midterm Flashcards
embalming is the chemical treatment of the dead body to reduce the presence and growth of microorganisms, to temporarily inhibit organic ___ , and to restore the dead human body to an acceptable physical appearance
decomposition
reverence for the dead is the basic ___ axiom of the funeral service profession
ethical
___ published The American Way of Death, a savage and relentless attack on the profession, causing a counterattack on Mitford herself by America’s funeral directors
Jessica Mitford
without a body present, an essential element of the ___ process is missing
grieving
viewing and touching a dead human body is the ___ way for the bereaved to overcome any death denial feelings
best
___ is a pioneer in the study of grief management
Erich Lindemann
___ is a pioneer in psychology who saw human psychological life as a universal phenomenon whereby identification with what he termed the “collective conscious” linked all humanity together
Carl Jung
it is important for the embalmer to conduct a ___ at the beginning, during, and following the preparation
case analysis
today ___ allows the fallen military hero to be transported from a distant foreign field or waters to the hometown often with the possibility of the viewing of the remains
arterial embalming
the work done at the mortuary affairs located at ___ houses the largest and only port mortuary under the united states department of defense within the continental united states
dover air force base
in ancient Egypt, the dead were embalmed according to ___ custom
religious
“show me the manner in which a nation or community cares for its dead and I will measure with mathematical exactness the tender sympathies of its people, their respect for the laws of the and, and their loyalty to high ideas” - this quote was spoken by
William Evart Gladstone
the practice of embalming allows bereaved families to have ___ to make important decisions, deal with all that has happened, organize and participate in funerals
time
all personal information about a deceased (ex. cause and manner of death and condition of the body) are strictly ___
confidential
embalming must be authorized by the expressed or written permission ___ the performance of the procedure
before
the embalmer is responsible for maintaining the proper ___ of the body throughout the various stages of preparation and until the time of final disposition
identification
it is the ethical responsibility to maintain a clean and sanitary work environment, offer ___ to any person allowed access to the preparation room, restrict entry to unauthorized persons, and maintain coverage of sheltered human remains
personal protective equipment (PPE)
authorized photographs must be digitally and physically safeguarded to ensure confidentiality. it is wise and prudent for the embalmer to secure permission from the ___ prior to taking photographs
authorizing agent
when handling human remains, funeral practitioners must ensure the dignity of the deceased and ___ are strictly observed
universal precautions
embalmers can be responsible for the transmission of recognized classical and/or opportunistic pathogens
all of the above
(from human remains to the embalmer, from the embalmer to their family, to the families and friends of the deceased)
preventing the transmission of recognized classical and/or opportunistic pathogens is a reasonable public health ___ on the part of the embalmer
expectation
implementing minimum professional practice standards in embalming is necessary to provide a standard of ___ control and assurance in preserving and disinfecting human remains
quality
a process to promote and establish conditions that minimize or eliminate biohazards
sanitation
(1) something that preserves or has the power of preserving; (2) an additive used to protect against decay, discoloration, or spoilage; (3) chemicals that inactivate saprophytic bacteria, render unsuitable for nutrition the media upon which such bacteria thrive, and that will arrest decomposition by altering enzymes and lysins of the body as well as converting the decomposable tissue to a formless susceptible to decomposition
preservative
obtaining food by absorbing dissolved organic material especially obtaining nourishment from the products of organic breakdown and decay
saprophytic
separation of compounds into simpler substances by the action of microbial and/or autolytic enzymes
decomposition
to prevent or retard an unwanted alteration of a physical state. slowing the onset of the changes of decomposition by the use of refrigeration, dry or wet ice, and the injection of chemicals or non formaldehyde containing fluids
stabilize
(1) the decomposition of organic matter; (2) the typically anaerobic splitting of proteins of bacteria and fungi with the formation of foul smelling incompletely oxidized products; (3) decomposition of proteins by the action of enzymes from anaerobic bacteria
putrefaction
decomposition of proteins by enzymes of aerobic bacteria; to undergo destructive dissolution; implies a slow change from a state of soundness
decay
which of the following is an external factor of decomposition
strength and volume of embalming solutions
there are too many variables associated with embalming to provide ___ regarding the degree or length of time that preservation of the embalmed body can be maintained
assurances
embalming preservatives and germicides interact primarily with body proteins - creating ___ - that can no longer be easily broken down by bacterial or autolytic body enzymes
embalmed tissue
one of a class of complex nitrogenous compounds that are synthesized by all living organisms and yield amino acids when hydrolyzed
protein
arterial embalming is also called
vascular embalming
the solution in the embalming machine replaces the ___ in the vascular system
blood
direct treatment of the contents of three body cavities: thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic. applied in two phases: aspiration of the cavity contents and injection of undiluted cavity fluid
cavity embalming
the ___ vein is customarily selected as the primary source of blood drainage
internal jugular vein
preservation of tissues by direct contact. preservative chemicals are applied to a cotton compress of inlay that makes contact with the tissues, or the chemical applied directly to the skin surface. considered a supplemental embalming procedure
