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APN > midterm #1 study guide > Flashcards

midterm #1 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

dorsal vs ventral

A
  • dorsal: upper
    (cognitive/analytical)
  • ventral (vent) : lower (awareness/analyzing emotions)
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1
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

-thinking/planning (goals/values)
- impulse control
- dorsal vs. ventral
- ventrolateral PFC
- DLPFC
- orbitofrontal

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2
Q

medial PFC

A
  • interpret self and internal world
  • internally driven decisions
  • emotions
  • medial: inner
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3
Q

ventrolateral PFC

A
  • lower and outer brain
  • interpret outside world
  • pain
  • externally driven decisions
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4
Q

dorsolateral PFC

A
  • upper outer brain
    -cognitive/analytical
  • memory/attention
  • interpret outside world
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5
Q

orbitofrontal

A

-parts of brain near eyes
- goal-directed behavior
- damage increases
impulsivity
- either ventromedial or ventrolateral

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6
Q

limbic system

A
  • process emotions/memory/learning
    • effect on sleep
  • amygdala
  • anterior cingulate cortex
  • hippocampus
  • hypothalamus
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7
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • H for homeostasis
  • regulates hormones and body’s stress response
  • autonomic motor system
    • sympathetic and parasympathetic
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8
Q

hippocampus

A
  • learning and memory
    -encoding, storage, retrieval
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9
Q

anterior cingulate cortex

A

(frontier = attention)
- attention in pain/noticing mistakes
- dwelling on past/focusing on negative
- biggest impact on depression (tm activity) bc it’s gateway between limbic and prefrontal regions

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10
Q

amygdala

A
  • strong emotions
  • angry/afraid/threat detector
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11
Q

insula

A

-limbic system
- insulate the pain/feelings
- processes emotional component of senses
ex: gentle, tender, creepy, disgusting

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12
Q

striatum

A
  • whats the strat (habit)
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13
Q

dorsal striatum

A
  • upper brain
  • deeply engrained habits
  • higher activity in addicts
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14
Q

nucleus accumbens

A
  • ventral striatum
  • acts on impulse
  • partier
  • higher activity in normal drinkers
  • motivates behaviors by dopamine release
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15
Q

dopamine

A
  • notifications
  • instant gratification
  • enjoyment, reward, habits
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16
Q

norepinephrine

A
  • responds to stress
  • fight/flight/freeze
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17
Q

serotonin

A
  • willpower
  • mood
  • controls impulses
  • promotes wellbeing
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18
Q

endorphins

A
  • runner’s high
  • relieve pain
  • reduce stress
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19
Q

endocannabinoids

A

(cannibal)
- brains own form of cannabis
- increases positive feelings and calming
- energy/appetite
- people with obesity have high levels (increases hunger)

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20
Q

glutamate

A
  • excitatory
  • learning/memory
  • most common
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21
Q

GABA

A
  • inhibitory
  • calming
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22
Q

melatonin

A
  • sleep
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23
Q

cortisol

A
  • stress
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24
Q

BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor)

A
  • neural plasticity
  • new neurons in hippocampus
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25
Q

neurons

A
  • brains matter
  • sends and receives neurotransmitters
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26
Q

cell body

A
  • soma
  • contains info
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27
Q

gray matter

A
  • dendrites and cell bodies
  • processes information
  • develops in 20s
  • outer brain
28
Q

axon/myelin/white matter

A

axon: connects cell body down to synaptic terminals
myelin: speeds up the neural messages
white matter: myelin to connect brain to certain regions (inner brain)

