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Animal Health & Disease > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

mental health

A

state of well-being where an indiv realizes own capabilities, can cope with w/ normal stressors, work productively, & contribute to commun

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2
Q

animal health

A

absence of disease
normal physiological functioning
normal behavior
productivity (prod an)
healthy living envir
good welfare

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3
Q

3 circles of an welfare

A

physical ⟶ health & functioning
mental ⟶ affective states
natural state ⟶ nat behav

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4
Q

5 domains of an welfare

A
  1. nutrition ⟶ water & food access & quality
  2. envir ⟶ temp, confinement, shelter
  3. health ⟶ disease, injury
  4. behav ⟶ choices/limitations
    all above affect
    # 5. mental state: pain, thermal comfort, boredom, frustration, happiness
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5
Q

disease

A

disorder of structure or function, esp one prod specific sympt/affects specific location
- includes physc injury

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6
Q

envir health management

A

external factors impacting an health/welfare
- preventative
- human controlled
- human decisions

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7
Q

areas of envir health management

A
  • general husbandry
  • biosecurity
  • nutrition
  • housing, ventilation, & shade
  • behavior needs
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8
Q

general husbandry practices for best envir health management

A

ways prod/facility staff can ↓risk of dis for indiv/group
a) avoid/minimize mixing social groups
b) ↓ stocking density
c) good access to reliable food/water
d) climate/weather control
- ex: phys changes from heat stress ↓ immune
e) preventative & reg vet exams/tx
f) waste removal
g) handling/procedures
- well-trained handlers able to identify disease sympt/behav
- poor handling ⟶ stress ⟶ phys changes
⟶ ex: pinning cats for BG test
⟶ ex: lab animals ⟶ phys changes skew data

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9
Q

biosecurity practices for best envir health management

A

protocols to prevent/minimize intro/spread pathogens
1. people:
- PPE
- facility clothes/scrubs/boots
- footbath
- showers in/out
- disinfect new equipment
2. fomites: frequently sanitize all surfaces/equipment (new & old)
3. animals:
- new ⟶ isolation & vet exam
- vx
- routine exams & dx testing
4. contaminated feed/water:
- know source
- closed/safe storage
- reg path testing
5. envir exposure:
- ecosystems an exposed to
- types of chem/phys/bio ways required of envir
- managing wildlife

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10
Q

nutrition practices for best envir health management

A

key to ensuring health/prod
- good nutr can improv health, ↓ risk dis, improv immune,
- poor nut = poor phsy cond, immune, GI, ↓ prod, welfare

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11
Q

housing, ventilation, & shade practices for best envir health management

A
  1. animals confined indoors need:
    • reliable source of ↑quality food/water
    • good waste management ⟶ breeding ground for dis/vectors
    • adequate vent/humid control:
      • ex: chx: >80% hum ⟶ excess
        moisture ⟶ wet litter ⟶ skin
        infx/lesions = foot pad
        dermatitis

soln: ↓ stocking density, improve vent/hum control, litter material, ↓water = ↓ urine

  1. animals liv outdoors/outdoor access:
    • ↑ risk accidents, predation, dis, death
    • protection from envir/ elements necessary ⟶ partial/full shelter
      • ex: heat stress in cattle
    • adequate access to food/water
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12
Q

behavioral needs practices for best envir health management

A

behavior changes/stereotypies indicative of poor health/welfare
- behav manifestations
- important for identifying
- ex: parasitic eye fluke & rainbow trout

solution:
- add behavioral assessment to clinical exams
- limit handler influence
- assess animal under natural housing conditions: O vid of natural vs concerning behaviors

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13
Q

housing influences on health

A

species & indiv-specific housing necessary ⟶ chronic stress & ↓ immune fx ⟶ ↑ risk of dis

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14
Q

ways of improving envir

A

envir enrichment provides captive anim an opportunity to perform highly motivated species-specific behaviors
- supervised testing necessary
- ex: FB

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15
Q

genome to phenome

A

genetic-phenotypic connection

humans select traits for:
a) food: ↑ prod an mass/output helps global food security
b) ag sustainability: ↓ land/water use, ↓ GG
c)↑ fitness ⟶ more resilient to CC, dis, pests
d) consumer/O needs
- lean/healthier meats
- pet breeds

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16
Q

AMR

A

antimicrobial resistance: one of biggests threat to global health

pathogens mutate & no longer respond to meds ⟶ infx hard to treat ⟶ ↑ risk dis spread, severe I’llness, death

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17
Q

antimicrobial

antibiotic

A

med inhibits growth/destroys microbe

antimicrobial for bacteria

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18
Q

major uses of animal abx

A
  1. growth promotion:
    - indoor intensive livestock facilities
    ⟶ ex: pigs & poultry
    - low sub-therapeutic dose
    - in feed/water
    - thought to decrease GI bac ⟶ more food = more energy to grow
  2. prophylactic
    - reg therapudic dose
    - preop: injury ⟶ 2h prior to op
    - periop: 2h prior surg ⟶ completion (best)
    - postop: completion ⟶ recovery
    - all species: companion, lab, livestock, aquaculture
  3. treatment for clinically diagnosed
    - clinical signs: observable symptoms
    - DVM dx
    - control infx & ↓spread
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19
Q

economic goal of food prod

A

large farms w/ max livestock best for feeding huge pop w/ minimal effort & cost

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20
Q

food prod styles

A

intensive
- ↑ farms/barns
- ↑crowding = ↓space
- no outdoor access = ↑ risk & spread

semi-intensive
- smaller farms/barns
- ↓ crowding = ↑ space
- some outdoor access

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21
Q

6 degrees of one health

A

all living org are ≤6 steps from eachother

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22
Q

systems approach

A

non-traditional proactive approach to complex world health issues
- no boundaries
- often uncertainty
- transdisciplinary
1) focus: understand dis/health = comlpex
2) cause: complex interactions; mult factors
3) treatment: multifactoral, multimodal
4) approach: holistic, broad

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23
Q

challenges to a systems approach

A
  • diff to solve specific problems alone
  • costly & time-consuming
  • relies on new treatments/philosophies
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24
Q

traditional approach to health

A

biomedical
1) focus: physical aspects of illness
2) cause: external factors ⟶ disease beyond indiv control
3) treatment: healthcare providers ⟶ diagnostics ⟶ meds & surgery
4) approach:
- reductionist
- examine indiv parts, not whole
- mechanistic
- inflexible
- body ⟶ organs ⟶ cells

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25
Q

challenges to traditional approach

A
  • costly
  • does not always address cause
  • ignores external factors
  • rewards procedures over process
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26
Q

consequences of abx overuse

A

AMR

1) abx ⟶ expensive ⟶ raise $$ an prod
2) AMR ↓ avail abx treatments for infxt prod an ⟶ ↑ death/$$
3) poor welfare
4) zoonotic transfer

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27
Q

ex of AMR

A

1) cattle fed chlortetracycline ⟶ salmonella

2) swine dysentery from Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in pigs
- esp intensive farms

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28
Q

alternative approaches ↓ AMR

A

management strategies:

1) ↑ biosecurity measures
- isolation & vet exams for new arrivals
- isolation for infxt indiv
- regular health checks for livestock
- PPE
- ↓ stocking density ↓ transmission
2) ↓ stress
- transporting
- overcrowding: ↓ stocking density
- sudden changes: diet, temp, abrupt weaning
- mixing social groups
- poor stockmanship/rough handling
**for lab: physiological effects skew data ⟶ incorrect results for scientific research = potentially harmful for humans
⟶ soln: cup method
- painful procedures w/ no anesthetic/analgesic
3) waste management, hygiene, & sanitation
4) health plan ⟶ vx program
5) improve detection
- better training on clinical symptoms of dis & reg behaviors & subtle changes
- early detection ↓ transmission & dis easier to treat/cure/manage
- precision livestock farming
- definitive diagnosis
ex: culture & sensitivity: swan infx area
⟶ culture: lab analyze to identify path
⟶ sensitivity: test existing abx in lab to see affects path
⟶ for aggressive, lasting infx or no tx effective or new infx
⟶ ↓ use of broad-spectrum and & focus on best/most effective one that treats faster
⟶ con: results take a couple days ⟶ ↑ transmission time

strategies must be shaped around indiv, facility, species, circumstances
- limitations can arise, ex: uncooperative O/O willingness, finances

abx should not be used to compensate for poor management
treatment > cure

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29
Q

WHO

A

World Health Organization: United Nations agency to promote health, keep world safe, & serve the vulnerable
- highest policy-setting/governing body
- 194 member-states
- create recomm/guidelines/policies that MD/DVM must follow
- report abx use
- surveillance of use & monitoring prescribing

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30
Q

FAO

A

UN Food & Agriculture Org: leads international efforts to defeat hunger

goal: achieve food security for all & ensure people have reg access to enough high-quality food to lead active, healthy lives

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31
Q

Global Action Plan

A

↓ abx use in prod an (affects humans most) ⟶ ↓ AMR

1) ↓ use in all classes of med important antimicrobials in prod an

2) complete restriction of med imp antimicrobials in prod an for growth

3) complete restriction of med important antimicrobials in prod an for prevention

4) conditional recommendation: critically imp antimicrobials or highest-priority critically important should not be used to treat prod an

exception: DVM provides evidence that drug is only tx option

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32
Q

OIE

A

World Org for An Health: monitor an dis emergence & development of animal diseases
- collaboration
- shared resources
- codes of practice
- guaranteed transparency
- WAHIS: Wold Animal Health Information Systems ⟶ portal
1. early warning system: immed management of alerts
2. monitoring syst: manage 6-monthly info updates
3. further info

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33
Q

medically imp antimicrobials

critically imp antimicrobials

highest priority critically imp antimicrobials

A

all antimicrobials used in humans

sole/limited therapy options

sole therapy for serious infx in humans

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34
Q

best practice statements

A

1) antimicrobials or combination developed for humans = critically important unless categorized otherwise by WHO

2) med important antimicrobials not currently used in prod an should not be used in future

exception: DVM gives evidence that only tx option

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35
Q

veterinary epidemiology

A

study of frequency, distribution, & determinants of health/dis in pop

applications prevent, manage, & eradicate dis

concepts applied to many fields of study ⟶ broad

multidisciplinary

“study of health/dis in animal pop”

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36
Q

disciplinary

multidisciplinary

interdisciplinary

transdisciplinary

A

disciplinary: branch of knowledge

multidisciplinary: diff disciplines work together with own knowledge
- additive
- stays within boundaries
- use existing knowledge to solve problems
- ex: applying existing human med knowledge in vet med & vice versa

interdisciplinary: integrating/combining existing knowledge from diff disciplines
- integrative
- boundaries removed

transdisciplinary: creating new intellectual frameworks/way of thinking to create new fields of study
ex: one health

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37
Q

Edward Jenner

A
  • father of immunology
  • first vaccine ⟶ smallpox
  • variolation: infecting indiv w/ smallpox ⟶ died, infxt, 2° infx
38
Q

James Lindt

A
  • father of nautical med
  • scurvy
  • 1st randomized controlled trial ⟶ citrus tx
  • black box epidemiology:
    — unknown cause
    — investigate/observe
    — creative thinking
    — trial/error
    — research
39
Q

John Snow

A
  • doctor/anesthesiologist
  • father of modern epidemiology
  • epidemiology of cholera
  • first to stud epid in hum/an
  • specific appropriate doses
    — ether/chloroform
40
Q

1st Century

A
  • ↑ dom of an ⟶ ↑ dis
  • egyptian healers ⟶ vet hosp
    1. quarantine
    2. slaughter
41
Q

1700s-1800s

A
  • animal plagues
  • techniques to improve an health
    1. farm hygiene
    2. improved slaughter techniques
42
Q

late 1800s-1900s

A
  • lab dx
  • mass immuniz
  • scient study ⟶ improved underst of path/transmission
  • evidence-based med
43
Q

contemporary vet med

A

evidence-based med
major techniques:
1. structured recording of an health/dis
2. improved analysis of dis in pop
- surveillance
- monitoring
- National/international dis reporting (OIE)

44
Q

epidemiological investigation

A

tools/methods for invest, prevent, dx, ↓ transmission, tx an dis to understand:
- occurrence: where, when, who
- cause
- screening/dx
- assess effective tx
- prevention & prolongation of healthy life

45
Q

epidemiology objectives

A
  1. investigation & control
  2. understanding nat hx
  3. creating dis-control programs
  4. assess impacts of dis on society
46
Q

epid objective 1: invest & control dis examples

A

foot & mouth dis in sheep
- highly contagious virus
- divided-hooved an
- transmitted through direct contact & inanimate vectors
- spread hundreds of miles
- invest: tracing an movement & control

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia: resp dis in cattle
- mycoplasma bac
- endemic in sub-saharan africa

47
Q

epid objective 2: underst nat hx of a dis

A
  • how host/agent interact/coexist w/in a comm w/ other org in an envir
  • why some an get infx & others don’t
    factors impacting agen: climar, envir, geo distribution
  • life hx cycle
48
Q

epid objective 3: dis-control programs

A

based on knowledge about:
- prevalence
- factors associate w/ occurrence
- resources required to control

epid techniques required:
- direct action: strategies for prevention, control, & eradication
- monitoring: routine assessment in a pop
- surveillance: program effectiveness

49
Q

epid objective 4: assessment of impacts on society

A

costs/benefits of control:
- economic loss
- imp of health to industry
- an welfare
- ex: mastitis cattle: inflammatory infx of udder & teet
⟶ control prog for 15% not 1%

50
Q

vet epid in practice: bats

A
  • Bats harbor more viruses lethal to humans than any other mammal
  • Expanding agriculture to accommodate the land and resources required for increasing human populations is bringing humans into close contact with the animals, and this shrinking of distance is increasing the risk of spillover from bats to the villagers
51
Q

path agents

A
  • org that impairs norm fx
  • manifests in distinguising signs/symp
  • microscopic

prions: proteins causing fatal neurogenative dis
- ex: bovine spongiform encephalopathy aka Mad Cow

virus: core genetic material can only replicate inside living host
- ex: avian influenza ⟶ resp dis affecting poultry

bac: single-celled microbes
- can help/harm
- large variety
- ex: mastitis ⟶ tx abx

fungus: multicellular microbes ⟶ parasitic or symbiotic
- ex: ringworm: skin fungle infx in cattle, sheep, dogs, cats

protozoa: single-celled microbe
- free-living or parasitic
- potentially fatal
- ex: coccidiosis in chx ⟶ parasite damages intestine sys

multicellular parasites:
- helminths = worms
- arthropods attach to skin: ticks, fleas, lice
- ex: roundworms in beed/dairy cattle, sheep, goats, dogs, cats

52
Q

path agent characteristics

A

infectivity: ability to infxt host ⟶ how good are they are
- how easy is it for them
- how long does it take

pathogeny: ability to cause dis
- not all hosts show clinical signs
- disease = path cause enough damage to show clinical signs ⟶ otherwise just carriers

virulence: degree of severity
a) low:
- longer to infxt & show clinical signs
- ↑ risk of transmission
b) high:
- kills host quickly
- severe
- ↓ chance of transmit ⟶ less time to spread

pathogens want to survive ⟶ killing host quickly ↓ their lifespan

53
Q

epidemiological triad

A

goal: to understand, interconnect, & distrupt ≥ 1 corner

host: what types are targets
- species: not all pathogens infxt all species
- immune fx: ↓ = ↓ risk
- age: young & old most susceptible
sex, breed, lifecycle stage, nutritional status

envir: where is dis occurring
- external factors
- facility
- biosecurity
- water source
- system management
- contact w/ wildlife
- climate
- seasonality

agent: characteristics
- ideal host targets
- speed of infx
- transmission methods
- survival needs
- vulnerability

54
Q

transmission

A

movement of path from 1 infxt an ⟶ 1 or group of susceptible in an infxt pop

55
Q

modes of pathological transmission

A

1) direct:
- horizontal: direct contact w/ infxt
- vertical: offspring
- prevention: isolation & health checks

2) indirect
a) vehicle
- water & food
- airborne ⟶ dust, fine droplets (sneeze, cough)
- ex: Porcine reproductive & resp syndrome (PRRS)
- prevention: vx, biosec, management
b) mechanical vector: vector NOT infxt ⟶ carry agent btwn hosts
- arthropods
- ex: pinkeye (moraxella bovis)
- prevention: vx, management, bio
c) biological vector: vector is infxt, not necessarily harmed ⟶ carry agent btwn hosts
- arthropods
- ex: heartworm (dirofilaria immitus)
- prevention: vx, biosec, management
d) fomite
- ex: avian influenza
- prevention: biosec

56
Q

Porcine reproductive & resp syndrome (PRRS)

A
  • mode of transmission: indirect vehicle
  • airborne
  • virus
  • nasal secretions, urine, feces, & other bodily fluids
  • can travel up to 2 miles
  • common in US & all age groups

prevention: biosec, management, vx

57
Q

Pinkeye (Moraxella bovis)

A
  • mode of transmission: indirect mechanical vector
  • by flies
  • common & diff to control
  • painful ⟶ ulcers & blindness

prevention: vx, fly pop control

58
Q

heartworm (dirofilaria immitus)

A
  • mode of transmission: indirect biological vector
  • mosquitos pick up blood infxt w/ larvae (microfilia) ⟶ larvae develops ⟶ mosquito infxts new dog
  • adult worms live in heard, lungs, & blood vessels

treatment & prevention: anti-parasitic mx

59
Q

avian influenza Type A virus

A
  • mode of transmision: indirect fomite
  • viruses shed in bird droppings
  • veterinarians transfer virus to new farms by stepping in droppings & wearing same boots

prevention: biosecurity measures

59
Q

nat hx of a dis

A
  1. stage of susceptibility: prior to exposure influenced by:
    • immune fx
    • age
    • envir
    • primary prevention
  2. stage of pre-symptomatic dis: after to exposure
    • infxt but sub-clinical
    • pathologic changes
    • may always stay subclinical
    • routine screening = important
    • secondary prevention
  3. stage of clinical dis: from subclinical to clinical
    • onset of symptoms
    • observable changes in physiology/behavior
    • tertiary prevention
  4. stage of disibility or recovery

prevention = best

60
Q

incubation period

A

exposure to pathogen ⟶ evident clinical dis

61
Q

latent period

A

exposure to pathogen ⟶ pathological changes

62
Q

clinical signs vs symptoms

A

clinical signs: observable changes

symptoms: subjective
- assessing behavior
- interactions: avoidance/approach
- diff responses to pain

63
Q

screenings vs dx testing

A

screenings:
- detect dis during subclinical stage
- more effecting in ↓ transmission

dx testing:
- during clinical stage
- confirming diagnoses or figuring out

64
Q

levels of prevention

A

primary: avoiding dis development ⟶ ↑ host resistance/↑ susceptibility
- health promotion/detection
- prophylactics
- ex:
— vx
— routine screenings/exams
— biosec (PPE, hygiene)

secondary: early detection, ↓ transmission, ↑ chance of recovery/tx success
- early detection
- before clinical signs
- better economically & for ani health/wellness
- ex: yearly fecal tests

tertiary: stop/↓ dis progression & minimize risk of transmission
- avoid getting to this point
- dis established ⟶ clinical signs/symptoms
- tx & rehab
- $$ & resource intensive
- an health/welfare compromised
- ex: mastitis tx abx

