diseases Flashcards
1
Q
coccidiosis in pigs: host
A
- commercial production & backyard pigs
- young piglets (farrowing >10d old)
- sows don’t get sick ➞ sub-clinical
· carriers · bring into farrowing facility - not all piglets exposed will get it
- must be a stressor: smaller, poor immune function more susceptible
2
Q
coccidiosis in pigs: agent
A
- protozoa, genus Eimeria (many species)
- horizontal transmission: vehicle (feces) & fomites
- vertical transmission: mother to offspring
- pig-specific
3
Q
coccidiosis in pigs: envir
A
- biosecurity:
· cleaning/disinfecting areas btwn litters · quarantine
- D+ piglets need warm, comfortable envir
· easy access to warm milk · supportive care
4
Q
coccidiosis in pigs: clinical signs
A
- diarrhea @ 10d
- lethargic
- weight loss or no weight gain
- dehydration
5
Q
coccidiosis in pigs: dx
A
- visual inspection of piglet’s clinical signs
- Necropsy - Visual inspection of the intestines (dead pig)
- cannot diagnostically test while alive
6
Q
coccidiosis in pigs: tx
A
- anti-coccidial agents for piglets – poor efficacy, but may help if provided before GI tract damage
- antibacterial agents – not practical because of meat withdrawal period of many months
- production meat cannot contain antibiotics for a set # of mo - anti-coccidial disinfectants – clean between litters
- most effective
- easy access to milk, probiotics may help but unclear
7
Q
streptococcus suey in pigs: host
A
- very common in both commercial & non ➞ more so in commercial ➞ confined indoor housing
- nursing & newly weaned
- worldwide
- zoonotic: common for butchers, farmers & vets to contract
- mature pigs not usually affected ➞ must have underlying stressor
8
Q
streptococcus suey in pigs: agent
A
- bacterial pathogen streptococcus suey
- can be clinical or sub-clinical
- transmission:
- direct horizontal: nose to nose contact - direct vertical transmission - indirect horizontal: ➝ vehicles — fomites ➝ mechanical — flies & rodents
9
Q
streptococcus suey in pigs: envir
A
- biosecurity protocols: disinfectants kill bacteria
- housing density
- reducing stressors
- aggression - ventilation - humidity & temp
10
Q
streptococcus suey in pigs: clinical signs
A
- inappetence
- weight loss or not gaining weight
- fever, inflammation
- lethargic
- arthritis
- pneumonia
- shaking/convulsing ➞ it’s close to death
11
Q
streptococcus suey in pigs: dx
A
- swab nasal cavities/tonsils - present without clinical infection so hard to diagnose
- clinical signs and analyze farm records to assess risk factors
- # impacted - age impacted - # morbidity/mortality - envir parameters: ⇾ temp ⇾ humidity ⇾ stocking density - necropsy - tissue sample, bacterial culture, and PCR testing
12
Q
streptococcus suey in pigs: tx
A
- resistant to antibiotics ➞ no highly effective treatment options
- prevention is key – eliminate stressors in young pigs, biosecurity, control of other diseases
- developing vaccine:
- give to mother ➞ vertical transmission through antibodies in colostrum until 4w - bacterial gene sequencing
13
Q
porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS): agent
A
- PRRS Virus (genus Arterivirus)
- PRRSV-1 (European origin) - PRRSV-2 (N. American origin) - clinical presentations:
- breeding animals ➞ reproductive impairment - all pigs/ages ➞ resp disease - very infectious
- vertical transmission
- horizontal transmission: vehicles ➞ fomites, semen, food, water
14
Q
porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS) suey in pigs: host
A
- commercial production
- all ages
- worldwide
- sow can contract during breeding &
artificial inseminations - most infected pigs become immune
15
Q
porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS) suey in pigs: envir
A
- biosecurity btwn age groups
- quarantine/test new animals
- vx ➞ not very effective
- early weaning & isolation of new liters
- no mixing ages
16
Q
porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in pigs: clinical signs
A
- fever
- lethargy
- poor growth
- dyspnea
- sneezing
- vomiting (older animals)
- reproductive problems ➞ unique so key clinical sign for identification
- premature - stillborn - mummified fetus - weak piglets - 2° infx ➞ infected with other pathogens (virus, bacteria)
- ex: influenza, porcine respiratory coronavirus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
17
Q
porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in pigs: dx testing
A
- blood sample ➞ PCR or ELISA test
· ELISA test: antibody test · PCR: detects genetic material - necropsy – tissue sample (lung preferred), PCR or ELISA
18
Q
porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in pigs: tx
A
- no effective treatment
- exists on most farms
- reduce severity
- improve comfort - easy access to food/water - ↓ stress - reduce number of infections
- ↓ stocking density - improve biosecurity measures - establish a control program & monitor disease
19
Q
Feline idiopathic cystitis
A
feline lower urinary tract infx
- Who: adult & senior cats
- Major Risk Factor: Stress
- Prevention/management:
* Encouraging increased water intake ➞ frequent urination = urine is more dilute ➞ less irritating bladder cells * urinary diet * maintain consistent home environment and try to reduce stressors/changes
20
Q
Feline panleukopenia
A
feline parvo
-
Who: Kittens & unvaccinated adult cats
- Mostly animal shelters, boarding facilities, & unvaccinated community cat colonies
- Agent: Feline parvovirus. (Gastro-intestinal disease)
-
Major risk factors
* Keeping unvaccinated/unknown vaccination status cats/kittens together * Letting unvaccinated cats/kittens outside (exposed to infected cats/kittens).
-
Prevention/management:
* Vaccines * Health management plan in shelters/kennels
21
Q
feline obesity
A
- Who: mostly adult &senior cats
- Agent: no pathogen
-
Major risk factors:
* free-feeding * lack of exercise/low activity levels * boredom/little mental stimulation * indoor-only cats
-
Prevention/management:
* weight-reduction program (weight control food) ➞ want slow weight loss though controlled feeding multiple times a day * Ensure good activity levels - play time, cardio, leash walks, etc * Food puzzles ➞ work for their food!
22
Q
canine parvovirus
A
- Who: unvaccinated dogs and puppies, but can infect all dogs
- Agent: Highly contagious gastro-intestinal virus: Canine parvovirus 2
-
Major risk factors:
* unvaccinated dogs/puppies kept together * use caution when bringing pets to places where young puppies congregate (e.g. pet shops, parks, puppy classes, obedience classes, doggy daycare, kennels, and grooming establishments) * letting your puppy or adult dog to come into contact with the fecal waste of other dogs while walking or playing outdoors
-
Prevention/management: Vaccination and good hygiene are critical components of prevention
* Puppies should receive canine parvovirus vaccine
23
Q
canine hypothyroidism
A
hormone imbalance of thyroid gland
-
Who: adult dogs 4–10 years old
- Usually affects mid to large breeds & rare in toy/miniature breeds
- Some breeds carry higher risks such as golden retrievers
-
Agent: No agent
* Hypothyroidism develops from an underactive thyroid condition * relatively common endocrine disorder in dogs
- Major risk factors: Certain breeds & M:I dogs have higher risk
-
Prevention/management: no prevention, but routine veterinary visits can catch it early
* Medication can manage the disease effectively as long as the owner can give the medication to the pet
24
Q
canine osteoarthritis
A
- Who: mature and senior dogs, & larger breeds more at risk
- Agent: None, reduces mobility and causes pain
-
Major risk factors:
* obesity * lack of exercise * can be related to genetics and aging
-
Prevention/management:
* Diet and weight control * reduce high impact activities * encourage low- impact activities to help improve/maintain joint mobility * Rehabilitation such as therapeutic exercises (i.e., swimming, underwater treadmill), can help improve join mobility * Pain control important * Joint supplements may help
25
Lactococcus garvieae
* Pathogenic strain of bacteria
* Highly infectious and deadly
* Unknown source but likely came from birds
* **host**:
* raibow trout
* all life stages
* adaptive/innate immunity
* standardized diet
* **agent**:
* bacteria
* resistant to abx
* locally transmitted
* **envir**:
* intensive systems
* warm temp
* high stocking-density
26
equine colic
* digestive disease
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Symptoms:
* Increase in TPR
* sweating
* panting
* rolling
* Can lead to surgery or death
* Prevention:
- Regular parasite program
- Maintaining a regular feeding program
- Avoiding sudden dietary changes
- Providing water at all times
27
Laminitis
inflammation of the laminae
* Founder displacement of the coffin bone in the hoof
* Clinical signs: Inflammation of the lamina
* lameness
* NWB
* shifting weight
* increased TPR
* Causes:
* dietary changes
* decreased glucose to the lamina
* constricted blood flow
* dystocia or retained placenta
* stress
* infection
* high temperature
28
scours in cattle
* leads to dehydration
* leading cause of death in calves <1m
**clinical signs**:
* very watery diarrhea that runs through bedding ➞ hard to identify
* signs of dehydration
* signs of weakness:
* lethargy
* droopy ears
* laying more frequently ➞ tricky to identify b/c calves lay down a lot
* not eating
**causes**:
1. Infectious: cause inflammation of intestines affecting nutrient absorption
* bacteria (e.g. E coli)
* Viruses (e.g. Rotavirus)
* Parasite (Cryptosporidium)
2. non-infectous: poor nutrition or milk quality ➞ watery & doesn’t have nutrients & consistency that it should
29
Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD)
leading cause of morbidity in in heifers (dairy cattle) & feedlot beef cattle
**clinical signs**:
* nasal and eye discharge ➞ 1st sign of infx
* shallow or fast breathing & coughing
* fever or low appetite ➞ hard to identify in large heard
* sunken eyes
* low head
* droopy eyes
* emaciated
**causes**:
1. Infectious: often virus 1st then 2° bacterial infx due to weakened immune sys
2. non-infectous: envir factors
* Cleanliness
* ventilation
* overcrowding
* transport
30
Mastitis
inflammation of the mammary gland ➞ leads to low milk production (main concern for farmers)
**sub-clinical mastitis**:
* asymptomatic
* can be detected by testing milk for somatic cell counts (SCC)
**clinical mastitis**:
* visibly abnormal milk
* udder changes
**clinical signs**:
* milk is thicker & more yellow (normally liquid & clear/white)
* Udder is red and swollen
* usually only present in 1 quarter of udder
**causes**:
1. Infectious: bacteria in the teat canal (often streptococci or gram-negative rods
2. non-infectous: envir factors → damage or injury to the teat often caused by machinery or trauma
