final Flashcards

Question

closed populations

Answer 1

defined for entire study ➞ no additions or loses * more control * less bias * dis-free animals at start = at risk * preferred over open

Answer 2

animals enter/leave throughout duration of study * hard to keep sample size ➞ difficult to track long term * stable only if additions = withdrawals over time * not as rigorous * **cannot calculate disease risk from open pop**

Answer 3

**descriptive**: describes * summarize & describe data * no comparisons * hypothesis generating * frequency & distribution * cannot make conclusions about associations btwn E & O 1. **case report**: rare or new conditions/dis involving 1-2 animals 2. **case series**: collection of an (4+) w/ same rare condition/dis 3. **descriptive surveys**: to estimate freq & percentages of diff variables, ex morbidity, mortality, management practices **analytical**: compares * comparisons between groups * explore relationships & associations * test hypotheses 1. **experimental**: control treatments & manipulate envir 2. **observational**: natural experiments -no control over treatment or animals -no manipulation of envir -focused on exposures (E) & outcomes (O)

Answer 4

* reach maturity at ~ 6 months of age, live up to 6-10 yrs * litters 9-13 piglets (commercial breeds) * similar biologically to humans - simple/monogastric digestive system - immune system - organs * dry skin

Answer 5

* intelligent – easily trained, excellent hearing and sense of smell * social animals – house in groups, have a social hierarchy * behaviors - running - scratching - swimming - mud baths - no sweat glands ➞ sensitive to heat stress - thermoregulation - parasite control

Answer 6

* pork is the most consumed meat in the world * US = 3rd largest producer/consumer of pig products, largest exporter of pig products * production – mostly indoor confinement = highly controlled, reduced disease risk, but high density (therefore disease outbreaks a concern) * US – 60,000 commercial pig farms * 115 million pigs produced each year

Answer 7

1. **farrow-to-finish** (all in one operation) - breeding and farrowing sows - feed offspring to market weight – 280 lbs - 10-month cycle - expensive, labor intensive 2. **farrow to feeder** - gestation to nursery phase - sold for finishing - reduced operations - more economic but less profit - less need for machines ➞ less cost investment 3. **feeder to finish ** - finishing operation - reduced operations (don’t manage breeding stock) - lower labor requirements - more disease risks ➞ purchase from multiple farms, transportation, risk factors

Answer 8

* commercial production & backyard pigs * young piglets (farrowing >10d old) * intestinal — damages G.I. tract * subclinical on most farms * sows don’t get sick ➞ sub-clinical · carriers · bring into farrowing facility * not all piglets exposed will get it * must be a stressor: smaller, poor immune function more susceptible

Answer 9

* protozoa, genus Eimeria (many species) * horizontal transmission: vehicle (feces) & fomites * vertical transmission: mother to offspring * pig-specific

Answer 10

* biosecurity: · cleaning/disinfecting areas btwn litters · quarantine * D+ piglets need warm, comfortable envir · easy access to warm milk · supportive care

Answer 11

* diarrhea @ 10d * lethargic * weight loss or no weight gain * dehydration

Answer 12

* visual inspection of piglet’s clinical signs * Necropsy - Visual inspection of the intestines (dead pig) * cannot diagnostically test while alive

Answer 13

* anti-coccidial agents for piglets – poor efficacy, but may help if provided before GI tract damage * antibacterial agents – not practical because of meat withdrawal period of many months - production meat cannot contain antibiotics for a set # of mo * anti-coccidial disinfectants – clean between litters - most effective - easy access to milk, probiotics may help but unclear

Answer 14

* very common in both commercial & non - more so in commercial ➞ confined indoor housing * nursing & newly weaned * worldwide - found in all major producing facilities & countries - very prevalent in Asia - somewhat prevalent here * zoonotic: common for butchers, farmers & vets to contract * mature pigs not usually affected ➞ must have underlying stressor

Answer 15

* bacterial pathogen streptococcus suey * can be clinical or sub-clinical * transmission: - direct horizontal: nose to nose contact - direct vertical transmission - indirect horizontal: ➝ vehicles — fomites ➝ mechanical — flies & rodents

Answer 16

* biosecurity protocols: disinfectants kill bacteria * housing density * reducing stressors - aggression - ventilation - humidity & temp

Answer 17

* inappetence * weight loss or not gaining weight * fever, inflammation * lethargic * arthritis * pneumonia * shaking/convulsing ➞ it’s close to death

