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AP World > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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AP® World History flashcards
1
Q

Song Dynasty China (960-1279)

A

An explosion of scholarship which gave rise to neo-Confucianism and an economic revolution causing China to become the richest and most populated country on the planet

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2
Q

Filial Piety

A

Traditional Confucian practice of honoring one’s ancestors and parents

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3
Q

Buddhism in China

A

Confucianism is cultural tradition and Buddhism is a religion so the two did not conflict and Mahayana Buddhism spread and was accepted into China

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4
Q

Theravada vs Mahayana

A

Theravada portrayed the Buddha as a wise teacher and model but not divine. The religion was more psychological than truly religious even though the Gods were never denied existence. (Spread South) In Mahayana, enlightenment was available to everyone possibly in their lifetime even if they lived a normal life. They also emphasized spiritual wisdom and compassion (Spread North)

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5
Q

Champa Rice

A

Viewed as one of Song China’s technological innovations; grew quickly which meant that more than one harvest could be produced in a single growing season

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6
Q

Song Commercialization (what was it; what did they export)

A

Time when China began producing goods for export; first to do so; they exported silk, iron, porcelain

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7
Q

Grand Canal

A

Located in China; canal runs north and south to connect Yellow and Yangtze River and connected to Beijing as well

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8
Q

Abbasid Caliphate

A

Arab dynasty that ruled Islamic world since 750, conquered Umayyad Caliphate; Baghdad was capital

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9
Q

Delhi Sultanate

A

Islamic sultanates linked together that ruled South Asia (India)

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10
Q

Battle of Talas RIver

A

Islamic Abbasids defeat Chinese Tang dynasty, gaining dominance over Central Asian trade routes which allowed Islam to move into South Asia

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11
Q

Battle of Manzikert

A

Seljuk Turks defeat byzantine empire, maintains control over Anatolia; allowed islam into modern day Turkey

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12
Q

Sufis

A

A mystical religious Muslim group that sought the truth of divine love and knowledge through direct personal experience of God

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13
Q

House of Wisdom

A

Academic center for research and translation in Baghdad of the Abbasid Caliphate

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14
Q

Srivajaya Empire

A

Malay maritime and commercial kingdom that flourished between 7th and 13th centuries in modern-day Indonesia, dominated Starait of Malacca

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15
Q

Khmer Empire

A

Prosperous and powerful kingdom that constructed most stunning architectural expression of Hinduism in Angor Wat Temple; eventually converted to Theravada Buddhism

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16
Q

Mexica Empire

A

Large empire in Mesoamerica known for human sacrifice and conquest by the Spanish under Cortez in the 16th century; capital was Technotitlan

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17
Q

Incan Empire

A

Expensive empire connected by road system that was conquered by the Spanish under Pizarro in the 16th century

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18
Q

Quipus

A

A knot system that established how many llamas one had from the Incan Empire

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19
Q

Quechua

A

Spoken language of the Incas

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20
Q

Cahokia

A

Mound-building civilizations of Eastern North America, known for their ceremonial burials and trade network. Present day St. Louis chiefdom that emerged in North America’s eastern woodlands

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21
Q

Great Zimbabwe

A

Swahili city-state which arose along the East Coast of Southern Africa known for its stone architecture and early ironwork; ivory was its biggest trading good

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22
Q

Aksum Kingdom

A

Modern day Ethiopia; trading kingdom that was Judaite but became Christian

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23
Q

Byzantine Empire

A

Surviving eastern Roman empire and one of the centers of Christendom during the medieval centuries; survived until defeat by Ottoman Turks

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24
Q

100 Years War

A

French-English war where France defeated England

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25
Q

Kievan Rus

A

Culturally diverse civilization that was one of the first Eastern Orthodox countries; fell under Mongol control in 1240 CE; Moscow liberated Russia from Mongol control eventually though

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26
Q

Khanate of the Golden Horde

A

Khanate of Mongol Empire in Russia that ruled Russians in tributary system; Russian Orthodox Church pushed back leading this to ultimately collapse

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27
Q

Khanate of the Great Khan

A

Also known as Yuan dynasty; involving Mongol rule in China; Mongols adapted to complex agrarian society of China; discriminated against Chinese

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28
Q

Il-Khanate

A

Mongol rule in Persia that resulted in massacres of hundreds of thousands of people and causing severe agricultural damage and heavy taxes

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29
Q

Chagatai Khanatge

A

Mongol Empire in Central Asia that controlled Silk Road trade

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30
Q

Feudalism

A

Decentralized political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of people who live on the land; followed by hierarchy with serfs, knights, lord, and kings

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31
Q

Manorialism

A

Economic system of feudalism based on self-sufficient manors; everything you needed to survive

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32
Q

Kashgar

A

Trading city where Eastern and Western Silk Roads met; grew to power under Mongol Rule thanks to trade

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33
Q

Samarkand

A

Silk Road trading city that also grew to power under Mongol Rule because of trade

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34
Q

Caravanserai

A

Rest areas for exchange of camels and resupply along land-based trade routes

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35
Q

Bills of Exchange

A

Paper money, an order to pay a certain amount to a certain person in a certain amount of time; eliminated danger of travelling with wealth along trade routes

