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Geology > Midterm 1-Review > Flashcards

Midterm 1-Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is a mineral?

A

Naturally occurring inorganic solid
Result of crystallization
Ordered internal structure
Definite chemical composition

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2
Q

What is the definition of a rock?

A

An aggregate of crystals composed of one or more mineral types

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3
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

Attraction do to oppositely charged particles

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4
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

Atoms share electrons

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5
Q

What is metallic bonding?

A

Outermost electrons are free to migrate

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6
Q

About how many elements have been identified on earth?

A

About 4000

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7
Q

What are the 8 most common elements in minerals?

A

Oxygen silicon aluminum iron magnesium calcium sodium potassium

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8
Q

What is hardness?

A

Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching

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9
Q

What is luster?

A

The way a mineral shines in light

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10
Q

What is cleavage?

A

The tendency to break along planes of weak bonding

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11
Q

What is fracturing?

A

The absence of cleavage when a mineral is broken

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12
Q

What is streak?

A

The color of a mineral I. It’s powdered form

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13
Q

True or false? Silicates comprise the most rock forming minerals

A

True

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14
Q

What is the temperature range for magma?

A

Between 700-1400 degrees Celsius

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15
Q

What are the three components of magma?

A

Melt, crystals, and volatiles

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16
Q

What are the three gasses or volatiles found in magma?

A

Water, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide

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17
Q

What is another name for extrusive igneous rocks?

A

Volcanic rocks

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18
Q

What is another name for intrusive igneous rocks?

A

Plutonic rocks

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19
Q

How will a melt form if cooled quickly?

A

With small crystals or as a glass

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20
Q

How will a melt form if cooled slowly?

A

Cool with large crystals

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21
Q

What is Bowes reaction series?

A

It is the temperature that minerals cool at when compared to each other based on melting points

22
Q

What are the dark silicates?

A

Olivine
Pyroxene
Amphibole
Biotite

23
Q

What are the light silicates?

A 
Quartz
Feldspars
Plagioclase
Orthoclase
Muscovite
24
Q

Are high silica rocks felsic or mafic?

A

They are felsic low silica rocks are mafic

25
Q

What are some felsic rocks?

A

Granite
Rhyolite
Obsidian

26
Q

What are some mafic rocks?

A

Basalt
Gabbro
Scoria

27
Q

Where does magma originate?

A

It melts in the upper mantle

28
Q

What is crystal fractionation?

A

Separation of a melt from earlier crystals to form a differently composed magma

29
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Changing of magma’s composition by adding surrounding rock bodies

30
Q

What is magma mixing?

A

When two bodies of magma mix and become one magma that is not similar to either of its predecessors

31
Q

What is aphanitic texture?

A

Rapid cooling
Microscopic crystals
May contain vesicles

32
Q

What is phaneritic texture?

A

Slow cooling

Crystals can be identified

33
Q

What is porphyritic texture?

A

Minerals form at different temperatures

Large crystals in a fine matrix

34
Q

What is glassy texture?

A

Rapid cooling looks like glass e.g. obsidian

35
Q

What is the difference between effusive and explosive eruptions?

A

Effusive is flowing explosive is violent

36
Q

What is viscosity?

A

A measure of a materials resistance to flow.

37
Q

What factors affect viscosity?

A

Temperature
Silica content
Dissolved gasses

38
Q

What are pyroclasts?

A

Volcanic fragments e.g. ash, lapilli,and bombs

39
Q

What is tuff?

A

Rock resulting from pyroclastic deposit

40
Q

What is the difference between pumice and scoria?

A

Pumice is rhyolite with vesicles and scoria is made of basalt

41
Q

What are the two types of pyroclastic transport?

A

Pyroclastic fallout(vertical) and pyroclastic flow(horizontal)

42
Q

What is a shield volcano?

A

Very large but short dome composed of basaltic lava

43
Q

What is a composite volcano?

A

Large classic volcano composed of alternating layers of lava flows and pyroclastic debris

44
Q

What is a cinder cone volcano?

A

Small volcano with a steep slope usually occur in groups built from lapilli fragments

45
Q

What is a Maar volcano?

A

Formed through explosion”explosion crater” explosive Diego interaction of lava and water mainly basaltic but also rhyolitic

46
Q

What is a caldera volcano?

A

Collapse depression due to collapse of magma chamber very large in size example is crater lake

47
Q

What is a flood basalt?

A

Forms large lava plateaus eruptions from fissures example is Columbia river gorge

48
Q

What is a pluton?

A

It is a underground igneous body that cools and is solidified

49
Q

What are the six classification of plutons?

A 
Shape
Tabular
Massive
Orientation with respect to host
Discordant
Concordant
50
Q

What are the 4 types of intrusive bodies?

A

Dike
Sill
Laccoliths
Batholiths

Geology (13 decks)

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