29
Q

dendrites

A
  • recieves info from other neurons
30
Q

neurotransmitters

A
  • transmits messages neuron to neuron
31
Q

synapses

A
  • point where synaptic terminals meet dendrites to send neurotransmitters
32
Q

working memory

A
  • temporary memory
  • executing small cognitive tasks
33
Q

PERMA model of wellbeing

A
  • positive emotions
  • engagement
  • relationships
  • meaning
  • accomplishment
34
Q

fMRI

A
  • pics of brain over time to show brain activity
35
Q

phineas gage

A
  • damage to frontal lobe
  • altered personality
  • emotions
  • social cues
36
Q

observational

A
  • recording events without attempting to influence outcomes
37
Q

experimental

A
  • treatment and control group
38
Q

study limitations

A
  • small sample size
  • confounding variables
  • correlation vs causation
39
Q

autonomic ns

A
  • breathing/heartrate
  • involuntary actions
40
Q

sympathetic ns

A
  • fight/flight/freeze response
41
Q

parasympathetic ns

A
  • calming
42
Q

vagus nerve

A
  • connects to organs from brain
  • parasympathetic
  • breathing, increased heartrate
43
Q

exercise and sleep

A
  • releases endorphins and endocannabinoids (appetite, wellbeing)
  • increases BDNF (neural plasticity)
  • boosts serotonin
  • reduces cortisol -> better sleep
44
Q

biofeedback

A
  • body’s impact on the brain
  • breathing (vagus nerve) , increased heartrate variability
45
Q

moderators of stress

A
  • controllability
  • certainty
  • consequences
46
Q

effects of gratitude

A
  • positive views on life
  • reduces stress
  • reduce pain/discomfort
47
Q

placebo

A
  • fake treatment
48
Q

worry

A
  • thinking about possibilities of danger
  • medial PFC
  • anterior cingulate
49
Q

circadian rhythms

A
  • body’s internal clock (cyclical)
  • flunctuating melatonin, cortisol, body temp
  • hypothalamus (resets by light)
50
Q

sleep hygiene

A
  • regular bedtime/waketime
  • exercise
  • avoid caffeine
  • uninterrupted sleep
  • calming routine
51
Q

sleep debt

A
  • cumulative effect of not getting enough sleep
  • low energy levels
  • lower mood
52
Q

stage 1-4

A

stage 1 (light sleep)
stage 2
stage 3
stage 4 (slow wave sleep)

53
Q

REM

A
  • 4-6 cycles of 90 min
54
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A
  • washes away chemical junk when we sleep
55
Q

yerkes-dodson law

A
  • optimal arousal equals optimal performance
56
Q

influence of expectations

A
  • anterior cingulate (noticing differences)
  • nucleus accumbens (unexpected wins - impulse and instant gratification)
  • dorsolateral pfc (reframing mindset- resetting)
57
Q

cognitive reappraisal

A
  • PFC
  • reframing thoughts of thinking ti improve internal world
58
Q

mindfulness

A
  • smaller amygdala
  • reduces stress
  • improves wellbeing
59
Q

goal directed actions

A
  • nucleus accumbens (impules)
  • prefrontal cortex (willful actions)
  • ex: exercise and eating chocolate
  • flexible
    -motivated by desirability of goal
60
Q

stimulus driven actions

A

-inflexible
- motivated by stimulus or environment
-routines/habits
-ex: brushing teeth

61
Q

habits

A
  1. cue
    - nucleus accumbens
    - dopamine release in anticipation of reward
    - impuse
  2. action
    - stress triggers habits (dorsal striatum)
  3. reward
    - dopamine release
    - more when valued vs scarce outcome
62
Q

fixed vs variable reinforcement

A

fixed-ratio
- number time
-ex: taking trash out 3 times a week for star

variable ratio
- random ratio
- winning 5% of the time gambling

63
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy

A
  • changing thoughts to improve wellbeing
64
Q

behavioral activation therapy

A
  • environment is more important than internal factors
  • targets negative behaviors
    • ex: setting an alarm to wake up
65
Q

acceptance and commitment therapy

A
  • instead of controlling thoughts and feelings, accept them
  • choose valued actions
    • ex: valuing family over work
66
Q

self-affirmation

A
  • focus on strengths and what you can control → habit changes
67
Q

getting things done basics

A
  • noting done all the things you need to get done (outside of head, off your mind)
    • create a logical and trusted system
    • be disciplined to your plans
  • if it’s on your mind, your mind isn’t clear
  • clarify and review commitments regularly

APN (2 decks)

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