65
Q

temporal patterns

A

sporadic: occurs occasionally in population
- prevalence is 0
- mad cow dis

endemic: habitually present at expected level
- giardia

epidemic: ↑ level not predicted/expected
- avian flu

pandemic: widespread/international
- swine flu
- covid

66
Q

vaccine vs vaccination

A

vaccine: prepared immunogenic material to induce immunity against path organism

vaccination: intentional administration of (semi-)harmless forms of path to induce specific immune response to protect against later exposure

how we take advantage of our body’s normal immune response

67
Q

inside vaccines:

A
  1. micro-org ⟶ live, attenuated, inactivated, or parts
  2. adjuvant
    - mostly in inactivated vx
  3. preservatives: formaldehyde, gentamycin, dyes

biologic: regulated by USDA not FDA ⟶ okay for organic

68
Q

types of vx

A
  1. live/modified
  2. killed/inactivated
  3. recombinant
69
Q

live/modified vx

A

attenuated: ↓ virulence/weakened
- replicate in animal & shed to others

benefits:
- full immune response
- stimulate cell-mediated & humoral immune response ⟶ B & T cells
- memory from 1 dose = ↓ frequency
- long-lasting

safety:
- can induce dis ⟶ reversion to virulence
- may cause abortion

70
Q

killed/inactivated vx

A

stimulate humoral immunity (antibodies)
- don’t replicate in animal

benefits:
- safer ⟶ no reversion to virulence

cons:
- require priming w/ live vx
- require refrigeration
- adjuvant irritating (granuloma formula)
- difficult to apply ⟶ must injxt every indiv parenteral
- expensive (encapsulation)
- shorter immunity ⟶ 1-2 yrs ⟶ require multiple doses for memory

71
Q

recombinant vx

A

live vector carries gene from pathogen encoding protein of immunogenic interest ⟶ generates immunity to gene of interest (GOI) & vector

benefits:
- long-lived immunity
- very safe
- minimal/negligible secondary effects

cons:
- require liquid N storage
- must not have previous immunity ⟶ neutralizes vector immediately
- applied in-ovo, I’m, SQ (poultry)
- expensive

72
Q

routes of vx administration

A
  • parenteral: IM, SQ, ID ⟶ dip into vx ⟶ w/in skin
  • mucosal: oral, nasal, rectal, ocular, vaginal
    ex: spray, drinking water, gel
  • epidermal & transcutaneous: first layer of skin vs through skin
    ex: wing web
  • in-ovo (chickens)
  • fetal (mammals) ⟶ unheard of
72
Q

vx immune system timeline

A

innate response ⟶ immediate

humoral response: 10-14 das after 1°
- max immune response

boosters: stimulate max response

73
Q

vaccination vs immunization

A

vaccination ≠ immunization
- act of vaccinating does to lead to immunity

74
Q

key to immunologic memory

A

re-vaccinate

75
Q

bacterin

A

killed bacteria
ex:
- leptospirosis
- salmonella

76
Q

toxoid

A

inactivated bac toxin
- requires 10-14d to develop acquired immunity
- acts as antigen
ex:
- clostridium perfrigens
- tetanus

77
Q

antitoxins

A

horse/sheep-derived serum antibodies
- not technically vx
- passive immunization
- immediate protection
ex:
- clostridium perfrigens
- tetanus

78
Q

attenuated or modified live examples

A

whole org ⟶ virulence is ↓ by adaptation to other host/org/envir
- bac: Brucella abortus
- virus: IBR, BVD, BRSV, PI-3

79
Q

recombinants examples

A

live vector + insert
ex:
- HVT + VP2
- immunity against Marek’s & Bursal dis

80
Q

vx failure causes

A
  1. an already infxt & incubating dis
    • 10-14d
    • stress/immunosuppression
    • existing infx accelerated by vx
  2. ineffective: denatured by heat, UV, lack of cold-chain storage
  3. animal state at time:
    • maternal antibody interference ⟶ neutralizes vx
    • stress/immunosuppression makes infx easier to overcome
      ⟶ BDV virus
      ⟶ Se & Cu deficiency
    • pregnant ↓ t-cell fx
      4. too high dose can overcome immune response
  4. application failure
  5. vx didn’t stimulate correct type of response
    • antibodies (B cell response) = extracellular org ⟶ killed products
      - cytotoxic cells (Tc cells) = intracellular agents
  6. new strain ⟶ vx not cross-protective ⟶ ineffective
  7. path stereotype diversity ⟶ wrong choice ⟶ ineffective
81
Q

passive immunity

A

transfer of antibodies from resistant (immune) ⟶ susceptible (non-immune)
ex:
- colostral antibodies & lactogenic immunity
- antiserum
- plasma transfusion
- yolk sac

82
Q

advantages of passive immunity

A

advantages: immediate protection

disadvantages:
- short-lived (～3w)
- expensive
- only involves 1/2 the immune response (humoral)
- interacts w/ early vx

83
Q

adjuvants

A

immunological agent that increases antigenic response
- enhances inflammation
- prolongs antigen persistence
- delivers co-stimulatory signals
- activates cells of immune system
- steers response to Th2 or Th1
- delivers antigens to MHC classes I or II

84
Q

vx strategies

A

exotic:
- rapid dx
- eradication
- quarantine
- compensation, stamp out, disposal
- surveillance
- biosecurity
- prevention

endemic:
- rapid dx
- control
- quarantine
- vx
- surveillance
- biosecurity
- prevention

BIOSECURITY MANAGEMENT = BEST STRATEGY
- vx comes 2nd ⟶ management tool

85
Q

innate immunity

A
  • initial discrimination between self/non-self
  • non-specific
  • from birth
  • fast
  • mediated by cells, barriers, chemicals, proteins
  • pattern recognition
  • no specificity
  • no memory

ex:
- temp/pH ⟶ hostile envir
- barriers:

  • skin
  • feathers
  • cilia
  • mucosa

-microflora: biological metabolites that make physical layers of hostile envir
- neutrophils & macrophages
- encounter, activation, attack, & memory

86
Q

adaptive immunity

A
  • acquired
  • specific
  • 2nd line of defense
  • slow ⟶ 4d+
  • mediated by lymphocytes: B & T
  • memory
  • specialization
    ex:
  • cell-mediated: T cells ⟶ thymus derived
  • B cells ⟶ bursa (chx) or bone marrow derived
  • antibodies IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE
87
Q

immune response timeline

A

immediate innate: 0-4h

induced innate: 4h-4d

adaptive response: 4d+

88
Q

mechanisms of innate immunity

A

1) barriers
- physical: skin & mucosa
- chemical: anti-microbes in skin/mucosa secretion
- biotic: normal flora on surface of skin/mucosa
- anatomic:

  • BBB
  • blood-placenta barrier
  • blood-thymus barrier

2) humoral response: mediated by antibodies secreted by plasma cells

3) cells
- Natural killer cells
- dendritic cells
- mast cells
- phagocytes: endocytosis & phagocytosis ⟶ identify, engulf, & destroy
a) monocytes ⟶ blood
b) neutrophils ⟶ white blood cells
c) macrophages ⟶ tissue

89
Q

process of adaptive immune response

A

1) antigen recognition
2) induction of response
3) regulation of response
- over-response can kill/damage org

Animal Health & Disease (8 decks)

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