Answer 18

* swab nasal cavities/tonsils - present without clinical infection so hard to diagnose * clinical signs and analyze farm records to assess risk factors - # impacted - age impacted - # morbidity/mortality - envir parameters: ⇾ temp ⇾ humidity ⇾ stocking density * necropsy - tissue sample, bacterial culture, and PCR testing

Answer 19

* resistant to antibiotics ➞ no highly effective treatment options * prevention is key – eliminate stressors in young pigs, biosecurity, control of other diseases * developing vaccine: - give to mother ➞ vertical transmission through antibodies in colostrum until 4w - bacterial gene sequencing

Answer 20

* PRRS Virus (genus Arterivirus) - PRRSV-1 (European origin) - PRRSV-2 (N. American origin) * clinical presentations: - breeding animals ➞ reproductive impairment - all pigs/ages ➞ resp disease * very infectious * vertical transmission * horizontal transmission: - vehicles ➞ fomites, semen, food, water

Answer 21

* commercial production * all ages * worldwide * sow can contract during breeding & artificial inseminations * most infected pigs become immune

Answer 22

* biosecurity btwn age groups * quarantine/test new animals * vx ➞ not very effective * early weaning & isolation of new liters * no mixing ages

Answer 23

* fever * lethargy * poor growth * dyspnea, sneezing * vomiting (older animals) * reproductive problems ➞ unique so key clinical sign for identification - premature - stillborn - mummified fetus - weak piglets * 2° infx ➞ infected with other pathogens (virus, bacteria) - ex: influenza, porcine respiratory coronavirus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

Answer 24

* blood sample ➞ PCR or ELISA test · ELISA test: antibody test · PCR: detects genetic material * necropsy – tissue sample (lung preferred), PCR or ELISA

Answer 25

* no effective treatment * exists on most farms * reduce severity - improve comfort - easy access to food/water - ↓ stress * reduce number of infections - ↓ stocking density - improve biosecurity measures * establish a control program & monitor disease

Answer 26

* spay/neuter after 4 months of age (sexual maturity) * excellent vision in day & night - blue & green - far sighted - can track fast-moving objects very well but not slow-moving objects * excellent hearing – large range of sounds * high and low frequencies * high ➞ mice & rats * olfactory communication * vomeronasal organ detects/processes odors (flehmen response) * sebaceous scent glands ➞ pheromones

Answer 27

* solitary predatory hunters ➞ carnivores * eat alone * territorial ➞ need own space & access to resources * live in groups * form strong social attachments with familiar people & conspecifics (usually close kin) * scratching ➞ scent distribution & claw maintenance * stretching * perching ➞ visualize envir & feel safe/secure * climbing * hiding * hunting * playing

Answer 28

1. Feline idiopathic cystitis 2. Feline panleukopenia 3. obesity

Answer 29

feline lower urinary tract infx * Who: adult & senior cats * Major Risk Factor: Stress plays an important role * Prevention/management: * Encouraging increased water intake ➞ frequent urination = urine is more dilute ➞ less irritating bladder cells * urinary diet * maintain consistent home environment and try to reduce stressors/changes

Answer 30

* straining to urinate * bloody or discolored urine * frequent urination * accidents * inability to urinate

Answer 31

feline parvo * **Who**: Kittens & unvaccinated adult cats * Mostly animal shelters, boarding facilities, & unvaccinated community cat colonies * **Agent**: Feline parvovirus. (Gastro-intestinal disease) * **Major risk factors** * Keeping unvaccinated/unknown vaccination status cats/kittens together * Letting unvaccinated cats/kittens outside (exposed to infected cats/kittens). * **Prevention/management**: * Vaccines * Health management plan in shelters/kennels

Answer 32

* depression * loss of appetite * high fever * lethargy * vomiting * severe diarrhea * nasal discharge * dehydration * sit for long periods of time in front of their water bowls but not drink much water

Answer 33

* **Who**: mostly adult &senior cats * **Agent**: no pathogen * **Major risk factors**: * free-feeding * lack of exercise/low activity levels * boredom/little mental stimulation * indoor-only cats * **Prevention/management**: * weight-reduction program (weight control food) ➞ want slow weight loss though controlled feeding multiple times a day * Ensure good activity levels - play time, cardio, leash walks, etc * Food puzzles ➞ work for their food!

