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APN > midterm #1 study guide > Flashcards

midterm #1 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

dorsal vs ventral

A
  • dorsal: upper
    (cognitive/analytical)
  • ventral (vent) : lower (awareness/analyzing emotions)
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1
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

-thinking/planning (goals/values)
- impulse control
- dorsal vs. ventral
- ventrolateral PFC
- DLPFC
- orbitofrontal

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2
Q

medial PFC

A
  • interpret self and internal world
  • internally driven decisions
  • emotions
  • medial: inner
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3
Q

ventrolateral PFC

A
  • lower and outer brain
  • interpret outside world
  • pain
  • externally driven decisions
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4
Q

dorsolateral PFC

A
  • upper outer brain
    -cognitive/analytical
  • memory/attention
  • interpret outside world
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5
Q

orbitofrontal

A

-parts of brain near eyes
- goal-directed behavior
- damage increases
impulsivity
- either ventromedial or ventrolateral

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6
Q

limbic system

A
  • process emotions/memory/learning
    • effect on sleep
  • amygdala
  • anterior cingulate cortex
  • hippocampus
  • hypothalamus
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7
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • H for homeostasis
  • regulates hormones and body’s stress response
  • autonomic motor system
    • sympathetic and parasympathetic
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8
Q

hippocampus

A
  • learning and memory
    -encoding, storage, retrieval
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9
Q

anterior cingulate cortex

A

(frontier = attention)
- attention in pain/noticing mistakes
- dwelling on past/focusing on negative
- biggest impact on depression (tm activity) bc it’s gateway between limbic and prefrontal regions

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10
Q

amygdala

A
  • strong emotions
  • angry/afraid/threat detector
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11
Q

insula

A

-limbic system
- insulate the pain/feelings
- processes emotional component of senses
ex: gentle, tender, creepy, disgusting

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12
Q

striatum

A
  • whats the strat (habit)
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13
Q

dorsal striatum

A
  • upper brain
  • deeply engrained habits
  • higher activity in addicts
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14
Q

nucleus accumbens

A
  • ventral striatum
  • acts on impulse
  • partier
  • higher activity in normal drinkers
  • motivates behaviors by dopamine release
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15
Q

dopamine

A
  • notifications
  • instant gratification
  • enjoyment, reward, habits
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16
Q

norepinephrine

A
  • responds to stress
  • fight/flight/freeze
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17
Q

serotonin

A
  • willpower
  • mood
  • controls impulses
  • promotes wellbeing
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18
Q

endorphins

A
  • runner’s high
  • relieve pain
  • reduce stress
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19
Q

endocannabinoids

A

(cannibal)
- brains own form of cannabis
- increases positive feelings and calming
- energy/appetite
- people with obesity have high levels (increases hunger)

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20
Q

glutamate

A
  • excitatory
  • learning/memory
  • most common
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21
Q

GABA

A
  • inhibitory
  • calming
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22
Q

melatonin

A
  • sleep
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23
Q

cortisol

A
  • stress
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24
BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor)
- neural plasticity - new neurons in hippocampus
25
neurons
- brains matter - sends and receives neurotransmitters
26
cell body
- soma - contains info
27
gray matter
- dendrites and cell bodies - processes information - develops in 20s - outer brain
28
axon/myelin/white matter
axon: connects cell body down to synaptic terminals myelin: speeds up the neural messages white matter: myelin to connect brain to certain regions (inner brain)
29
dendrites
- recieves info from other neurons
30
neurotransmitters
- transmits messages neuron to neuron
31
synapses
- point where synaptic terminals meet dendrites to send neurotransmitters
32
working memory
- temporary memory - executing small cognitive tasks
33
PERMA model of wellbeing
- positive emotions - engagement - relationships - meaning - accomplishment
34
fMRI
- pics of brain over time to show brain activity
35
phineas gage
- damage to frontal lobe - altered personality - emotions - social cues
36
observational
- recording events without attempting to influence outcomes
37
experimental
- treatment and control group
38
study limitations
- small sample size - confounding variables - correlation vs causation
39
autonomic ns
- breathing/heartrate - involuntary actions
40
sympathetic ns
- fight/flight/freeze response
41
parasympathetic ns
- calming
42
vagus nerve
- connects to organs from brain - parasympathetic - breathing, increased heartrate
43
exercise and sleep
- releases endorphins and endocannabinoids (appetite, wellbeing) - increases BDNF (neural plasticity) - boosts serotonin - reduces cortisol -> better sleep
44
biofeedback
- body's impact on the brain - breathing (vagus nerve) , increased heartrate variability
45
moderators of stress
- controllability - certainty - consequences
46
effects of gratitude
- positive views on life - reduces stress - reduce pain/discomfort
47
placebo
- fake treatment
48
worry
- thinking about possibilities of danger - medial PFC - anterior cingulate
49
circadian rhythms
- body's internal clock (cyclical) - flunctuating melatonin, cortisol, body temp - hypothalamus (resets by light)
50
sleep hygiene
- regular bedtime/waketime - exercise - avoid caffeine - uninterrupted sleep - calming routine
51
sleep debt
- cumulative effect of not getting enough sleep - low energy levels - lower mood
52
stage 1-4
stage 1 (light sleep) stage 2 stage 3 stage 4 (slow wave sleep)
53
REM
- 4-6 cycles of 90 min
54
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- washes away chemical junk when we sleep
55
yerkes-dodson law
- optimal arousal equals optimal performance
56
influence of expectations
- anterior cingulate (noticing differences) - nucleus accumbens (unexpected wins - impulse and instant gratification) - dorsolateral pfc (reframing mindset- resetting)
57
cognitive reappraisal
- PFC - reframing thoughts of thinking ti improve internal world
58
mindfulness
- smaller amygdala - reduces stress - improves wellbeing
59
goal directed actions
- nucleus accumbens (impules) - prefrontal cortex (willful actions) - ex: exercise and eating chocolate - flexible -motivated by desirability of goal
60
stimulus driven actions
-inflexible - motivated by stimulus or environment -routines/habits -ex: brushing teeth
61
habits
1. cue - nucleus accumbens - dopamine release in anticipation of reward - impuse 2. action - stress triggers habits (dorsal striatum) 3. reward - dopamine release - more when valued vs scarce outcome
62
fixed vs variable reinforcement
fixed-ratio - number time -ex: taking trash out 3 times a week for star variable ratio - random ratio - winning 5% of the time gambling
63
cognitive behavioral therapy
- changing thoughts to improve wellbeing
64
behavioral activation therapy
- environment is more important than internal factors - targets negative behaviors - ex: setting an alarm to wake up
65
acceptance and commitment therapy
- instead of controlling thoughts and feelings, accept them - choose valued actions - ex: valuing family over work
66
self-affirmation
- focus on strengths and what you can control → habit changes
67
getting things done basics
- noting done all the things you need to get done (outside of head, off your mind) - create a logical and trusted system - be disciplined to your plans - if it’s on your mind, your mind isn’t clear - clarify and review commitments regularly

APN (6 decks)

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