surface embalming
the ___ is the structural mediator through which the injected preservative chemicals are delivered to the receptive tissue sites
capillary
the contents of hollow organs must be removed to make room for the introduction of cavity fluid (process called ___) also removes fluids and gases from between the organs that have accumulated ante- or post- mortem
aspiration
a ___ is inserted through the abdominal wall near the umbilicus (belly button) to pierce the hollow organs to drain accumulated fluids and makes channels in the solid organs
trocar
the preservative solution flows through the arteries, capillary, and venous routes similar to the ___ in the living body
blood circulation
KNOW WHO YOU ARE EMBALMING - identify all bodies throughout ___ phases of care
all
this form must be completed in lieu of an embalming report for each deceased human body brought into the care of a funeral or an embalming facility. a copy of the report must accompany the body being shipped or transported to another funeral facility
decedent care report
this form provides permission for embalming the body and indemnification of the funeral home
embalming authorization
results from John Hopkins University study concluded that funeral home employees who worked as embalmers had a greater exposure to ___ than funeral home employees who did not embalm bodies
tuberculosis
___ is a pathogenic bacterial staph infection that causes over 100k hospital infections a year. it can be found on the skin, in the nose, in blood and urine, and in exudates or fluid from an infected site. this infection is spread by direct physical contact or contact with contaminated objects
MRSA
___ is a fatal disease caused by a prion. the causative agent is very difficult, if impossible to destroy. the causative agent appears to be concentrated in cerebrospinal fluid
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
exhaust ventilation should draw fumes ___ the embalmer
away from
embalmers should keep ___ closed on the embalming machine when not in use
rate of flow valve
used to provide personal and public health protection; should be examined and maintained or replaced on a regular basis; two primary areas of consideration are adequate ventilation and proper plumbing
engineering controls
in the united states, the practice of embalming is regulated primarily by the ___. responsibilities include, but are not limited to, overseeing the care and disposition of dead human remains; also the regulating and licensing of funeral homes, funeral directors and embalmers
individual states
since 1987, the US environmental protection agency has recognized formaldehyde as a potential ___ for tumors in the lung, nasopharynx, and nasal passages
carcinogen
four divisions of ___ directly affect the funeral establishment: general rule, hazard communication standard, formaldehyde rule, and blood borne pathogen rule
OSHA
the funeral home must include on the ___ selected statement “…you do not have to pay for embalming you did no approve if you selected arrangements such as direct cremation or immediate burial. if we charge for embalming, we will explain why below”
itemized statement of funeral goods and services
the funeral home must disclose on ___ in immediate conjunction with the price shown for embalming: “except in certain special cases, embalming is not required by law. embalming may be necessary, however, if you select certain funeral arrangements, such as a funeral with a viewing”
general price list
the funeral home cannot represent that ___ requires that a deceased person be embalmed when such is not the case…nor can it fail to disclose that embalming is not required by law, except in certain special cases
state or local law
this OSHA rule directly applies to occupations and professions where employees are exposed to infectious agents. compliance with this rule is accomplished through applying universal precautions, engineering contours, and work practice controls
blood borne pathogen rule
___ must be made available to all employees who have occupational exposure to infectious agents (and at no cost to employees)
hepatitis B vaccine
rule of thumb for protective garments is that the embalmer should have no ___ skin
exposed
this OSHA rule requires that employers communicate to employees the dangers that exist in the workplace as a result of hazardous substances or materials. it also directs employers to train employees in the safe use and handling of hazardous substances or materials. under this rule, any chemical or a mixture of chemicals that expose employees to a health or physical risk are considered to be hazardous
hazard communication standard
studies have shown that exposure to ___ at certain levels will likely cause employees to experience eye, nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract irritation
formaldehyde
exposure that is time weighted over an established period. it allows the exposure levels to be averaged generally over an 8 hour period
time weighted average
legal limits established by OSHA to which workers can be exposed continuously for a short period without damage or injury. these exposures should not be longer than 15 minutes and not repeated more than four times per day
short term exposure limit
OSHA has a ___ standard that must be followed when respirators are put into use in the preparation room. employees must be fit tested to see if a respirator is appropriate for them
respirator
under the ___, employers must introduce employees, who have occupational exposure, to safety data sheets. employers must identify methods by which employees will have access to the information
formadlehyde standard
an agent, usually chemical, applied either to inanimate objects/surfaces or living tissue for the purpose of destroying disease causing microbial agents, but usually not bacterial spores
germicide
a process that renders a substance free from all microorganisms
sterilization
an agent, usually chemical, applied to inanimate objects/surfaces for the purpose of destroying disease causing microbial agents, but usually not bacterial spores
disinfectant
examples of engineering control for compliance with the formaldehyde standard are essentially the same as for biological hazards. the formaldehyde standards requires employee information and training before their being exposed to ___
hazardous substances