Answer 34

* Difficulty jumping or climbing stairs * Sitting or lying down more and showing an unwillingness to get up and move around * Loss of a visible waistline * Inability for pet parent to feel rib bones or hip bones

Answer 35

* spay/neuter 6 - 9 months of age (sexual maturity; depends on the breed) * good vision * see in blues & yellows * low-light * red = gray * excellent hearing * good range of sounds ➞ high frequencies * can hear up to 80ft away * olfactory communication * paired vomeronasal organ detects/processes odors (flehmen response) ⇾ teeth chattering to smell / detect / investigate * sebaceous scent glands ➞ pheromones

Answer 36

* highly social * live in groups * form strong social attachments with familiar people, and conspecifics * carnivores * territorial * play and exercise * social environment * cognitive stimulation

Answer 37

1. canine parvovirus 2. hypothyroidism 3. osteoarthritis

Answer 38

* **Who**: unvaccinated dogs and puppies, but can infect all dogs * **Agent**: Highly contagious gastro-intestinal virus: Canine parvovirus 2 * **Major risk factors**: * unvaccinated dogs/puppies kept together * use caution when bringing pets to places where young puppies congregate (e.g. pet shops, parks, puppy classes, obedience classes, doggy daycare, kennels, and grooming establishments) * letting your puppy or adult dog to come into contact with the fecal waste of other dogs while walking or playing outdoors * **Prevention/management**: Vaccination and good hygiene are critical components of prevention * Puppies should receive canine parvovirus vaccine

Answer 39

* lethargy * loss of appetite * abdominal pain and bloating * fever or low body temperature (hypothermia) * vomiting * severe bloody diarrhea

Answer 40

hormone imbalance of thyroid gland * **Who**: adult dogs 4–10 years old * Usually affects mid to large breeds & rare in toy/miniature breeds * Some breeds carry higher risks such as golden retrievers * **Agent**: No agent * Hypothyroidism develops from an underactive thyroid condition * relatively common endocrine disorder in dogs * **Major risk factors**: Certain breeds & M:I dogs have higher risk * **Prevention/management**: no prevention, but routine veterinary visits can catch it early * Medication can manage the disease effectively as long as the owner can give the medication to the pet

Answer 41

* weight gain without an increase in appetit * lethargy and lack of desire to exercise * cold intolerance * dry, dull hair with excessive shedding. * very thin to nearly bald hair coat. * increased dark pigmentation in the skin

Answer 42

* **Who**: mature and senior dogs, & larger breeds more at risk * **Agent**: None, reduces mobility and causes pain * **Major risk factors**: * obesity * lack of exercise * can be related to genetics and aging * **Prevention/management**: * Diet and weight control * reduce high impact activities * encourage low- impact activities to help improve/maintain joint mobility * Rehabilitation such as therapeutic exercises (i.e., swimming, underwater treadmill), can help improve join mobility * Pain control important * Joint supplements may help

Answer 43

* Pain * stillness and lameness * Swollen joints * Refusal to jump, use stairs or run * Reluctance to stand up

Answer 44

* all fish/seafood * farmed fish * sustainable fish * conservation * recreation ➞ coy ponds * scientific ➞ biomedical research * regenerative purposes ➞ kelp

Answer 45

1. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) ➞ fish culture tank ➞ mechanical filter ➞ biological filter ➞ oxygenation ➞ water inputs ➞ fish culture tank 2. Pond systems ➞ squares in fields (catfish, bass, sturgeon) 3. Flow-through/raceway ➞ good for high O2 demand & river nearby 4. Aquaponics ➞ for limited H2O supply ➞ effluent from tank waters plants (N2) 5. Open water (fish) ➞ giant circular nets in ocean (not common in US) 6. Open water (shellfish/seaweed) ➞ drag along nets 7. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) ➞ net of fish producing waste & position shellfish/kelp around to take up nutrients in waste ➞ makes more eco-friendly

Answer 46

* Intensive, semi intensive, extensive production systems * Disease outbreaks - Sources of disease (ambient/environmental pathogens, contamination) - Factors influencing disease outbreaks ⇾ Aquatic environment-–transmission is easier relative to terrestrial pathogens ⇾ Stress from crowding, handling, diet, weather, etc * Emergent pathogens * Resistant diseases, limited treatment solutions

