final Flashcards
screening tests vs dx tests
screening: used to detect pathogens during sub-clinical stage
- from exposure to clinical signs
- early detection
- early treatment & ↑ prognosis
- focus: population level
dx: used to confirm or identify disease once clinical signs appear
- guide treatment & prognosis
focus: individual
measures of a test
validity: accuracy
reliability: repeatability
how do dx tests fx?
sense antibodies
false + vs false −
false positives can be caused by:
- similar disease agent ➞ confusion
- previous exposure
- lab/test error
- ensuring low false positives
- important for diseases w/ $$ tx or tx that cause suffering
false negatives can occur from:
- timing ➞ early in subclinical stage ➞ might not be long enough for immune system to begin response
- immunocompromised indiv don’t produce antibodies so tests cannot pickup
- ensuring low false negatives important for highly transmissible & severe diseases with extreme consequences
- ex: PRRS
proportion of the population diseased and exposed
proportion of the population exposed
proportion of the population diseased
true prevalence
actual level of disease prevalence in the pop
* cannot know ➞ estimate using AP
apparent prevalence
what prevalence appears to be based on the test
sensitivity
proportion of D+ that T+
* how accurate the test is at identifying diseased indiv
* ↑ Sn ➞ indiv that T+ are D+
specificity
proportion of D− that T−
* how good a test is at identifying non-diseased indiv
* ↑ Sp ➞ indiv that T− are D−
predictive value
probability of disease given the test result
positive predictive value (PPV)
probability/proportion of T+ that are D+
negative predictive value (NPV)
probability/proportion of T− that are D−
↑ prevalence =
↑ PPV & ↓ NPV
more dis in pop ➞ more indiv will T+ so less indiv will T−
↓ prevalence
↓ PPV & ↑ NPV
less dis in pop ➞ less indiv will T+ so more indiv will T−
AP < TP
underestimates TP of disease ➞ more false T− so D+ are missed
AP > TP
overestimates TP of disease ➞ more false T+ so D− animals are falsely dx
what measures do we use to quantify disease in populations?
- amount of dis
- morbidity: # of infxt - mortality: # of deaths from dis
- temporal distribution
- geographic/spatial distribution
- prevalence
- incidence
- cumulative incidence
- approximate incidence
prevalence
number of instances in a known pop at a specific point in time
* ** snapshot in time**
* diseases with long durations
* identifying common dis in pop
* evaluating control strategies
incidence
number of new cases in a known pop over a period of time
* preferred over prevalence
* dis w/ short durations
* understanding disease development and transmission (temporality)
* predicting risk of disease (change in health status)
cumulative incidence
proportion of non-dis animals at beginning of study that become dis during the study
* aka avg risk of developing disease during a time period
* who is getting diseased over time
* risk of disease
incidence rate
how quickly new cases develop over time
* closed pop only
closed populations
defined for entire study ➞ no additions or loses
* more control
* less bias
* dis-free animals at start = at risk
* preferred over open
open populations
animals enter/leave throughout duration of study
* hard to keep sample size ➞ difficult to track long term
* stable only if additions = withdrawals over time
* not as rigorous
* cannot calculate disease risk from open pop
study designs
descriptive: describes
* summarize & describe data
* no comparisons
* hypothesis generating
* frequency & distribution
* cannot make conclusions about associations btwn E & O
1. case report: rare or new conditions/dis involving 1-2 animals
2. case series: collection of an (4+) w/ same rare condition/dis
3. descriptive surveys: to estimate freq & percentages of diff variables, ex morbidity, mortality, management practices
analytical: compares
* comparisons between groups
* explore relationships & associations
* test hypotheses
1. experimental: control treatments & manipulate envir
2. observational: natural experiments
-no control over treatment or animals
-no manipulation of envir
-focused on exposures (E) & outcomes (O)
pig biology
- reach maturity at ~ 6 months of age, live up to 6-10 yrs
- litters 9-13 piglets (commercial breeds)
- similar biologically to humans
- simple/monogastric digestive system
- immune system
- organs - dry skin
pig behavior
- intelligent – easily trained, excellent hearing and sense of smell
- social animals – house in groups, have a social hierarchy
- behaviors
- running
- scratching
- swimming
- mud baths- no sweat glands ➞ sensitive to heat stress - thermoregulation - parasite control
pork production
- pork is the most consumed meat in the world
- US = 3rd largest producer/consumer of pig products, largest exporter of pig products
- production – mostly indoor confinement = highly controlled, reduced disease risk, but high density (therefore disease outbreaks a concern)
- US – 60,000 commercial pig farms
- 115 million pigs produced each year
pig operations
-
farrow-to-finish (all in one operation)
- breeding and farrowing sows - feed offspring to market weight – 280 lbs - 10-month cycle - expensive, labor intensive -
farrow to feeder
- gestation to nursery phase - sold for finishing - reduced operations - more economic but less profit - less need for machines ➞ less cost investment - **feeder to finish **
- finishing operation - reduced operations (don’t manage breeding stock) - lower labor requirements - more disease risks ➞ purchase from multiple farms, transportation, risk factors
coccidiosis in pigs: host
- commercial production & backyard pigs
- young piglets (farrowing >10d old)
- intestinal — damages G.I. tract
- subclinical on most farms
- sows don’t get sick ➞ sub-clinical
· carriers · bring into farrowing facility - not all piglets exposed will get it
- must be a stressor: smaller, poor immune function more susceptible
coccidiosis in pigs: agent
- protozoa, genus Eimeria (many species)
- horizontal transmission: vehicle (feces) & fomites
- vertical transmission: mother to offspring
- pig-specific
coccidiosis in pigs: envir
- biosecurity:
· cleaning/disinfecting areas btwn litters · quarantine
- D+ piglets need warm, comfortable envir
· easy access to warm milk · supportive care
coccidiosis in pigs: clinical signs
- diarrhea @ 10d
- lethargic
- weight loss or no weight gain
- dehydration
coccidiosis in pigs: dx
- visual inspection of piglet’s clinical signs
- Necropsy - Visual inspection of the intestines (dead pig)
- cannot diagnostically test while alive
coccidiosis in pigs: tx
- anti-coccidial agents for piglets – poor efficacy, but may help if provided before GI tract damage
- antibacterial agents – not practical because of meat withdrawal period of many months
- production meat cannot contain antibiotics for a set # of mo - anti-coccidial disinfectants – clean between litters
- most effective
- easy access to milk, probiotics may help but unclear
streptococcus suey in pigs: host
- very common in both commercial & non
- more so in commercial ➞ confined indoor housing
- nursing & newly weaned
- worldwide
- found in all major producing facilities & countries - very prevalent in Asia - somewhat prevalent here - zoonotic: common for butchers, farmers & vets to contract
- mature pigs not usually affected ➞ must have underlying stressor
streptococcus suey in pigs: agent
- bacterial pathogen streptococcus suey
- can be clinical or sub-clinical
- transmission:
- direct horizontal: nose to nose contact - direct vertical transmission - indirect horizontal: ➝ vehicles — fomites ➝ mechanical — flies & rodents
streptococcus suey in pigs: envir
- biosecurity protocols: disinfectants kill bacteria
- housing density
- reducing stressors
- aggression - ventilation - humidity & temp
streptococcus suey in pigs: clinical signs
- inappetence
- weight loss or not gaining weight
- fever, inflammation
- lethargic
- arthritis
- pneumonia
- shaking/convulsing ➞ it’s close to death
streptococcus suey in pigs: dx
- swab nasal cavities/tonsils - present without clinical infection so hard to diagnose
- clinical signs and analyze farm records to assess risk factors
- # impacted - age impacted - # morbidity/mortality - envir parameters: ⇾ temp ⇾ humidity ⇾ stocking density - necropsy - tissue sample, bacterial culture, and PCR testing
streptococcus suey in pigs: tx
- resistant to antibiotics ➞ no highly effective treatment options
- prevention is key – eliminate stressors in young pigs, biosecurity, control of other diseases
- developing vaccine:
- give to mother ➞ vertical transmission through antibodies in colostrum until 4w - bacterial gene sequencing
porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS) suey in pigs: agent
- PRRS Virus (genus Arterivirus)
- PRRSV-1 (European origin) - PRRSV-2 (N. American origin) - clinical presentations:
- breeding animals ➞ reproductive impairment - all pigs/ages ➞ resp disease - very infectious
- vertical transmission
- horizontal transmission:
- vehicles ➞ fomites, semen, food, water
porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS) suey in pigs: host
- commercial production
- all ages
- worldwide
- sow can contract during breeding &
artificial inseminations - most infected pigs become immune
porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS) suey in pigs: envir
- biosecurity btwn age groups
- quarantine/test new animals
- vx ➞ not very effective
- early weaning & isolation of new liters
- no mixing ages
porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS) suey in pigs: clinical signs
- fever
- lethargy
- poor growth
- dyspnea, sneezing
- vomiting (older animals)
- reproductive problems ➞ unique so key clinical sign for identification
- premature - stillborn - mummified fetus - weak piglets - 2° infx ➞ infected with other pathogens (virus, bacteria)
- ex: influenza, porcine respiratory coronavirus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS) suey in pigs: dx testing
- blood sample ➞ PCR or ELISA test
· ELISA test: antibody test · PCR: detects genetic material - necropsy – tissue sample (lung preferred), PCR or ELISA
porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS) suey in pigs: tx
- no effective treatment
- exists on most farms
- reduce severity
- improve comfort - easy access to food/water - ↓ stress - reduce number of infections
- ↓ stocking density - improve biosecurity measures - establish a control program & monitor disease
feline biology
- spay/neuter after 4 months of age (sexual maturity)
- excellent vision in day & night
- blue & green - far sighted - can track fast-moving objects very well but not slow-moving objects
- excellent hearing – large range of sounds
* high and low frequencies * high ➞ mice & rats
- olfactory communication
* vomeronasal organ detects/processes odors (flehmen response) * sebaceous scent glands ➞ pheromones
feline behaviors
- solitary predatory hunters ➞ carnivores
* eat alone
- territorial ➞ need own space & access to resources
- live in groups
- form strong social attachments with familiar people & conspecifics (usually close kin)
- scratching ➞ scent distribution & claw maintenance
- stretching
- perching ➞ visualize envir & feel safe/secure
- climbing
- hiding
- hunting
- playing
feline diseases
- Feline idiopathic cystitis
- Feline panleukopenia
- obesity
Feline idiopathic cystitis
feline lower urinary tract infx
- Who: adult & senior cats
- Major Risk Factor: Stress plays an important role
- Prevention/management:
* Encouraging increased water intake ➞ frequent urination = urine is more dilute ➞ less irritating bladder cells * urinary diet * maintain consistent home environment and try to reduce stressors/changes
Feline idiopathic cystitis clinical signs
- straining to urinate
- bloody or discolored urine
- frequent urination
- accidents
- inability to urinate
Feline panleukopenia
feline parvo
-
Who: Kittens & unvaccinated adult cats
- Mostly animal shelters, boarding facilities, & unvaccinated community cat colonies
- Agent: Feline parvovirus. (Gastro-intestinal disease)
-
Major risk factors
* Keeping unvaccinated/unknown vaccination status cats/kittens together * Letting unvaccinated cats/kittens outside (exposed to infected cats/kittens).
-
Prevention/management:
* Vaccines * Health management plan in shelters/kennels
Feline panleukopenia clinical signs
- depression
- loss of appetite
- high fever
- lethargy
- vomiting
- severe diarrhea
- nasal discharge
- dehydration
- sit for long periods of time in front of their water bowls but not drink much water
feline obesity
- Who: mostly adult &senior cats
- Agent: no pathogen
-
Major risk factors:
* free-feeding * lack of exercise/low activity levels * boredom/little mental stimulation * indoor-only cats
-
Prevention/management:
* weight-reduction program (weight control food) ➞ want slow weight loss though controlled feeding multiple times a day * Ensure good activity levels - play time, cardio, leash walks, etc * Food puzzles ➞ work for their food!
feline obesity clinical signs
- Difficulty jumping or climbing stairs
- Sitting or lying down more and showing an unwillingness to get up and move around
- Loss of a visible waistline
- Inability for pet parent to feel rib bones or hip bones
canine biology
- spay/neuter 6 - 9 months of age (sexual maturity; depends on the breed)
- good vision
* see in blues & yellows * low-light * red = gray
- excellent hearing
* good range of sounds ➞ high frequencies * can hear up to 80ft away
- olfactory communication
* paired vomeronasal organ detects/processes odors (flehmen response) ⇾ teeth chattering to smell / detect / investigate * sebaceous scent glands ➞ pheromones
canine behavior
- highly social
* live in groups * form strong social attachments with familiar people, and conspecifics
- carnivores
- territorial
- play and exercise
- social environment
- cognitive stimulation
caninee diseases
- canine parvovirus
- hypothyroidism
- osteoarthritis
canine parvovirus
- Who: unvaccinated dogs and puppies, but can infect all dogs
- Agent: Highly contagious gastro-intestinal virus: Canine parvovirus 2
-
Major risk factors:
* unvaccinated dogs/puppies kept together * use caution when bringing pets to places where young puppies congregate (e.g. pet shops, parks, puppy classes, obedience classes, doggy daycare, kennels, and grooming establishments) * letting your puppy or adult dog to come into contact with the fecal waste of other dogs while walking or playing outdoors
-
Prevention/management: Vaccination and good hygiene are critical components of prevention
* Puppies should receive canine parvovirus vaccine
canine parvovirus clinical signs
- lethargy
- loss of appetite
- abdominal pain and bloating
- fever or low body temperature (hypothermia)
- vomiting
- severe bloody diarrhea
canine hypothyroidism
hormone imbalance of thyroid gland
-
Who: adult dogs 4–10 years old
- Usually affects mid to large breeds & rare in toy/miniature breeds
- Some breeds carry higher risks such as golden retrievers
-
Agent: No agent
* Hypothyroidism develops from an underactive thyroid condition * relatively common endocrine disorder in dogs
- Major risk factors: Certain breeds & M:I dogs have higher risk
-
Prevention/management: no prevention, but routine veterinary visits can catch it early
* Medication can manage the disease effectively as long as the owner can give the medication to the pet
canine hypothyroidism clinical signs
- weight gain without an increase in appetit
- lethargy and lack of desire to exercise
- cold intolerance
- dry, dull hair with excessive shedding.
- very thin to nearly bald hair coat.
- increased dark pigmentation in the skin
canine osteoarthritis
- Who: mature and senior dogs, & larger breeds more at risk
- Agent: None, reduces mobility and causes pain
-
Major risk factors:
* obesity * lack of exercise * can be related to genetics and aging
-
Prevention/management:
* Diet and weight control * reduce high impact activities * encourage low- impact activities to help improve/maintain joint mobility * Rehabilitation such as therapeutic exercises (i.e., swimming, underwater treadmill), can help improve join mobility * Pain control important * Joint supplements may help
canine osteoarthritis clinical signs
- Pain
- stillness and lameness
- Swollen joints
- Refusal to jump, use stairs or run
- Reluctance to stand up
aquaculture includes
- all fish/seafood
- farmed fish
- sustainable fish
- conservation
- recreation ➞ coy ponds
- scientific ➞ biomedical research
- regenerative purposes ➞ kelp
types of systems
- Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) ➞ fish culture tank ➞ mechanical filter ➞ biological filter ➞ oxygenation ➞ water inputs ➞ fish culture tank
2. Pond systems ➞ squares in fields (catfish, bass, sturgeon)
3. Flow-through/raceway ➞ good for high O2 demand & river nearby
4. Aquaponics ➞ for limited H2O supply ➞ effluent from tank waters plants (N2)
5. Open water (fish) ➞ giant circular nets in ocean (not common in US)
6. Open water (shellfish/seaweed) ➞ drag along nets
7. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) ➞ net of fish producing waste & position shellfish/kelp around to take up nutrients in waste ➞ makes more eco-friendly
Major challenges in aquaculture
- Intensive, semi intensive, extensive production systems
* Disease outbreaks- Sources of disease (ambient/environmental pathogens, contamination) - Factors influencing disease outbreaks ⇾ Aquatic environment-–transmission is easier relative to terrestrial pathogens ⇾ Stress from crowding, handling, diet, weather, etc * Emergent pathogens * Resistant diseases, limited treatment solutions
sea lice
- Parasitic crustacean
- Naturally present in marine environments
-
host:
- Atlantic Salmon
- All life stages
- Adaptive/innate immunity
- Standardized diet
-
host:
-
agent:
* known lifecycle * locally transmitted
-
envir:
* semi-intensive * high stocking-density
Lactococcus garvieae
- Pathogenic strain of bacteria
- Highly infectious and deadly
- Unknown source but likely came from birds
-
host:
* raibow trout * all life stages * adaptive/innate immunity * standardized diet
-
agent:
* bacteria * resistant to abx * locally transmitted
-
envir:
* intensive systems * warm temp * high stocking-density
aquaculture dis tx
- Environment manipulation
* Temperature, salinity * Biological control, i.e., cleaner fish for parasite control - Antimicrobial products
* Broad spectrum – disinfection, sterilizing, external parasites * Therapeutic – bacterial infections - Culling infected individuals
AMR in aquaculture
- around world: Chile, China, India – AMR detectable in environment near aquaculture
- US: Strict regulations ➞ AMR present in emerging pathogens
- Policies and actions to slow development of AMR
* Required Rx for antibiotics * Environmental/system monitoring * Alternative strategies for disease treatment
3 levels of aquaculture dis prevention
- comprehensive protocols
- Biosecurity: standardized cleaning and contamination protection - Disease response: Quick and appropriate response to signs of disease
- good husbandry strategies
- stress management - proper diet + sustainable ingredients - optimal envir
- effective antimicrobial products
- biocides - antimicrobials ➞ FDA approved for use as dis tx - abx ➞ Classified as MIADs, FDA approved for use only as disease treatment and only under veterinarian guidance * not used for growth promotion
alternative methods
- stock selection
- vaccines
- novel antimicrobials
- dietary supplements
signs of a healthy horse
- Normal Behavior/Demeanor
- Normal Vital Signs
- Eating
- Not standing alone
- Normal Body posture
- Good Body Condition
* Scored from 1 to 9 * 5 (moderate) or 6 (moderate to fleshy) * Very thin (1) or obese (9) = unhealthy
- Hair Coat
- Shinny, glossy hair= 1 of the best indicators
- Often relates to nutrition & deworming program
- Hair Coat
- Hoof Growth
* Healthy hoof wall tissue * 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 inch/month (6-8 w clipping) * Smooth and uncracked
- Eyes
* Bright eyes * fully open, clear no discharge, not glazed over or dull
- Manure/Urination
* Firm manure (not loose or watery) * Wheat straw (not cloudy or dark red) * Indicator or hydration/illness
signs of pain in horses
- Restlessness, Agitation, Anxiety
2. Rigid stance, reluctance to move
3. Lowered head carriage
4. Fixed stare, dilated nostrils, clenched jaw
5. Aggression towards own foal or people
how to manage horse health & prevent disease
- Proper Nutrition: feed according to:
· Exercise Level · Reproduction Status · Age · Growth Rate · Mature Body Weight · Temperature (extreme cold) - Prevention and control of Parasites
- antibodies/vx
how to control external and internal parasites in horses
- sanitation & good management
- chemical applications
- feed products
- fly apparel
core vs risk-based vx for horses
core:
- Eastern/Western Equine Encephalomyelitis
- Rabies
- Tetanus
- West Nile Virus
risk-based
- Anthrax
- Botulism
- Equine Herpesvirus (Rhinopneumonitis)
- Equine Influenza
equine colic
- digestive disease
- Abdominal pain or discomfort
- Symptoms:
* Increase in TPR * sweating * panting * rolling
- Can lead to surgery or death
- Prevention:
- Regular parasite program - Maintaining a regular feeding program - Avoiding sudden dietary changes - Providing water at all times
equine colic clinical signs
- Increase in TPR
- sweating
- panting
- rolling
Laminitis
inflammation of the laminae
* Founder displacement of the coffin bone in the hoof
* Clinical signs: Inflammation of the lamina
* lameness * NWB * shifting weight * increased TPR * Causes: * dietary changes * decreased glucose to the lamina * constricted blood flow * dystocia or retained placenta * stress * infection * high temperature
Laminitis clinical signs
- lameness
- NWB
- shifting weight
- increased TPR
abnormal repetitive behaviors (ARBs)
captive specific behaviors that indicate a physiological problem or envir stressor or deficiency
1. sham-chewing: chewing air ➞ produces foam
* mechanism: food-related frustration ➞ not enough food compared to what they normally eat
* pigs 2. back-flipping
* mechanism: cognitive impairment ➞ developmental
* basal ganglia: region of the brain responsible for behavioral inhibition or control ➞ regulation
* damage increases locomotive behaviors 3. self-mutilation: behaviors results in direct increase in serotonin or lower corisol (measure of stress)
* feather-plucking
* skin-picking
dairy cattle ABRs
- tongue rolling ➞ mimicking eating grass
- non-nutritive oral manipulation (NNOM)
* weaning associated
* resemble nat behaviors like drinking milk or foraging
* limited understanding of development
similarities & diff btwn dairy & beef cattle
beef:
* primary product is beef
* calves born on pasture
* raised by mom for 6-8m (nearly 1/2 of life)
* moved into feedlot around 12m
* fed concentrate diet ➞ high-calorie corn-based
* slaughtered by 14-16m
* mostly outdoor housing
* little to no human interaction
* left out on own in pasture
dairy:
* primary product is milk
* calves born and removed from mom immediately (w/in 24h)
* farmers main argument: avoid dis (not well supported) * most evidence supports counterargument * housed individually until weaning (6-8wk) then grouped * bred by 14-16 mo, calve 22-24m * feed-restricted * kept on farm on avg. for 3 lactation cycles ➞ then slaughtered * mostly housed indoors/under cover * lots of human interaction
scours in cattle
- leads to dehydration
- leading cause of death in calves <1m
clinical signs:
- very watery diarrhea that runs through bedding ➞ hard to identify b/c runs through hay
- signs of dehydration
- signs of weakness:
* lethargy
* droopy ears
* laying more frequently ➞ tricky to identify b/c calves lay down a lot
* not eating
causes:
1. Infectious: cause inflammation of intestines affecting nutrient absorption
* bacteria (e.g. E coli)
* Viruses (e.g. Rotavirus)
* Parasite (Cryptosporidium)
- non-infectous: poor nutrition or milk quality ➞ watery & doesn’t have nutrients & consistency that it should
scours in cattle: clinical signs
- very watery diarrhea that runs through bedding ➞ hard to identify b/c runs through hay
- signs of dehydration
- signs of weakness:
* lethargy
* droopy ears
* laying more frequently ➞ tricky to identify b/c calves lay down a lot
* not eating
scours - one health
human: zoonosis & costly
animal: welfare ➞ suffering, death, dehydration, pain, severe weight loss
envir: dirty pens/envir ➞ leads to reinfection
Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD)
leading cause of morbidity in in heifers (dairy cattle) & feedlot beef cattle
clinical signs:
- nasal and eye discharge ➞ 1st sign of infx
- shallow or fast breathing & coughing
- fever or low appetite ➞ hard to identify in large heard
- sunken eyes
- low head
- droopy eyes
- emaciated
causes:
1. Infectious: often virus 1st then 2° bacterial infx due to weakened immune sys
- non-infectous: envir factors
* Cleanliness * ventilation * overcrowding * transport
Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) clinical signs
- nasal and eye discharge ➞ 1st sign of infx
- shallow or fast breathing & coughing
- fever or low appetite ➞ hard to identify in large heard
- sunken eyes
- low head
- droopy eyes
- emaciated
Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) & one health
human:
* $$$ tx
* AMR
* perception of abx ➞ consumers don’t want milk tx abx
animal: death, welfare, suffering
envir:
* poor ventilation
* overcrowding
* methane ➞ GG
* AMR
Mastitis
inflammation of the mammary gland ➞ leads to low milk production (main concern for farmers)
sub-clinical mastitis:
- asymptomatic
- can be detected by testing milk for somatic cell counts (SCC)
clinical mastitis:
- visibly abnormal milk
- udder changes
clinical signs:
- milk is thicker & more yellow (normally liquid & clear/white)
- Udder is red and swollen
- usually only present in 1 quarter of udder
causes:
1. Infectious: bacteria in the teat canal (often streptococci or gram-negative rods
- non-infectous: envir factors → damage or injury to the teat often caused by machinery or trauma
Mastitis clinical signs
- milk is thicker & more yellow (normally liquid & clear/white)
- Udder is red and swollen
- usually only present in 1 quarter of udder
Mastitis & one health
human:
* AMR
* perception of abx use
* $$ concern ➞ no mastitis milk going into tank ➞ loss of $$
* unclean milk
animal: pain & chronic culling
envir:
* dirty envir, cleaning equipment
* AMR
3 models of animal welfare
- 5 freedoms
- 3 circles ➞ physical & natural lead to mental (US)
- 5 domains ➞ most comprehensive (AUS)
dimensional view of affective states
arousal: physiological functioning
* cannot distinguish +/− w/ arousal state ➞ terrified & excited both elicit same arousal
valence: +/−
to assess population-level animal welfare:
- morbidity & mortality
- incidence & prevalence