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36
Q

Banking Houses

A

Would lend money to merchants in order to buy goods; merchants would then pay back the banking house once the goods were sold; acted like checks and gave loans

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37
Q

Silk Road Luxury Goods

A

Silk, porcelain, glass, metal work, spices, jade, camels

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38
Q

Mongol Conquests

A

Kievan Rus in Russia was conquered by the Khanate of the Golden Horde; Kublai Khan conquered China; Chagatai conquered the Sogdians, Il-Khanate was conquered by the Abbasid Caliphate in Persia

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39
Q

Indian Ocean Network

A

All water trade route that connected China to Europe; however Europe was mostly feudal at this time so only Spain participated

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40
Q

Astrolabe

A

Tells latitude or distance from the equator; created by the Greeks and mastered by the Islamic world

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41
Q

Example of Swahili City-States

A

Great Zimbabwe (main one), Mogadishu, Mombasa

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42
Q

Gujarat

A

Indian Ocean trading city on West coast of modern India that connects to both Arabian Peninsula and Swahili coast city-states

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43
Q

Sultanate of Malacca

A

Represented when Islam took over the Strait of Malacca and replaced Srivijaya Kingdom

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44
Q

Zheng He

A

Chinese admiral that sailed for Ming China and sought to enroll distant people and states in Chinese tributary system

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45
Q

Monsoons

A

Alternating wind currents that blew predictably during the summer and winter months

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46
Q

Camel Saddles

A

Allowed camels to not only carry riders but carry a greater load of cargo across longer distances

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47
Q

Mali Empire

A

West African trading empire that provided gold, salt, and slaves to the Mediterranean Network; converted to Islam; capital was Timbuktu

48
Q

Spread of Hinduism in Asia

A

Buddhism began in South Asia and spread down to SE Asia

49
Q

Spread of Chinese technologies

A

Technology diffused west from China; most influential being gunpowder, compass, wheelbarrow, and paper

50
Q

Ibn Battuta

A

An interregional traveller who was on a quest to see how Islam was practiced around the world

51
Q

Marco Polo

A

Italian explorer; travelled to China during the Yuan Dynasty and put into debtors prison

52
Q

Gunpowder Empires

A

Powerful empires due to gunpowder (Qing, Mughal, Ottoman, Russian used to expand; Songhai, Safavid had but didn’t use to expand)

53
Q

Qing Dynasty (Manchu)

A

Last imperial dynasty of China that enlarged the territorial side of the country and incorporated a number of non-Chinese people like Mongols

54
Q

Mughal Empire

A

Located in South Asia; Islamic empire ruling over a mostly Hindu population

55
Q

Songhai Empire

A

West African Islamic empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade

56
Q

Thirty Years War

A

Division between Protestants and Catholics degraded into the 30 Years War in Europe. Protestants won because of French assistance

57
Q

Ottoman Devshirme

A

Non-Islamic children were captured and given wealth, training, and education and in return they would loyally serve the Sultan as janissaries

58
Q

Jannisaries

A

Soldiers for the Sultanate

59
Q

Monumental Architecture

A

Legitimize power of ruler and flaunting/showing his power to his own people (e.g. Qing Imperial Portraits, Angkor Wat, Taj Mahal(

60
Q

Tribute Collection

A

Used to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion; idea is to conquer people but leave them in charge as long as they paid tribute

61
Q

Tax Farming

A

The idea that one goes out to collect taxes for the empire by sending someone of the place to wherever you are collecting taxes from (Ottomans and Mongols did this)

62
Q

Zamindars

A

Nobles of the Ottoman Empire; could collect taxes from the lands in the name of the Mughal sultans

63
Q

Indulgences

A

Practice in Catholic Church where church officials charged greater taxes in exchange for lessening a person’s time in purgatory

64
Q

Council of Trent

A

Catholic leaders met to ask why people were leaving the Catholic Church and how to get them back; clarified doctrines by making indulgences and ending corruption; many Protestants came back but not all

65
Q

Sunni vs Shia islam

A

Sunni believed that anyone could rule Islam because it wasn’t about successors, Shia believed that you have to be a descendant of Muhammad to rule

66
Q

Sikhism

A

Combination of Hinduism and Islam; based on spiritual teachings of Guru Nanak

67
Q

Lateen Sail

A

Improvements on the lateen sails resulted in the Islamic use of dhow ships which could sail into the monsoon winds of the Indian Ocean trade network

68
Q

Caravel, Carrack, Fluyt

A

15th and 16th century ship designs crafted for exploration and trade

69
Q

Trading Post Empire

A

Form of imperial dominance used by the Dutch and Portuguese based on control of trade through military power rather than on control of people or territories; you don’t take land but rather control trade through a port

70
Q

Prince Henry the Navigator

A

Portuguese guy that came up with the idea that he could find an all water route to Asia around Africa

71
Q

Bartolomeu Días

A

Portuguese navigator that found the tip of Africa and was the first to prove Prince Henry’s theory

72
Q

Vasco de Gama

A

Portuguese sailor who was the first person to sail to India by going around Africa