Answer 47

* Parasitic crustacean * Naturally present in marine environments * * **host**: * Atlantic Salmon * All life stages * Adaptive/innate immunity * Standardized diet * **agent**: * known lifecycle * locally transmitted * **envir**: * semi-intensive * high stocking-density

Answer 48

* Pathogenic strain of bacteria * Highly infectious and deadly * Unknown source but likely came from birds * **host**: * raibow trout * all life stages * adaptive/innate immunity * standardized diet * **agent**: * bacteria * resistant to abx * locally transmitted * **envir**: * intensive systems * warm temp * high stocking-density

Answer 49

* Environment manipulation * Temperature, salinity * Biological control, i.e., cleaner fish for parasite control * Antimicrobial products * Broad spectrum – disinfection, sterilizing, external parasites * Therapeutic – bacterial infections * Culling infected individuals

Answer 50

* around world: Chile, China, India – AMR detectable in environment near aquaculture * US: Strict regulations ➞ AMR present in emerging pathogens * Policies and actions to slow development of AMR * Required Rx for antibiotics * Environmental/system monitoring * Alternative strategies for disease treatment

Answer 51

1. comprehensive protocols - Biosecurity: standardized cleaning and contamination protection - Disease response: Quick and appropriate response to signs of disease 2. good husbandry strategies - stress management - proper diet + sustainable ingredients - optimal envir 3. effective antimicrobial products - biocides - antimicrobials ➞ FDA approved for use as dis tx - abx ➞ Classified as MIADs, FDA approved for use only as disease treatment and only under veterinarian guidance * not used for growth promotion

Answer 52

* stock selection * vaccines * novel antimicrobials * dietary supplements

Answer 53

1. Normal Behavior/Demeanor * Normal Vital Signs * Eating * Not standing alone * Normal Body posture 2. Good Body Condition * Scored from 1 to 9 * 5 (moderate) or 6 (moderate to fleshy) * Very thin (1) or obese (9) = unhealthy 3. Hair Coat * Shinny, glossy hair= 1 of the best indicators * Often relates to nutrition & deworming program 4. Hoof Growth * Healthy hoof wall tissue * 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 inch/month (6-8 w clipping) * Smooth and uncracked 5. Eyes * Bright eyes * fully open, clear no discharge, not glazed over or dull 6. Manure/Urination * Firm manure (not loose or watery) * Wheat straw (not cloudy or dark red) * Indicator or hydration/illness

Answer 54

1. Restlessness, Agitation, Anxiety 2. Rigid stance, reluctance to move 3. Lowered head carriage 4. Fixed stare, dilated nostrils, clenched jaw 5. Aggression towards own foal or people

Answer 55

1. Proper Nutrition: feed according to: · Exercise Level · Reproduction Status · Age · Growth Rate · Mature Body Weight · Temperature (extreme cold) 2. Prevention and control of Parasites 3. antibodies/vx

Answer 56

* sanitation & good management * chemical applications * feed products * fly apparel

Answer 57

core: * Eastern/Western Equine Encephalomyelitis * Rabies * Tetanus * West Nile Virus risk-based * Anthrax * Botulism * Equine Herpesvirus (Rhinopneumonitis) * Equine Influenza

Answer 58

* digestive disease * Abdominal pain or discomfort * Symptoms: * Increase in TPR * sweating * panting * rolling * Can lead to surgery or death * Prevention: - Regular parasite program - Maintaining a regular feeding program - Avoiding sudden dietary changes - Providing water at all times

Answer 59

* Increase in TPR * sweating * panting * rolling

Answer 60

inflammation of the laminae * Founder displacement of the coffin bone in the hoof * Clinical signs: Inflammation of the lamina * lameness * NWB * shifting weight * increased TPR * Causes: * dietary changes * decreased glucose to the lamina * constricted blood flow * dystocia or retained placenta * stress * infection * high temperature

Answer 61

* lameness * NWB * shifting weight * increased TPR

Answer 62

captive specific behaviors that indicate a physiological problem or envir stressor or deficiency 1. sham-chewing: chewing air ➞ produces foam * mechanism: food-related frustration ➞ not enough food compared to what they normally eat * pigs 2. back-flipping * mechanism: cognitive impairment ➞ developmental * basal ganglia: region of the brain responsible for behavioral inhibition or control ➞ regulation * damage increases locomotive behaviors 3. self-mutilation: behaviors results in direct increase in serotonin or lower corisol (measure of stress) * feather-plucking * skin-picking

Answer 63

1. tongue rolling ➞ mimicking eating grass 2. non-nutritive oral manipulation (NNOM) * weaning associated * resemble nat behaviors like drinking milk or foraging * limited understanding of development

Answer 64

**beef**: * primary product is beef * calves born on pasture * raised by mom for 6-8m (nearly 1/2 of life) * moved into feedlot around 12m * fed concentrate diet ➞ high-calorie corn-based * slaughtered by 14-16m * mostly outdoor housing * little to no human interaction * left out on own in pasture **dairy**: * primary product is milk * calves born and removed from mom immediately (w/in 24h) * farmers main argument: avoid dis (not well supported) * most evidence supports counterargument * housed individually until weaning (6-8wk) then grouped * bred by 14-16 mo, calve 22-24m * feed-restricted * kept on farm on avg. for 3 lactation cycles ➞ then slaughtered * mostly housed indoors/under cover * lots of human interaction

Answer 65

* leads to dehydration * leading cause of death in calves <1m **clinical signs**: * very watery diarrhea that runs through bedding ➞ hard to identify b/c runs through hay * signs of dehydration * signs of weakness: * lethargy * droopy ears * laying more frequently ➞ tricky to identify b/c calves lay down a lot * not eating **causes**: 1. Infectious: cause inflammation of intestines affecting nutrient absorption * bacteria (e.g. E coli) * Viruses (e.g. Rotavirus) * Parasite (Cryptosporidium) 2. non-infectous: poor nutrition or milk quality ➞ watery & doesn’t have nutrients & consistency that it should

Answer 66

* very watery diarrhea that runs through bedding ➞ hard to identify b/c runs through hay * signs of dehydration * signs of weakness: * lethargy * droopy ears * laying more frequently ➞ tricky to identify b/c calves lay down a lot * not eating

Answer 67

**human**: zoonosis & costly **animal**: welfare ➞ suffering, death, dehydration, pain, severe weight loss **envir**: dirty pens/envir ➞ leads to reinfection

Answer 68

leading cause of morbidity in in heifers (dairy cattle) & feedlot beef cattle **clinical signs**: * nasal and eye discharge ➞ 1st sign of infx * shallow or fast breathing & coughing * fever or low appetite ➞ hard to identify in large heard * sunken eyes * low head * droopy eyes * emaciated **causes**: 1. Infectious: often virus 1st then 2° bacterial infx due to weakened immune sys 2. non-infectous: envir factors * Cleanliness * ventilation * overcrowding * transport

Answer 69

* nasal and eye discharge ➞ 1st sign of infx * shallow or fast breathing & coughing * fever or low appetite ➞ hard to identify in large heard * sunken eyes * low head * droopy eyes * emaciated

Answer 70

**human**: * $$$ tx * AMR * perception of abx ➞ consumers don’t want milk tx abx **animal**: death, welfare, suffering **envir**: * poor ventilation * overcrowding * methane ➞ GG * AMR

Answer 71

inflammation of the mammary gland ➞ leads to low milk production (main concern for farmers) **sub-clinical mastitis**: * asymptomatic * can be detected by testing milk for somatic cell counts (SCC) **clinical mastitis**: * visibly abnormal milk * udder changes **clinical signs**: * milk is thicker & more yellow (normally liquid & clear/white) * Udder is red and swollen * usually only present in 1 quarter of udder **causes**: 1. Infectious: bacteria in the teat canal (often streptococci or gram-negative rods 2. non-infectous: envir factors → damage or injury to the teat often caused by machinery or trauma

Answer 72

* milk is thicker & more yellow (normally liquid & clear/white) * Udder is red and swollen * usually only present in 1 quarter of udder

Answer 73

**human**: * AMR * perception of abx use * $$ concern ➞ no mastitis milk going into tank ➞ loss of $$ * unclean milk **animal**: pain & chronic culling **envir**: * dirty envir, cleaning equipment * AMR

Answer 74

1. 5 freedoms 2. 3 circles ➞ physical & natural lead to mental (US) 3. 5 domains ➞ most comprehensive (AUS)

Answer 75

**arousal**: physiological functioning * cannot distinguish +/− w/ arousal state ➞ terrified & excited both elicit same arousal **valence**: +/−

Answer 76

* morbidity & mortality * incidence & prevalence