a sprig of this plant was thrown into the grave by all who attended the burial
rosemary
in Colonial America, these clergy did not take part in the funeral ceremony
Puritan
the vehicle was used by undertakers to transport mortuary paraphernalia to the homes where funerals were typically held
undertaker’s buggy
the “Burial in Woolen Act of 1666” required that woolen cloth be substituted for _______ in the shroud and lining of the coffin
linen