73
Q

Christopher Columbus

A

Made four voyages to the New World but died not realizing he had discovered a new continent

74
Q

Northwest Passage

A

Idea to go from Atlantic to Pacific by going around the Americas; several attempts were made to find an all-water route around North America but none were successful due to Ice

75
Q

Ferdinand Magellan

A

Portuguese explorer who was the first to circumnavigate thee world but never came back; was eaten in the Philippines

76
Q

Sir Francis Drake

A

British navigator who circumnavigated the world and made it back to Europe

77
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

Discovered of the new crops, new animals, and new disease by people of the other hemisphere (nothing physically exchanged yet)

78
Q

Example of diffusion of disease from Old World to New World

A

Smallpox/Measles/Cholera

79
Q

Example of diffusion of disease from New World to Old World

A

Syphilis

80
Q

Example of diffusion of Crops from New World

A

Corn/Potatoes

81
Q

Example of diffusion of Crops from Old World

A

Wheat/Sugar

82
Q

Example of diffusion of Livestock

A

Cattle, pigs, horses brought to America

83
Q

Diffusion of African Crops

A

Okra, rice

84
Q

New World Cash Crops

A

Tobacco, sugar

85
Q

Closed Country Edict (1635)

A

Isolated Japan from contact with European countries by limiting trade and shutting out Christianity with the exception of trading with the Dutch

86
Q

European Maritime Empires (which ones were they?_

A

England, France, Portugal, Spain, Netherlands

87
Q

Asante Kingdom

A

West African kingdom that was known for selling slaves to the British because they specialized in capturing Africans to sell to Europeans

88
Q

Kingdom of the Kongo

A

West African kingdom that was known for selling slaves to the British because they specialized in capturing Africans to sell to Europeans

89
Q

Chattel Slavery

A

Where people are bought and sold as the personal property of the owner

90
Q

Indentured Servtitude

A

People enter into a contract with someone to sever as labor to an employer for a fixed amount of time

91
Q

Encomienda

A

When King of Spain granted any person going to the New World a set number of Native Americans for labor; in return, they were Christianized and protected from neighbors; labor system where the idea was to Christianize Amerindians to work the land; not slavery because they would be educated and, in return, work on the lands

92
Q

Haciendas

A

Large Spanish estates located on the mainland that produced staple food crops and were given to Spanish nobles; nobles were granted everyone (Amerindians) working that plot of land

93
Q

Mercantilism

A

Economic theory that government served their countries’ economic interests best by encouraging exports and accumulating billions through closed markets for manufactured goods

94
Q

Joint-Stock Companies

A

When investors put up a percentage of money and make up that percentage of profit; used to finance exploration and do mercantilism

95
Q

Battle of Lepanto

A

Alliance of European merchants known as the Holy League engaged an Ottoman fleet for dominance in Indian Ocean trade; Europeans won and began to exert dominance by pushing into Indian Ocean trade

96
Q

Global Flow of Silver

A

All about the silver drain occurring in Potosi

97
Q

Vodun

A

Voodoo, a syncretic religion that was mostly practiced in the Caribbean (combination of Christianity and African animism)

98
Q

Metacom’s War

A

Metacom was a Native America but he changed his nam to Philip in hopes that the British wouldn’t attack them; marked last major effort by Native Americans of southern New England to drive out the English settlers, however, Britain won

99
Q

Maroon Societies

A

Free communities and camps for escaped slaves in the Caribbean and Brazil in isolated areas

100
Q

Casta System

A

Spanish colonial lands social structure based on the amount of European blood you have

101
Q

Peninsulares

A

People born in Spain, highest social class in castas system

102
Q

Creoles

A

Descendants of Spanish-born Peninsulares but were born in Americas; second highest class of the castas system

103
Q

Mestizos

A

People of Native American and European descent

104
Q

Mulattos

A

People of mixed African and European ancestry

105
Q

Russian Boyars

A

Noble class in Russian Empire that provided wealth and military support for the czars; land-owning; power lasted longer since they held control through this period and the next

106
Q

Montesquieu

A

French philosopher who preached that the powers of government should be separated into seperate branches

107
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

Philosopher believed that the governments should express the will of the people, for people, enter into a social contract with their government giving it a right to create and enforce laws

108
Q

Seneca Falls Conference

A

First national women’s rights convention, drafted statement paraphrasing Declaration of Independence that included women

109
Q

What countries wanted to unify?

A

German and Italian Unification/Latin American Nationalism

110
Q

Otto von Bismarck

A

German statesman who did all the work in terms of German and Italian unification

111
Q

Kaiser Wilhelm

A

First king of United Germany

112
Q

Camilo di Cavour

A

A diplomat who unifies the Italian city-states in the North in an attempt to merge with mainland Italy

113
Q

Giuseppe Garibaldi

A

Part of Italian Unification

114
Q

Victor Emmanuel

A

First Italian king of the United Italian Empire

115
Q

1st Industrial Revolution

A

Beginning in Britain in 1760, it was about water and lumbar powering machinery; included rise of factory system; steam engine originally began here

AP World (17 decks)

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