Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Health & Disease > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

screening tests vs dx tests

A

screening: used to detect pathogens during sub-clinical stage

  • from exposure to clinical signs
  • early detection
  • early treatment & ↑ prognosis
  • focus: population level

dx: used to confirm or identify disease once clinical signs appear

  • guide treatment & prognosis
    focus: individual
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

measures of a test

A

validity: accuracy

reliability: repeatability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how do dx tests fx?

A

sense antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

false + vs false −

A

false positives can be caused by:

  • similar disease agent ➞ confusion
  • previous exposure
  • lab/test error
  • ensuring low false positives
  • important for diseases w/ $$ tx or tx that cause suffering

false negatives can occur from:

  • timing ➞ early in subclinical stage ➞ might not be long enough for immune system to begin response
  • immunocompromised indiv don’t produce antibodies so tests cannot pickup
  • ensuring low false negatives important for highly transmissible & severe diseases with extreme consequences
        - ex: PRRS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

proportion of the population diseased and exposed

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

proportion of the population exposed

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

proportion of the population diseased

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

true prevalence

A

actual level of disease prevalence in the pop
* cannot know ➞ estimate using AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

apparent prevalence

A

what prevalence appears to be based on the test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sensitivity

A

proportion of D+ that T+
* how accurate the test is at identifying diseased indiv
* ↑ Sn ➞ indiv that T+ are D+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

specificity

A

proportion of D− that T−
* how good a test is at identifying non-diseased indiv
* ↑ Sp ➞ indiv that T− are D−

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

predictive value

A

probability of disease given the test result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

positive predictive value (PPV)

A

probability/proportion of T+ that are D+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

negative predictive value (NPV)

A

probability/proportion of T− that are D−

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

↑ prevalence =

A

↑ PPV & ↓ NPV

more dis in pop ➞ more indiv will T+ so less indiv will T−

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

↓ prevalence

A

↓ PPV & ↑ NPV

less dis in pop ➞ less indiv will T+ so more indiv will T−

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

AP < TP

A

underestimates TP of disease ➞ more false T− so D+ are missed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

AP > TP

A

overestimates TP of disease ➞ more false T+ so D− animals are falsely dx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what measures do we use to quantify disease in populations?

A
  • amount of dis
    - morbidity: # of infxt 
- mortality: # of deaths from dis
  • temporal distribution
  • geographic/spatial distribution
  • prevalence
  • incidence
  • cumulative incidence
  • approximate incidence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

prevalence

A

number of instances in a known pop at a specific point in time
* ** snapshot in time**
* diseases with long durations
* identifying common dis in pop
* evaluating control strategies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

incidence

A

number of new cases in a known pop over a period of time
* preferred over prevalence
* dis w/ short durations
* understanding disease development and transmission (temporality)
* predicting risk of disease (change in health status)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

cumulative incidence

A

proportion of non-dis animals at beginning of study that become dis during the study
* aka avg risk of developing disease during a time period
* who is getting diseased over time
* risk of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

incidence rate

A

how quickly new cases develop over time
* closed pop only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

approximate incidence rate

A

how quickly new cases develop over time for open pop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

closed populations

A

defined for entire study ➞ no additions or loses
* more control
* less bias
* dis-free animals at start = at risk
* preferred over open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

open populations

A

animals enter/leave throughout duration of study
* hard to keep sample size ➞ difficult to track long term
* stable only if additions = withdrawals over time
* not as rigorous
* cannot calculate disease risk from open pop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

study designs

A

descriptive: describes
* summarize & describe data
* no comparisons
* hypothesis generating
* frequency & distribution
* cannot make conclusions about associations btwn E & O
1. case report: rare or new conditions/dis involving 1-2 animals
2. case series: collection of an (4+) w/ same rare condition/dis
3. descriptive surveys: to estimate freq & percentages of diff variables, ex morbidity, mortality, management practices

analytical: compares
* comparisons between groups
* explore relationships & associations
* test hypotheses
1. experimental: control treatments & manipulate envir
2. observational: natural experiments
-no control over treatment or animals
-no manipulation of envir
-focused on exposures (E) & outcomes (O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

pig biology

A
  • reach maturity at ~ 6 months of age, live up to 6-10 yrs
  • litters 9-13 piglets (commercial breeds)
  • similar biologically to humans
    - simple/monogastric digestive system
    - immune system
    - organs
  • dry skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

pig behavior

A
  • intelligent – easily trained, excellent hearing and sense of smell
  • social animals – house in groups, have a social hierarchy
  • behaviors
    - running
    - scratching
    - swimming
    - mud baths
            - no sweat glands ➞ sensitive to heat stress
        - thermoregulation
        - parasite control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

pork production

A
  • pork is the most consumed meat in the world
  • US = 3rd largest producer/consumer of pig products, largest exporter of pig products
  • production – mostly indoor confinement = highly controlled, reduced disease risk, but high density (therefore disease outbreaks a concern)
  • US – 60,000 commercial pig farms
  • 115 million pigs produced each year
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

pig operations

A
  1. farrow-to-finish (all in one operation)
           - breeding and farrowing sows 
       - feed offspring to market weight – 280 lbs 
       - 10-month cycle 
       - expensive, labor intensive
  2. farrow to feeder
             - gestation to nursery phase 
         - sold for finishing 
         - reduced operations
         - more economic but less profit
                 - less need for machines ➞ less cost investment
  3. **feeder to finish **
             - finishing operation 
         - reduced operations (don’t manage breeding stock) 
         - lower labor requirements
         - more disease risks ➞ purchase from multiple farms, transportation, risk factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

coccidiosis in pigs: host

A
  • commercial production & backyard pigs
  • young piglets (farrowing >10d old)
  • intestinal — damages G.I. tract
  • subclinical on most farms
  • sows don’t get sick ➞ sub-clinical
               	· carriers
      		· bring into farrowing facility
  • not all piglets exposed will get it
  • must be a stressor: smaller, poor immune function more susceptible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

coccidiosis in pigs: agent

A
  • protozoa, genus Eimeria (many species)
  • horizontal transmission: vehicle (feces) & fomites
  • vertical transmission: mother to offspring
  • pig-specific
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

coccidiosis in pigs: envir

A
  • biosecurity:
    · cleaning/disinfecting areas btwn litters 
· quarantine
  • D+ piglets need warm, comfortable envir
              · easy access to warm milk
          · supportive care
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

coccidiosis in pigs: clinical signs

A
  • diarrhea @ 10d
  • lethargic
  • weight loss or no weight gain
  • dehydration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

coccidiosis in pigs: dx

A
  • visual inspection of piglet’s clinical signs
  • Necropsy - Visual inspection of the intestines (dead pig)
  • cannot diagnostically test while alive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

coccidiosis in pigs: tx

A
  • anti-coccidial agents for piglets – poor efficacy, but may help if provided before GI tract damage
  • antibacterial agents – not practical because of meat withdrawal period of many months
    - production meat cannot contain antibiotics for a set # of mo
  • anti-coccidial disinfectants – clean between litters
    - most effective
    - easy access to milk, probiotics may help but unclear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

streptococcus suey in pigs: host

A
  • very common in both commercial & non
              - more so in commercial ➞ confined indoor housing
  • nursing & newly weaned
  • worldwide
              - found in all major producing facilities & countries
          - very prevalent in Asia
          - somewhat prevalent here
  • zoonotic: common for butchers, farmers & vets to contract
  • mature pigs not usually affected ➞ must have underlying stressor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

streptococcus suey in pigs: agent

A
  • bacterial pathogen streptococcus suey
  • can be clinical or sub-clinical
  • transmission:
    - direct horizontal: nose to nose contact
- direct vertical transmission
- indirect horizontal: 
  
                     ➝ vehicles — fomites
                     ➝ mechanical — flies & rodents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

streptococcus suey in pigs: envir

A
  • biosecurity protocols: disinfectants kill bacteria
  • housing density
  • reducing stressors
              - aggression
          - ventilation 
          - humidity & temp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

streptococcus suey in pigs: clinical signs

A
  • inappetence
  • weight loss or not gaining weight
  • fever, inflammation
  • lethargic
  • arthritis
  • pneumonia
  • shaking/convulsing ➞ it’s close to death
42
Q

streptococcus suey in pigs: dx

A
  • swab nasal cavities/tonsils - present without clinical infection so hard to diagnose
  • clinical signs and analyze farm records to assess risk factors
              - # impacted
          - age impacted
          - # morbidity/mortality
          - envir parameters:
                  ⇾ temp
                  ⇾ humidity
                  ⇾ stocking density
  • necropsy - tissue sample, bacterial culture, and PCR testing
43
Q

streptococcus suey in pigs: tx

A
  • resistant to antibiotics ➞ no highly effective treatment options
  • prevention is key – eliminate stressors in young pigs, biosecurity, control of other diseases
  • developing vaccine:
              - give to mother ➞ vertical transmission through antibodies in colostrum until 4w
          - bacterial gene sequencing
44
Q

porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS) suey in pigs: agent

A
  • PRRS Virus (genus Arterivirus)
                  - PRRSV-1 (European origin)
              - PRRSV-2 (N. American origin)
  • clinical presentations:
                  - breeding animals ➞ reproductive impairment
              - all pigs/ages ➞ resp disease
  • very infectious
  • vertical transmission
  • horizontal transmission:
                  - vehicles ➞ fomites, semen, food, water
45
Q

porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS) suey in pigs: host

A
  • commercial production
  • all ages
  • worldwide
  • sow can contract during breeding &
    artificial inseminations
  • most infected pigs become immune
46
Q

porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS) suey in pigs: envir

A
  • biosecurity btwn age groups
  • quarantine/test new animals
  • vx ➞ not very effective
  • early weaning & isolation of new liters
  • no mixing ages
47
Q

porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS) suey in pigs: clinical signs

A
  • fever
  • lethargy
  • poor growth
  • dyspnea, sneezing
  • vomiting (older animals)
  • reproductive problems ➞ unique so key clinical sign for identification
              - premature
          - stillborn
          - mummified fetus
          - weak piglets
  • 2° infx ➞ infected with other pathogens (virus, bacteria)
    - ex: influenza, porcine respiratory coronavirus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
48
Q

porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS) suey in pigs: dx testing

A
  • blood sample ➞ PCR or ELISA test
              · ELISA test: antibody test
          · PCR: detects genetic material
  • necropsy – tissue sample (lung preferred), PCR or ELISA
49
Q

porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS) suey in pigs: tx

A
  • no effective treatment
  • exists on most farms
  • reduce severity
              - improve comfort
          - easy access to food/water 
          - ↓ stress
  • reduce number of infections
              - ↓ stocking density 
          - improve biosecurity measures
  • establish a control program & monitor disease
50
Q

feline biology

A
  • spay/neuter after 4 months of age (sexual maturity)
  • excellent vision in day & night
    - blue & green
- far sighted 
- can track fast-moving objects very well but not slow-moving objects
  • excellent hearing – large range of sounds
    * high and low frequencies
* high ➞ mice & rats
  • olfactory communication
    * vomeronasal organ detects/processes odors (flehmen response) 
* sebaceous scent glands ➞ pheromones
51
Q

feline behaviors

A
  • solitary predatory hunters ➞ carnivores
    * eat alone
  • territorial ➞ need own space & access to resources
  • live in groups
  • form strong social attachments with familiar people & conspecifics (usually close kin)
  • scratching ➞ scent distribution & claw maintenance
  • stretching
  • perching ➞ visualize envir & feel safe/secure
  • climbing
  • hiding
  • hunting
  • playing
52
Q

feline diseases

A
  1. Feline idiopathic cystitis
  2. Feline panleukopenia
  3. obesity
53
Q

Feline idiopathic cystitis

A

feline lower urinary tract infx

  • Who: adult & senior cats
  • Major Risk Factor: Stress plays an important role
  • Prevention/management:
    * Encouraging increased water intake ➞ frequent urination = urine is more dilute ➞ less irritating bladder cells
* urinary diet
* maintain consistent home environment and try to reduce stressors/changes
54
Q

Feline idiopathic cystitis clinical signs

A
  • straining to urinate
  • bloody or discolored urine
  • frequent urination
  • accidents
  • inability to urinate
55
Q

Feline panleukopenia

A

feline parvo

  • Who: Kittens & unvaccinated adult cats
    • Mostly animal shelters, boarding facilities, & unvaccinated community cat colonies
  • Agent: Feline parvovirus. (Gastro-intestinal disease)
  • Major risk factors
    * Keeping unvaccinated/unknown vaccination status cats/kittens together
* Letting unvaccinated cats/kittens outside (exposed to infected cats/kittens).
  • Prevention/management:
    * Vaccines 
* Health management plan in shelters/kennels
56
Q

Feline panleukopenia clinical signs

A
  • depression
  • loss of appetite
  • high fever
  • lethargy
  • vomiting
  • severe diarrhea
  • nasal discharge
  • dehydration
  • sit for long periods of time in front of their water bowls but not drink much water
57
Q

feline obesity

A
  • Who: mostly adult &senior cats
  • Agent: no pathogen
  • Major risk factors:
    * free-feeding 
* lack of exercise/low activity levels 
* boredom/little mental stimulation
* indoor-only cats
  • Prevention/management:
    * weight-reduction program (weight control food)  ➞ want slow weight loss though controlled feeding multiple times a day
* Ensure good activity levels - play time, cardio, leash walks, etc
* Food puzzles ➞ work for their food!
58
Q

feline obesity clinical signs

A
  • Difficulty jumping or climbing stairs
  • Sitting or lying down more and showing an unwillingness to get up and move around
  • Loss of a visible waistline
  • Inability for pet parent to feel rib bones or hip bones
59
Q

canine biology

A
  • spay/neuter 6 - 9 months of age (sexual maturity; depends on the breed)
  • good vision
    * see in blues & yellows 
* low-light
* red = gray
  • excellent hearing
    * good range of sounds ➞ high frequencies
* can hear up to 80ft away
  • olfactory communication
    * paired vomeronasal organ detects/processes odors (flehmen response)
			
          ⇾ teeth chattering to smell / detect / investigate
* sebaceous scent glands ➞ pheromones
60
Q

canine behavior

A
  • highly social
    * live in groups
* form strong social attachments with familiar people, and conspecifics
  • carnivores
  • territorial
  • play and exercise
  • social environment
  • cognitive stimulation
61
Q

caninee diseases

A
  1. canine parvovirus
  2. hypothyroidism
  3. osteoarthritis
62
Q

canine parvovirus

A
  • Who: unvaccinated dogs and puppies, but can infect all dogs
  • Agent: Highly contagious gastro-intestinal virus: Canine parvovirus 2
  • Major risk factors:
    * unvaccinated dogs/puppies kept together
* use caution when bringing pets to places where young puppies congregate (e.g. pet shops, parks, puppy classes, obedience classes, doggy daycare, kennels, and grooming establishments)
* letting your puppy or adult dog to come into contact with the fecal waste of other dogs while walking or playing outdoors
  • Prevention/management: Vaccination and good hygiene are critical components of prevention
    * Puppies should receive canine parvovirus vaccine
63
Q

canine parvovirus clinical signs

A
  • lethargy
  • loss of appetite
  • abdominal pain and bloating
  • fever or low body temperature (hypothermia)
  • vomiting
  • severe bloody diarrhea
64
Q

canine hypothyroidism

A

hormone imbalance of thyroid gland

  • Who: adult dogs 4–10 years old
    • Usually affects mid to large breeds & rare in toy/miniature breeds
    • Some breeds carry higher risks such as golden retrievers
  • Agent: No agent
    * Hypothyroidism develops from an underactive thyroid condition 
* relatively common endocrine disorder in dogs
  • Major risk factors: Certain breeds & M:I dogs have higher risk
  • Prevention/management: no prevention, but routine veterinary visits can catch it early
    * Medication can manage the disease effectively as long as the owner can give the medication to the pet
65
Q

canine hypothyroidism clinical signs

A
  • weight gain without an increase in appetit
  • lethargy and lack of desire to exercise
  • cold intolerance
  • dry, dull hair with excessive shedding.
  • very thin to nearly bald hair coat.
  • increased dark pigmentation in the skin
66
Q

canine osteoarthritis

A
  • Who: mature and senior dogs, & larger breeds more at risk
  • Agent: None, reduces mobility and causes pain
  • Major risk factors:
    * obesity
* lack of exercise
* can be related to genetics and aging
  • Prevention/management:
    * Diet and weight control
* reduce high impact activities 
* encourage low- impact activities to help improve/maintain joint mobility
* Rehabilitation such as therapeutic exercises (i.e., swimming, underwater treadmill), can help improve join mobility
* Pain control important
* Joint supplements may help
67
Q

canine osteoarthritis clinical signs

A
  • Pain
  • stillness and lameness
  • Swollen joints
  • Refusal to jump, use stairs or run
  • Reluctance to stand up
68
Q

aquaculture includes

A
  • all fish/seafood
  • farmed fish
  • sustainable fish
  • conservation
  • recreation ➞ coy ponds
  • scientific ➞ biomedical research
  • regenerative purposes ➞ kelp
69
Q

types of systems

A
  1. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) ➞ fish culture tank ➞ mechanical filter ➞ biological filter ➞ oxygenation ➞ water inputs ➞ fish culture tank
    2. Pond systems ➞ squares in fields (catfish, bass, sturgeon)
    3. Flow-through/raceway ➞ good for high O2 demand & river nearby
    4. Aquaponics ➞ for limited H2O supply ➞ effluent from tank waters plants (N2)
    5. Open water (fish) ➞ giant circular nets in ocean (not common in US)
    6. Open water (shellfish/seaweed) ➞ drag along nets
    7. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) ➞ net of fish producing waste & position shellfish/kelp around to take up nutrients in waste ➞ makes more eco-friendly
70
Q

Major challenges in aquaculture

A
  • Intensive, semi intensive, extensive production systems
    * Disease outbreaks
          - Sources of disease (ambient/environmental pathogens, contamination) 
      - Factors influencing disease outbreaks
		
          ⇾ Aquatic environment-–transmission is easier relative to terrestrial pathogens 
          ⇾ Stress from crowding, handling, diet, weather, etc 
			
  * Emergent pathogens
  * Resistant diseases, limited treatment solutions
71
Q

sea lice

A
  • Parasitic crustacean
  • Naturally present in marine environments
    • host:
      • Atlantic Salmon
      • All life stages
      • Adaptive/innate immunity
      • Standardized diet
  • agent:
    * known lifecycle
* locally transmitted
  • envir:
    * semi-intensive
* high stocking-density
72
Q

Lactococcus garvieae

A
  • Pathogenic strain of bacteria
  • Highly infectious and deadly
  • Unknown source but likely came from birds
  • host:
    * raibow trout
* all life stages
* adaptive/innate immunity
* standardized diet
  • agent:
    * bacteria
* resistant to abx
* locally transmitted
  • envir:
    * intensive systems
* warm temp
* high stocking-density
73
Q

aquaculture dis tx

A
  • Environment manipulation
          * Temperature, salinity
      * Biological control, i.e., cleaner fish for parasite control
  • Antimicrobial products
          * Broad spectrum – disinfection, sterilizing, external parasites
      * Therapeutic – bacterial infections
  • Culling infected individuals
74
Q

AMR in aquaculture

A
  • around world: Chile, China, India – AMR detectable in environment near aquaculture
  • US: Strict regulations ➞ AMR present in emerging pathogens
  • Policies and actions to slow development of AMR
          * Required Rx for antibiotics 
      * Environmental/system monitoring 
      * Alternative strategies for disease treatment
75
Q

3 levels of aquaculture dis prevention

A
  1. comprehensive protocols
    - Biosecurity: standardized cleaning and contamination protection
- Disease response: Quick and appropriate response to signs of disease
  2. good husbandry strategies
    - stress management
- proper diet + sustainable ingredients
- optimal envir
  3. effective antimicrobial products
    - biocides
- antimicrobials ➞ FDA approved for use as dis tx
- abx ➞ Classified as MIADs, FDA approved for use only as disease treatment and only under veterinarian guidance
           * not used for growth promotion
76
Q

alternative methods

A
  • stock selection
  • vaccines
  • novel antimicrobials
  • dietary supplements
77
Q

signs of a healthy horse

A
  1. Normal Behavior/Demeanor
  • Normal Vital Signs
  • Eating
  • Not standing alone
  • Normal Body posture
  1. Good Body Condition
    * Scored from 1 to 9
* 5 (moderate) or 6 (moderate to fleshy) 
*  Very thin (1) or obese (9) = unhealthy
    1. Hair Coat
      • Shinny, glossy hair= 1 of the best indicators
      • Often relates to nutrition & deworming program
  2. Hoof Growth
    * Healthy hoof wall tissue 
* 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 inch/month (6-8 w clipping)
* Smooth and uncracked
  3. Eyes
    * Bright eyes
* fully open, clear no discharge, not glazed over or dull
  4. Manure/Urination
    * Firm manure (not loose or watery)
* Wheat straw (not cloudy or dark red) 
* Indicator or hydration/illness
78
Q

signs of pain in horses

A
  1. Restlessness, Agitation, Anxiety
    2. Rigid stance, reluctance to move
    3. Lowered head carriage
    4. Fixed stare, dilated nostrils, clenched jaw
    5. Aggression towards own foal or people
79
Q

how to manage horse health & prevent disease

A
  1. Proper Nutrition: feed according to:
         · Exercise Level 
     · Reproduction Status 
     · Age 
     · Growth Rate 
     · Mature Body Weight 
     · Temperature (extreme cold)
  2. Prevention and control of Parasites
  3. antibodies/vx
80
Q

how to control external and internal parasites in horses

A
  • sanitation & good management
  • chemical applications
  • feed products
  • fly apparel
81
Q

core vs risk-based vx for horses

A

core:

  • Eastern/Western Equine Encephalomyelitis
  • Rabies
  • Tetanus
  • West Nile Virus

risk-based

  • Anthrax
  • Botulism
  • Equine Herpesvirus (Rhinopneumonitis)
  • Equine Influenza
82
Q

equine colic

A
  • digestive disease
  • Abdominal pain or discomfort
  • Symptoms:
    * Increase in TPR
* sweating
* panting
* rolling
  • Can lead to surgery or death
  • Prevention:
             - Regular parasite program
         - Maintaining a regular feeding program
         - Avoiding sudden dietary changes
         - Providing water at all times
83
Q

equine colic clinical signs

A
  • Increase in TPR
  • sweating
  • panting
  • rolling
84
Q

Laminitis

A

inflammation of the laminae
* Founder displacement of the coffin bone in the hoof
* Clinical signs: Inflammation of the lamina

* lameness
* NWB
* shifting weight
* increased TPR * Causes: 

* dietary changes
* decreased glucose to the lamina
* constricted blood flow
* dystocia or retained placenta
* stress
* infection
* high temperature
85
Q

Laminitis clinical signs

A
  • lameness
  • NWB
  • shifting weight
  • increased TPR
86
Q

abnormal repetitive behaviors (ARBs)

A

captive specific behaviors that indicate a physiological problem or envir stressor or deficiency
1. sham-chewing: chewing air ➞ produces foam

* mechanism: food-related frustration ➞ not enough food compared to what they normally eat
* pigs 2. back-flipping 

* mechanism: cognitive impairment ➞ developmental
* basal ganglia: region of the brain responsible for behavioral inhibition or control ➞ regulation

        * damage increases locomotive behaviors  3. self-mutilation: behaviors results in direct increase in serotonin or lower corisol (measure of stress)

* feather-plucking
* skin-picking
87
Q

dairy cattle ABRs

A
  1. tongue rolling ➞ mimicking eating grass
  2. non-nutritive oral manipulation (NNOM)
    * weaning associated
    * resemble nat behaviors like drinking milk or foraging
    * limited understanding of development
88
Q

similarities & diff btwn dairy & beef cattle

A

beef:
* primary product is beef
* calves born on pasture
* raised by mom for 6-8m (nearly 1/2 of life)
* moved into feedlot around 12m
* fed concentrate diet ➞ high-calorie corn-based
* slaughtered by 14-16m
* mostly outdoor housing
* little to no human interaction
* left out on own in pasture

dairy:
* primary product is milk
* calves born and removed from mom immediately (w/in 24h)

* farmers main argument: avoid dis (not well supported)
* most evidence supports counterargument * housed individually until weaning (6-8wk) then grouped * bred by 14-16 mo, calve 22-24m * feed-restricted * kept on farm on avg. for 3 lactation cycles ➞ then slaughtered * mostly housed indoors/under cover  * lots of  human interaction
89
Q

scours in cattle

A
  • leads to dehydration
  • leading cause of death in calves <1m

clinical signs:

  • very watery diarrhea that runs through bedding ➞ hard to identify b/c runs through hay
  • signs of dehydration
  • signs of weakness:
    * lethargy
    * droopy ears
    * laying more frequently ➞ tricky to identify b/c calves lay down a lot
    * not eating

causes:
1. Infectious: cause inflammation of intestines affecting nutrient absorption
* bacteria (e.g. E coli)
* Viruses (e.g. Rotavirus)
* Parasite (Cryptosporidium)

  1. non-infectous: poor nutrition or milk quality ➞ watery & doesn’t have nutrients & consistency that it should
90
Q

scours in cattle: clinical signs

A
  • very watery diarrhea that runs through bedding ➞ hard to identify b/c runs through hay
  • signs of dehydration
  • signs of weakness:
    * lethargy
    * droopy ears
    * laying more frequently ➞ tricky to identify b/c calves lay down a lot
    * not eating
91
Q

scours - one health

A

human: zoonosis & costly

animal: welfare ➞ suffering, death, dehydration, pain, severe weight loss

envir: dirty pens/envir ➞ leads to reinfection

92
Q

Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD)

A

leading cause of morbidity in in heifers (dairy cattle) & feedlot beef cattle

clinical signs:

  • nasal and eye discharge ➞ 1st sign of infx
  • shallow or fast breathing & coughing
  • fever or low appetite ➞ hard to identify in large heard
  • sunken eyes
  • low head
  • droopy eyes
  • emaciated

causes:
1. Infectious: often virus 1st then 2° bacterial infx due to weakened immune sys

  1. non-infectous: envir factors
    * Cleanliness
* ventilation
* overcrowding
* transport
93
Q

Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) clinical signs

A
  • nasal and eye discharge ➞ 1st sign of infx
  • shallow or fast breathing & coughing
  • fever or low appetite ➞ hard to identify in large heard
  • sunken eyes
  • low head
  • droopy eyes
  • emaciated
94
Q

Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) & one health

A

human:
* $$$ tx
* AMR
* perception of abx ➞ consumers don’t want milk tx abx

animal: death, welfare, suffering

envir:
* poor ventilation
* overcrowding
* methane ➞ GG
* AMR

95
Q

Mastitis

A

inflammation of the mammary gland ➞ leads to low milk production (main concern for farmers)

sub-clinical mastitis:

  • asymptomatic
  • can be detected by testing milk for somatic cell counts (SCC)

clinical mastitis:

  • visibly abnormal milk
  • udder changes

clinical signs:

  • milk is thicker & more yellow (normally liquid & clear/white)
  • Udder is red and swollen
  • usually only present in 1 quarter of udder

causes:
1. Infectious: bacteria in the teat canal (often streptococci or gram-negative rods

  1. non-infectous: envir factors → damage or injury to the teat often caused by machinery or trauma
96
Q

Mastitis clinical signs

A
  • milk is thicker & more yellow (normally liquid & clear/white)
  • Udder is red and swollen
  • usually only present in 1 quarter of udder
97
Q

Mastitis & one health

A

human:
* AMR
* perception of abx use
* $$ concern ➞ no mastitis milk going into tank ➞ loss of $$
* unclean milk

animal: pain & chronic culling

envir:
* dirty envir, cleaning equipment
* AMR

98
Q

3 models of animal welfare

A
  1. 5 freedoms
  2. 3 circles ➞ physical & natural lead to mental (US)
  3. 5 domains ➞ most comprehensive (AUS)
99
Q

dimensional view of affective states

A

arousal: physiological functioning
* cannot distinguish +/− w/ arousal state ➞ terrified & excited both elicit same arousal

valence: +/−

100
Q

to assess population-level animal welfare:

A
  • morbidity & mortality
  • incidence & prevalence

Animal Health & Disease (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions