Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Health & Disease > diseases > Flashcards

diseases Flashcards

1
Q

coccidiosis in pigs: host

A
  • commercial production & backyard pigs
  • young piglets (farrowing >10d old)
  • sows don’t get sick ➞ sub-clinical
               	· carriers
      		· bring into farrowing facility
  • not all piglets exposed will get it
  • must be a stressor: smaller, poor immune function more susceptible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

coccidiosis in pigs: agent

A
  • protozoa, genus Eimeria (many species)
  • horizontal transmission: vehicle (feces) & fomites
  • vertical transmission: mother to offspring
  • pig-specific
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

coccidiosis in pigs: envir

A
  • biosecurity:
    · cleaning/disinfecting areas btwn litters 
· quarantine
  • D+ piglets need warm, comfortable envir
              · easy access to warm milk
          · supportive care
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

coccidiosis in pigs: clinical signs

A
  • diarrhea @ 10d
  • lethargic
  • weight loss or no weight gain
  • dehydration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

coccidiosis in pigs: dx

A
  • visual inspection of piglet’s clinical signs
  • Necropsy - Visual inspection of the intestines (dead pig)
  • cannot diagnostically test while alive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

coccidiosis in pigs: tx

A
  • anti-coccidial agents for piglets – poor efficacy, but may help if provided before GI tract damage
  • antibacterial agents – not practical because of meat withdrawal period of many months
    - production meat cannot contain antibiotics for a set # of mo
  • anti-coccidial disinfectants – clean between litters
    - most effective
    - easy access to milk, probiotics may help but unclear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

streptococcus suey in pigs: host

A
  • very common in both commercial & non ➞ more so in commercial ➞ confined indoor housing
  • nursing & newly weaned
  • worldwide
  • zoonotic: common for butchers, farmers & vets to contract
  • mature pigs not usually affected ➞ must have underlying stressor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

streptococcus suey in pigs: agent

A
  • bacterial pathogen streptococcus suey
  • can be clinical or sub-clinical
  • transmission:
    - direct horizontal: nose to nose contact
- direct vertical transmission
- indirect horizontal: 
  
                     ➝ vehicles — fomites
                     ➝ mechanical — flies & rodents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

streptococcus suey in pigs: envir

A
  • biosecurity protocols: disinfectants kill bacteria
  • housing density
  • reducing stressors
              - aggression
          - ventilation 
          - humidity & temp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

streptococcus suey in pigs: clinical signs

A
  • inappetence
  • weight loss or not gaining weight
  • fever, inflammation
  • lethargic
  • arthritis
  • pneumonia
  • shaking/convulsing ➞ it’s close to death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

streptococcus suey in pigs: dx

A
  • swab nasal cavities/tonsils - present without clinical infection so hard to diagnose
  • clinical signs and analyze farm records to assess risk factors
              - # impacted
          - age impacted
          - # morbidity/mortality
          - envir parameters:
                  ⇾ temp
                  ⇾ humidity
                  ⇾ stocking density
  • necropsy - tissue sample, bacterial culture, and PCR testing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

streptococcus suey in pigs: tx

A
  • resistant to antibiotics ➞ no highly effective treatment options
  • prevention is key – eliminate stressors in young pigs, biosecurity, control of other diseases
  • developing vaccine:
              - give to mother ➞ vertical transmission through antibodies in colostrum until 4w
          - bacterial gene sequencing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS): agent

A
  • PRRS Virus (genus Arterivirus)
                  - PRRSV-1 (European origin)
              - PRRSV-2 (N. American origin)
  • clinical presentations:
                  - breeding animals ➞ reproductive impairment
              - all pigs/ages ➞ resp disease
  • very infectious
  • vertical transmission
  • horizontal transmission: vehicles ➞ fomites, semen, food, water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS) suey in pigs: host

A
  • commercial production
  • all ages
  • worldwide
  • sow can contract during breeding &
    artificial inseminations
  • most infected pigs become immune
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS) suey in pigs: envir

A
  • biosecurity btwn age groups
  • quarantine/test new animals
  • vx ➞ not very effective
  • early weaning & isolation of new liters
  • no mixing ages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in pigs: clinical signs

A
  • fever
  • lethargy
  • poor growth
  • dyspnea
  • sneezing
  • vomiting (older animals)
  • reproductive problems ➞ unique so key clinical sign for identification
              - premature
          - stillborn
          - mummified fetus
          - weak piglets
  • 2° infx ➞ infected with other pathogens (virus, bacteria)
    - ex: influenza, porcine respiratory coronavirus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
17
Q

porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in pigs: dx testing

A
  • blood sample ➞ PCR or ELISA test
              · ELISA test: antibody test
          · PCR: detects genetic material
  • necropsy – tissue sample (lung preferred), PCR or ELISA
18
Q

porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in pigs: tx

A
  • no effective treatment
  • exists on most farms
  • reduce severity
              - improve comfort
          - easy access to food/water 
          - ↓ stress
  • reduce number of infections
              - ↓ stocking density 
          - improve biosecurity measures
  • establish a control program & monitor disease
19
Q

Feline idiopathic cystitis

A

feline lower urinary tract infx

  • Who: adult & senior cats
  • Major Risk Factor: Stress
  • Prevention/management:
    * Encouraging increased water intake ➞ frequent urination = urine is more dilute ➞ less irritating bladder cells
* urinary diet
* maintain consistent home environment and try to reduce stressors/changes
20
Q

Feline panleukopenia

A

feline parvo

  • Who: Kittens & unvaccinated adult cats
    • Mostly animal shelters, boarding facilities, & unvaccinated community cat colonies
  • Agent: Feline parvovirus. (Gastro-intestinal disease)
  • Major risk factors
    * Keeping unvaccinated/unknown vaccination status cats/kittens together
* Letting unvaccinated cats/kittens outside (exposed to infected cats/kittens).
  • Prevention/management:
    * Vaccines 
* Health management plan in shelters/kennels
21
Q

feline obesity

A
  • Who: mostly adult &senior cats
  • Agent: no pathogen
  • Major risk factors:
    * free-feeding 
* lack of exercise/low activity levels 
* boredom/little mental stimulation
* indoor-only cats
  • Prevention/management:
    * weight-reduction program (weight control food)  ➞ want slow weight loss though controlled feeding multiple times a day
* Ensure good activity levels - play time, cardio, leash walks, etc
* Food puzzles ➞ work for their food!
22
Q

canine parvovirus

A
  • Who: unvaccinated dogs and puppies, but can infect all dogs
  • Agent: Highly contagious gastro-intestinal virus: Canine parvovirus 2
  • Major risk factors:
    * unvaccinated dogs/puppies kept together
* use caution when bringing pets to places where young puppies congregate (e.g. pet shops, parks, puppy classes, obedience classes, doggy daycare, kennels, and grooming establishments)
* letting your puppy or adult dog to come into contact with the fecal waste of other dogs while walking or playing outdoors
  • Prevention/management: Vaccination and good hygiene are critical components of prevention
    * Puppies should receive canine parvovirus vaccine
23
Q

canine hypothyroidism

A

hormone imbalance of thyroid gland

  • Who: adult dogs 4–10 years old
    • Usually affects mid to large breeds & rare in toy/miniature breeds
    • Some breeds carry higher risks such as golden retrievers
  • Agent: No agent
    * Hypothyroidism develops from an underactive thyroid condition 
* relatively common endocrine disorder in dogs
  • Major risk factors: Certain breeds & M:I dogs have higher risk
  • Prevention/management: no prevention, but routine veterinary visits can catch it early
    * Medication can manage the disease effectively as long as the owner can give the medication to the pet
24
Q

canine osteoarthritis

A
  • Who: mature and senior dogs, & larger breeds more at risk
  • Agent: None, reduces mobility and causes pain
  • Major risk factors:
    * obesity
* lack of exercise
* can be related to genetics and aging
  • Prevention/management:
    * Diet and weight control
* reduce high impact activities 
* encourage low- impact activities to help improve/maintain joint mobility
* Rehabilitation such as therapeutic exercises (i.e., swimming, underwater treadmill), can help improve join mobility
* Pain control important
* Joint supplements may help
25
Q

Lactococcus garvieae

A
  • Pathogenic strain of bacteria
  • Highly infectious and deadly
  • Unknown source but likely came from birds
  • host:
    * raibow trout
* all life stages
* adaptive/innate immunity
* standardized diet
  • agent:
    * bacteria
* resistant to abx
* locally transmitted
  • envir:
    * intensive systems
* warm temp
* high stocking-density
26
Q

equine colic

A
  • digestive disease
  • Abdominal pain or discomfort
  • Symptoms:
    * Increase in TPR
* sweating
* panting
* rolling
  • Can lead to surgery or death
  • Prevention:
             - Regular parasite program
         - Maintaining a regular feeding program
         - Avoiding sudden dietary changes
         - Providing water at all times
27
Q

Laminitis

A

inflammation of the laminae
* Founder displacement of the coffin bone in the hoof
* Clinical signs: Inflammation of the lamina

* lameness
* NWB
* shifting weight
* increased TPR
  • Causes:
    • dietary changes
    • decreased glucose to the lamina
    • constricted blood flow
    • dystocia or retained placenta
    • stress
    • infection
    • high temperature
28
Q

scours in cattle

A
  • leads to dehydration
  • leading cause of death in calves <1m

clinical signs:

  • very watery diarrhea that runs through bedding ➞ hard to identify
  • signs of dehydration
  • signs of weakness:
    * lethargy
    * droopy ears
    * laying more frequently ➞ tricky to identify b/c calves lay down a lot
    * not eating

causes:
1. Infectious: cause inflammation of intestines affecting nutrient absorption
* bacteria (e.g. E coli)
* Viruses (e.g. Rotavirus)
* Parasite (Cryptosporidium)

  1. non-infectous: poor nutrition or milk quality ➞ watery & doesn’t have nutrients & consistency that it should
29
Q

Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD)

A

leading cause of morbidity in in heifers (dairy cattle) & feedlot beef cattle

clinical signs:

  • nasal and eye discharge ➞ 1st sign of infx
  • shallow or fast breathing & coughing
  • fever or low appetite ➞ hard to identify in large heard
  • sunken eyes
  • low head
  • droopy eyes
  • emaciated

causes:
1. Infectious: often virus 1st then 2° bacterial infx due to weakened immune sys
2. non-infectous: envir factors

   * Cleanliness
   * ventilation
   * overcrowding
   * transport
30
Q

Mastitis

A

inflammation of the mammary gland ➞ leads to low milk production (main concern for farmers)

sub-clinical mastitis:

  • asymptomatic
  • can be detected by testing milk for somatic cell counts (SCC)

clinical mastitis:

  • visibly abnormal milk
  • udder changes

clinical signs:

  • milk is thicker & more yellow (normally liquid & clear/white)
  • Udder is red and swollen
  • usually only present in 1 quarter of udder

causes:
1. Infectious: bacteria in the teat canal (often streptococci or gram-negative rods

  1. non-infectous: envir factors → damage or injury to the teat often caused by machinery or trauma

Animal Health & Disease (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions